Indlela Yokuhlola Ibhodi Lesekethe: Izindlela ze-PCB kanye ne-PCBA

Ibhodi lesifunda eliyekile ukusebenza lingaba nengxenye efile, i-solder joint ehlulekile, umkhondo ophukile, isitimela samandla esifushane, noma iphutha le-logic ohlelweni olungaphansi lwedijithali. Ukwazi ukuthi ungalihlola kanjani ibhodi lesifunda ngendlela efanele kusho ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi ithuluzi okufanele ulisebenzise esigabeni ngasinye, ukuthi yiziphi izindinganiso okufanele uzibheke, nokuthi lezo zindinganiso zikutshelani ngengxenye yebhodi ehlulekile. Lo mhlahlandlela uhamba kuzo zonke izigaba zokuhlolwa kwe-PCB - kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala okubonakalayo kuya ekuqinisekisweni komphumela osebenzayo - ngezinqubo ezithile, ukufundwa okulindelekile, kanye namaphuzu ezinqumo esinyathelweni ngasinye.

Udinga i-PCB Eyakhiwe Futhi Yahlolwa? Thola Isilinganiso →

Leli khasi liyisikhungo sokuhlola esijwayelekile. Ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa okuphansi noma okungenazici, sebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-flying probe ; kumabhodi ahlanganisiwe, xhuma uhlelo lokuhlola nokuhlolwa okusebenzayo kwe-PCBA ; ukuze uthole ukuqhubeka kwebhodi elingenalutho kanye nokuhlukaniswa, sebenzisa ukuhlolwa kukagesi kwe-PCB.

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Amathuluzi Adingekayo Ekuhlolweni Kwebhodi Lesekethe

Izigaba ezahlukene zokuhlolwa kwebhodi lesifunda zidinga amathuluzi ahlukene. Ukusebenzisa ithuluzi elifanele esigabeni ngasinye akuyona indaba yokukhetha — ithuluzi ngalinye lilinganisa okuthile okuhlukile, futhi alikho ithuluzi elilodwa elihlanganisa zonke izindlela zokwehluleka.

I-multimeter yedijithali (i-DMM)

Ithuluzi lokuqala elibalulekile lokuhlola ibhodi lesifunda. I-DMM enhle ilinganisa i-voltage ye-DC ne-AC, i-DC ne-AC current, ukumelana, ukuqhubeka (ngomsindo ozwakalayo), i-diode forward voltage, kanye ne-capacitance kanye nemvamisa. Ekuhlolweni kwe-PCB, imininingwane encane oyifunayo yile: ukunemba kwe-voltage ye-DC engu-0.5% noma okungcono; imodi yokuqhubeka ekhala ngaphansi kwama-200ms (ama-multimeter aphendula kancane aphuthelwa amaphutha ngezikhathi ezithile); kanye nokufakwayo kwamanje okuvikelwe okungenani ku-200mA ngokufakwayo okuhlanganisiwe okuhlukile kokulinganisa i-ampere-range. Ukulinganiswa kwe-RMS yangempela kubalulekile lapho kulinganiswa izimpawu ze-AC ekushintsheni kwamandla lapho i-waveform ingeyona i-sinusoidal.

Oscilloscope

I-oscilloscope ibonisa i-voltage njengomsebenzi wesikhathi, okwenza kube ithuluzi elifanele kunoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa lapho isimo se-waveform, isikhathi, noma imvamisa kubalulekile. Ekuhlolweni kwebhodi lesifunda, i-oscilloscope yedijithali eneziteshi ezimbili enomkhawulokudonsa we-100 MHz okungenani ihlanganisa iningi lama-elekthronikhi afakiwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwamandla. I-bandwidth idinga okungenani ibe yisignali yemvamisa ephezulu kakhulu olindele ukuyithwebula ngokunembile. Kumabhasi okuxhumana edijithali (i-SPI, i-I2C, i-UART, i-CAN), i-oscilloscope eneziteshi ezine enokuqopha iphrothokholi iwusizo kakhulu kunemodeli yeziteshi ezimbili. I-oscilloscope engu-20 MHz yanele kuphela ukugeleza kokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nezibonakaliso zemvamisa ephansi - ngeke ibonise kahle ukukhala kanye nokweqa emaphethelweni edijithali asheshayo.

Imitha ye-LCR noma umhloli wezingxenye

Imitha ye-LCR (Inductance-Capacitance-Resistance) ezinikele ilinganisa amanani ezingxenye ngokunembe kakhulu kune-multimeter, ikakhulukazi kuma-capacitor lapho i-ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) ivame ukuba usizo kakhulu ekuxilongeni kune-capacitance value. I-ESR ephezulu iyindlela yokuhluleka evame kakhulu kuma-capacitor e-electrolytic futhi ngeke ibanjwe ngokulinganisa i-capacitance kuphela.

Ukunikezwa kukagesi kwe-DC okunomkhawulo wamanje

Uma uhlola ibhodi elilungisiwe noma elisolwayo okokuqala, ukulisebenzisa kusukela ekuhlinzekweni kwebhentshi elilinganiselwe lamandla kagesi esikhundleni somthombo wamandla okukhiqiza kukuvumela ukuthi usethe umkhawulo wamandla kagesi ngaphezu nje kwamandla kagesi angasebenzi alindelekile. Uma kukhona i-short, ukuhlinzekwa kuzokhawulela futhi kubonise i-fault current kunokuvumela i-short ukuthi ishise kakhulu izingxenye.

Isibonakhulu sokuhlola noma isibonakhulu sedijithali

Amajoyinti e-solder e-SMD acwebezelayo, i-0402 kanye nezingxenye ezincane ezingasebenzi, kanye nokuhlolwa kwebhola le-solder le-BGA kudinga ukukhuliswa okungenakuhlinzekwa yi-loupe ephethwe ngesandla ngokuthembekile. I-microscope yedijithali enesikrini esibonakalayo ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole ngenkathi ugcina zombili izandla zikhululekile.

Izinsimbi ezengeziwe

I-Logic analyzer: ibamba futhi ihlukanise amasignali edijithali eziteshini eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa — iwusizo kakhulu kune-oscilloscope yokulungisa amaphutha okuxhumana kwe-SPI, I2C, UART, USB, noma i-CAN lapho udinga ukufunda khona okuqukethwe kwedatha yangempela. I-Function generator: isebenzisa amasignali okuhlola kuma-node athile, okukuvumela ukuthi uchaze impendulo yesihlungi, inzuzo ye-amplifier, noma ubuqotho bendlela yesignali. Ikhamera yokushisa noma okunamathiselwe kwefoni yesithombe sokushisa: ikhomba izingxenye zokushisa kakhulu ezingakabonakali.

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Isigaba 1: Ukuhlolwa Okubonakalayo — Okufanele Ukubheke Futhi Ukuphi

Ukuhlola okubonakalayo kuyisigaba sokuhlola esisheshayo nesishibhile, futhi kubamba ingxenye emangalisayo yokwehluleka kwebhodi lesifunda - idatha yemboni iphakamisa ukuthi u-30-40% wokwehluleka kwebhodi kunembangela ebonakalayo. Le ndlela ayidingi mathuluzi, ukukhanya okuhle kuphela, ukukhulisa, kanye nendlela ehlelekile.

Izindawo ezishisiwe noma ezishisiwe

Ukushintsha kombala onsundu noma omnyama ebusweni be-PCB obuzungeze ingxenye kubonisa ukuthi ingxenye ichithe ukushisa okuningi kunalokho eyaklanyelwe kona. Lokhu kuvame ukusho ukuthi i-resistor egcwele ngokweqile, i-transistor yamandla amafushane noma i-MOSFET, noma i-voltage regulator ehlulekile. Qaphela indawo eqondile bese uhlola i-schematic ukuze ubone ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwa yile ngxenye nokuthi yini engabangela isimo sokulayisha ngokweqile. Ungacabangi ukuthi ingxenye eshisiwe iyimbangela eyinhloko - kungenzeka ukuthi yehlulekile ngoba enye ingxenye yehlulekile kuqala, isunduza ugesi oweqile kuyo.

Ama-capacitor avuvukile noma avuzayo

Ama-capacitor e-electrolytic ayahluleka ngenxa yokwakheka kwegesi yangaphakathi okubangela ukuthi ingxenye ephezulu yethini iqhume noma ivuvuke. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, isivalo somoya phezulu siyaqhuma bese i-electrolyte ivuza ebusweni be-PCB. I-capacitor evuvukele iyahluleka nakanjani futhi kumele ishintshwe. Hlola nama-capacitor aseduze - ukwehluleka kwe-capacitor endaweni eyodwa yokunikezwa kwamandla kuvame ukukhombisa inkinga yesistimu (i-overvoltage, i-ripple eningi, noma isilinganiso se-capacitor esingafanele) esithinta wonke ama-capacitor kuleso sigaba.

Amabhuloho athengiswayo

Ibhuloho lokusonta liyisiqephu esincane se-solder esixhumanisa ama-pad amabili noma ama-lead amabili aseduze okungafanele axhunywe ngogesi. Amabhuloho kuma-IC acwebezelayo (amaphakheji e-QFP noma e-QFN angu-0.5mm) mancane kakhulu ukuba angabonakala ngaphandle kokukhulisa. Amabhuloho okusonta abangela ukufiphala okufushane phakathi kwama-pin - izimpawu ezivelayo zincike ngokuphelele ekutheni yiziphi izipini eziboshwe: ibhuloho phakathi kwama-pin esignali aseduze lingabangela ukungasebenzi kahle ngezikhathi ezithile; ibhuloho phakathi kwephini likagesi nelomhlaba lizoqhumisa i-fuse yokunikezwa kwamandla noma libhubhise i-IC ngokushesha.

Amalunga e-solder abandayo

Ijoyinti le-solder elibandayo lakheka lapho i-solder iqina ngaphambi kokumanzisa ngokuphelele kokubili i-component lead kanye ne-pad. Amalunga abandayo abonakala ebuthakathaka futhi enomhlabathi kunokuba abushelelezi futhi acwebezelayo; avame ukuba nokubukeka okugobile noma okuqhekekile kunokuba kube yi-meniscus ebushelelezi yejoyinti elihle. Amalunga abandayo anokumelana okuphezulu okungaba khona ngezikhathi ezithile - ijoyinti lidlula ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka lapho libanda kodwa livuleka lapho lifudunyezwa yi-component ezifudumeza ngokwayo esebenza. Ngaphansi kokukhulisa, bheka ukuthungwa kwe-grain okuhlukile kanye nesimo esingajwayelekile.

Ama-pad aphakanyisiwe kanye nemikhondo ephukile

Umonakalo ongokomzimba obangelwa ukuphathwa kabi, ukulungiswa kabusha, noma ukucindezeleka kokushisa kungaphakamisa iphedi kusuka ku-substrate ye-PCB, kwephule uxhumano nomkhondo ongaphansi. Amaphedi aphakanyisiwe abonakala njengamaphedi aphakanyisiwe kancane noma ahlukaniswe ebusweni bebhodi, ngokuvamile nomkhondo usanamathele kuphedi kunokuba kube yibhodi. Amaphedi aphukile awavamile kodwa ayenzeka ezindaweni zokucindezeleka eduze kwemiphetho yebhodi, eduze kwezingxenye ezinkulu ezisindayo ezidala i-leverage, noma ezindaweni ezivezwe ekugobekeni okuphindaphindiwe. Sebenzisa i-magnifier ukuhlola ukuqhubeka komkhondo ngokubona ngaphambi kokuhlola ngogesi.

Izingxenye eziqhekekile

Ama-capacitor e-ceramic nama-resistor angaqhekeka ngenxa yokushaqeka kokushisa, ukucindezeleka komshini, noma ukuphathwa okungalungile. I-capacitor ye-ceramic eqhekekile ingase ibonakale ifana nengalimalanga ngokubonakalayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi umugqa wokuqhekeka ubonakala ngaphansi kokukhulisa. Imodi yokuhluleka ivulekile noma ivulekile ngezikhathi ezithile. Hlola imizimba yezingxenye ezindaweni zokugoba ebhodini naseduze kwanoma iyiphi indawo ekhombisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka komshini.

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Isigaba 2: Ukuhlolwa Kwesitimela Samandla Nge-Multimeter

Ukuqinisekiswa kwesitimela sikagesi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhodi lithola i-voltage yokufaka efanele futhi lisabalalisa ama-voltage alawulwayo afanele engxenyeni ngayinye yesekethe. Ukwehluleka kwesitimela sikagesi kubanga ingxenye enkulu yokwehluleka kwebhodi lesekethe ngoba kuthinta yonke ingxenye enikezwa yisitimela esihlulekile.

Inqubo: ukulinganisa imigqa yokuphakelwa kwe-DC

Setha i-multimeter kumodi ye-DC voltage, ibanga elibekwe ngaphezu kwe-voltage elindelekile. Beka i-probe emnyama endaweni efanele yomhlabathi eyaziwayo — iphini lomhlabathi yesixhumi, i-terminal engemihle ye-capacitor ye-electrolytic, noma i-copper ground pour eveziwe uma ifinyeleleka. Beka i-probe ebomvu endaweni ngayinye yokuhlola amandla ngokulandelana.

Ukufundwa okulindelekile: i-voltage elinganisiwe kufanele ibe ngaphakathi kuka-±5% we-voltage ejwayelekile yezinsiza eziningi ze-digital logic (3.3V, 5V, 12V). Amasekethe e-analog anembile angadinga ukulawulwa okungu-±1–2%. Ukufundwa okungu-0V ku-rail okufanele isebenze kusho ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla akuhlinzeki nge-voltage, i-linear regulator noma i-DC-DC converter kuleyo rail yehlulekile, noma kukhona i-short circuit edonsa i-rail phansi. Ukufundwa okuphansi kakhulu kune-nominal (isibonelo, u-3.1V ku-rail engu-5V) kusikisela iphutha lokumelana okuphezulu, i-regulator egcwele ngokweqile, noma i-regulator engena emkhawulweni wamanje ngenxa yomthwalo oweqile.

Ukuhlola ama-short ahlinzekwayo ngaphambi kokuvula

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amandla ebhodini elingaziwa noma elingasoli, kala ukumelana phakathi kwesitimela ngasinye sokuhambisa kanye nomhlabathi ibhodi lingenawo amandla. Kumabhodi amaningi wesekethe, uzobona ukumelana okulinganiselwe (ngokuvamile okungu-10 kΩ kuya ku-MΩ eziningana) kusuka emandleni kuya emhlabathini ngenxa yama-resistors okudonsa phansi kanye ne-input impedance yama-IC. Ukufundwa okungaphansi kwama-100 Ω kusuka kusitimela samandla kuya emhlabathini kubonisa isekethe emfushane okufanele ihlolwe ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amandla. Okuhlukile: amabhodi ane-bulk capacitance enkulu azoqala afunde cishe ku-zero bese ekhuphuka njengoba i-capacitor ishaja kusuka ku-test current ye-multimeter — lokhu kuvamile.

Ukuhlolwa komlawuli we-voltage

Abalawuli bamandla kagesi aqondile (abalawuli be-LDO) baneziphetho ezintathu: okokufaka, okokukhipha, kanye nokulungisa phansi/ukulungisa. Uma ugesi usetshenziswa, kala amandla kagesi okufaka (kufanele abe ngaphezu kwamandla okukhiphayo omlawuli), bese ukala amandla kagesi okukhiphayo (kufanele afane nomphumela olinganisiwe womlawuli). Umlawuli okhombisa okufakwayo okulungile kodwa okukhiphayo okungalungile kwehlulekile noma oxhunywe ngendlela engafanele. Umlawuli okhombisa okukhiphayo okulungile ngaphandle komthwalo kodwa okukhiphayo okungalungile ngaphansi komthwalo ungaphansi kosayizi wesidingo samanje noma ucima ngokushisa.

Ukulinganisa i-Ripple

Ukushintsha amandla kagesi kanye nama-converter e-DC-DC kukhiqiza i-ripple voltage ripple — ukuhlukahluka okuncane kwe-AC okubekwe phezu kokukhipha kwe-DC. I-ripple eningi ikhombisa i-capacitor yokukhipha ehlulekayo, i-inductor engekho esicacisweni, noma inkinga ye-feedback loop. Ukuze ulinganise i-ripple, setha i-multimeter yakho kumodi ye-voltage ye-AC ngenkathi ukunikezwa kusebenza; i-ripple ngokuvamile kufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-1% we-voltage yokukhipha ejwayelekile. Ukuze uthole ukulinganisa okunembile kwe-ripple, sebenzisa isethi ye-oscilloscope ku-AC coupling nesethi ye-timebase ukuze uthwebule imijikelezo eminingana yokushintsha.

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Isigaba 3: Ukuhlolwa Kokuqhubeka — Ukulandelela Amasekethe Avulekile Namajoyinti Amabi

Ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona indlela yokuqhuba phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili okufanele axhunywe. Imodi yokuqhubeka kwe-multimeter idlula ugesi omncane wokuhlola ngesekethe bese ikhala uma ukumelana kungaphansi komkhawulo (ngokuvamile 30–100 Ω kuye ngemitha). Ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kuyindlela efanele yokuhlola amalunga e-solder asolisayo avulekile, ama-trace aphukile, ama-fuse aqhumile, kanye noxhumana nabo be-connector.

Ukuhlola ukuqhubeka kwejoyinti le-solder

Beka i-probe eyodwa ku-lead ye-component kanye ne-probe enye ku-trace exhunywe kuleyo pad (hhayi ku-pad ngokwayo). Uma i-solder joint ilungile, uzozwa i-beep ngokushesha. Uma i-joint ivulekile, ngeke uthole i-beep ngisho noma i-component lead ingase ibonakale sengathi ihleli ku-pad. Ngezingxenye ezidlulayo, hlola i-component lead ohlangothini oluphezulu kanye ne-trace ehambisanayo ohlangothini olungezansi - i-joint evulekile ngeke ibonise ukuqhubeka phakathi kwazo ngisho noma i-component ifakiwe ngokomzimba.

Ukulandelela imikhondo ephukile

Uma i-node ihlola ukuthi ivuliwe nini lapho kufanele ixhunywe khona, landela ngokuhlelekile uxhumano usebenzisa i-schematic. Qala kolunye uhlangothi lomkhondo osolwayo bese uhlola ukuqhubeka kwamaphuzu okuhlola aphakathi nendawo oya kolunye uhlangothi. Iphuzu lapho ukuqhubeka kwehluleka khona lithola ukuphuka. Imikhondo engaphansi kwebhodi ingaphuka ngokungabonakali ezindaweni zokugoba kwebhodi; uma ukuphuka kuqinisekiswa ngogesi kodwa kungabonakali, gobisa ibhodi ngobumnene ngenkathi ubambe ama-probe ohlangothini ngalunye lwendawo okusolwayo - kuzovela ukuphuka okungapheli futhi kunyamalale njengoba ibhodi ligoba.

Ukuhlola amabhulukwe amafushane angahlosiwe

Ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kuphinde kuveze ama-shorts — ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaphuzu okufanele ahlukaniswe. Kuma-pin aseduze ku-IC, setha i-multimeter kumodi yokumelana kunemodi yokuqhubeka (umsindo wokuqhubeka ungase uzwakale ezindleleni ezinama-ohms angamakhulu ambalwa angewona ama-shorts angempela). Kumandla aseduze nama-ground pads ezixhumini, noma yikuphi ukumelana okungaphansi kwama-kilohms ambalwa kudinga uphenyo.

Ukuhlola izixhumi nama-fuse

Izixhumi ziyizindawo ezivamile zokwehluleka ezivela emijikelezweni yokuhlangana ephindaphindwayo, ukungcola, noma amaphini agobile. Hlola iphini ngayinye yesixhumi kuphedi yayo ye-PCB ehambisanayo ngemodi yokuqhubeka. Kuma-fuse, i-fuse enhle ifunda ukumelana okucishe kube yi-zero (ukukhala okuqhubekayo); i-fuse evuvukile ifunda ivulekile. Hlola ama-fuse angaphakathi kwesekethe lapho ugesi ungaxhunyiwe ukuze ugweme izindlela ezifanayo ezidida ukufunda.

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Isigaba 4: Ukuhlolwa Kwezinga Lezingxenye (Ama-Resistors, Ama-Capacitors, Ama-Diode, Ama-Transistors)

Ukuhlolwa kwezinga lezingxenye kukhomba ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ethile ehlulekile. Iningi lezingxenye lingahlolwa ngaphakathi kwesekethe ngokususwa kwamandla, yize izindlela ezihambisanayo kusekethe zingathinta ukufundwa. Uma ungabaza, susa umkhawulo owodwa wengxenye ukuze uyihlukanise nesekethe ngaphambi kokulinganisa.

resistors

Setha i-multimeter kwimodi yokumelana. Uma amandla esusiwe ebhodini, kala ukumelana kuyo yonke i-resistor. I-resistor enhle ifunda ngaphakathi kwe-±5% yenani layo elimakiwe (ngezingxenye ezijwayelekile zokubekezelelana ezingu-5%) noma ±1% ngezingxenye ezinembile. Ukufunda okuphezulu kakhulu kunenani elimakiwe kubonisa ukuthi ukuvuleka okuyingxenye — ukumelana kwangaphakathi kukhuphukile, okuvamile kuma-resistor ane-wattage ephezulu ngemva kokulayisha ngokweqile. Ukufunda okungu-zero kubonisa ukufushane. Ukufunda okungenamkhawulo (okuvulekile) kubonisa ukwehluleka okuphelele kwento yokumelana, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile.

Isexwayiso: izilinganiso zokumelana kwesekethe zithintwa yizindlela ezihambisanayo ezidlula kwezinye izingxenye. Uma ukufundwa kubonakala kungalungile, hlola i-schematic yezingxenye ezihambisanayo ngaphambi kokuphetha ngokuthi i-resistor inephutha.

Capacitors

Ukulinganisa okulula kwe-capacitance nge-multimeter ngokuvamile akwanele ukuxilonga ukwehluleka kwe-capacitor. Ama-capacitor ahluleka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokwanda kwe-ESR (ukumelana nochungechunge olulinganayo) kunokulahlekelwa yi-capacitance. I-capacitor ene-ESR yayo evamile engu-10× izoqhubeka nokulinganisa inani layo le-capacitance elilinganiselwe kodwa ngeke ihlunge i-ripple ngempumelelo, okubangela izimpawu ezibukeka njengenkinga yokunikezwa kwamandla.

Ukuze uhlole i-ESR: sebenzisa imitha ye-ESR noma imitha ye-LCR enekhono lokulinganisa i-ESR. Khipha i-capacitor ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokulinganisa. Kuma-capacitor e-electrolytic angena emgodini, amanani e-ESR angaphansi kuka-0.5 Ω avame ukwamukeleka; amanani angaphezu kuka-1–2 Ω abonisa i-capacitor ehlulekayo. Ukuze uhlole nge-multimeter uma kungekho imitha ye-ESR: shaja i-capacitor isikhashana kusukela ekunikezeni, bese ushintshela kwimodi yokumelana bese ubuka ukufundwa — i-capacitor enhle izobonisa ukufundwa okuphezulu kodwa okulinganiselwe okwanda kancane njengoba i-capacitor ingena kumitha; i-capacitor emfushane ifundeka cishe ku-zero; i-capacitor evulekile ifundeka ngokushesha ingenamkhawulo.

Ama-diode nama-diode e-Schottky

Setha imodi yokuhlola ye-multimeter ibe yi-diode. Beka i-probe ebomvu ku-anode kanye ne-probe emnyama ku-cathode. I-silicon diode enhle ifunda i-voltage ehamba phambili engu-0.5–0.7V. I-Schottky diode ifunda u-0.2–0.4V. Ukufundwa kuka-zero kubonisa i-short (i-diode yehlulekile i-short-circuit, evamile ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-voltage ebuyela emuva). Ukufundwa kwe-OL (overload) kuzo zombili izindlela kubonisa i-diode evulekile. Ukuhlolwa kwe-diode ejikelezayo, qaphela ukuthi izingxenye ezihambisanayo zingathinta ukufundwa - ukufundwa kwe-voltage eya phambili kakhulu ngaphansi kwenani elilindelekile kungabonisa indlela ehambisanayo yokumelana okuphansi kune-diode ehlulekile.

Ama-Transistors (BJT)

I-transistor ye-bipolar ingahlolwa njengama-diode amabili angemuva. Ku-transistor ye-NPN: i-probe ebomvu kuya esisekelweni, i-probe emnyama kuya ku-emitter kufanele ibonise i-voltage ehamba phambili engu-~0.6–0.7V; ebomvu kuya esisekelweni, emnyama kuya kumqoqi kufanele futhi ibonise ~0.6–0.7V. Zonke ezinye izinhlanganisela kufanele zibonise zivulekile (OL). Ukufundwa kuka-zero kunoma iyiphi inhlanganisela kubonisa ukufutshane phakathi kwalezo zihlanganisi. Ku-PNP, buyisela emuva i-polarity ye-probe. I-transistor ehlola kahle njengezihlanganisi ngazinye kodwa ehlulekayo kusekethe ingaba ne-gain ewohlokile (hFE) kunokuba kube ukwehluleka kwe-junction - sebenzisa isokhethi yokuhlola ye-hFE ku-multimeter noma kumhloli we-component ukuqinisekisa i-gain.

Ama-MOSFET

Ama-MOSFET kunzima kakhulu ukuwahlola ngaphakathi kwesekethe ngoba amandla esango-drain angabamba ishaja ethinta ukulinganiswa. Uma ugesi usususiwe, nqamula isango uye emthonjeni ukuze ukhiphe noma yikuphi ukushaja okugciniwe. Bese ulinganisa ukumelana kokukhipha amanzi kuya emthonjeni: kufanele kube phezulu kakhulu (ama-megohms) kwi-N-channel FET ene-VGS = 0. Faka i-voltage encane (ngokuvamile i-5V) yesango-kuya-emthonjeni kusuka ekunikezelweni kwebhentshi, bese uhlola kabusha ukumelana komthombo wokukhipha amanzi - kufanele yehle kakhulu. I-MOSFET ebonisa ukumelana okuphansi komthombo wokukhipha amanzi kanye nesango elifushane kuya emthonjeni ihlulekile i-short-circuit. I-MOSFET ehluleka ukuvula nge-VGS esetshenzisiwe inesango elivulekile noma i-threshold voltage eyonakele.

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Isigaba 5: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Oscilloscope kobuqotho besiginali

I-oscilloscope iyadingeka kunoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kwebhodi lesifunda okubandakanya izimpawu ezishintshashintsha ngesikhathi — izimpawu zewashi, amabhasi edatha yedijithali, okukhiphayo kwe-PWM, izimpawu ze-analog sensor, kanye nama-waveform okushintsha kokunikezwa kwamandla. Ukufundwa kwe-DC noma i-AC voltage ye-multimeter akukwazi ukwembula ukuma kwesignali, isikhathi, umsindo, noma okuqukethwe kwephrothokholi.

Umsindo wokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi

Xhuma i-probe ye-oscilloscope ku-power rail ene-AC coupling evuliwe. Setha isikali esiqondile sibe ngu-50–100 mV/division. Setha isikhathi ukuze uthwebule imijikelezo eminingana yokushintsha kwamandla (ngemvamisa yokushintsha engu-100 kHz, setha cishe u-2–5 µs/division). Ukuphuma okuhle kwamandla kufanele kubonise i-ripple ngaphansi kuka-1% we-voltage evamile yamasekethe edijithali; ngaphansi kuka-0.1% kumasekethe e-analog anembile. I-ripple eningi ekhuphuka ku-load current ephezulu ikhombisa i-capacitor yokukhipha ehlulekayo. Ukuphakama komsindo wemvamisa ephezulu okungahlobene nemvamisa yokushintsha kungabonisa ukuhlukanisa okubi noma inkinga yokwakheka.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwesignali yewashi

Ama-oscillator ekristalu nama-IC ewashi akhiqiza ireferensi yesikhathi yawo wonke amasekethe edijithali ahambisanayo. Setha i-oscilloscope ukuze iqalise isignali yewashi. Iwashi eliphilile kufanele libonise igagasi eliyisikwele elihlanzekile (noma igagasi le-sine lokuphuma kwe-oscillator yekristalu ngaphambi kwe-buffer) ngezikhathi zokukhuphuka nokuwa ezifanele imvamisa yesignali. Isignali yewashi engekho: ikristalu yehlulekile, isekethe ye-oscillator inephutha lengxenye, noma umthamo womthwalo awukho esilinganisweni. Iwashi eliphambene: lingabonisa umthamo womthwalo ongalungile, ikristalu ehlulekayo, noma umthwalo oweqile ovela kumasekethe aqhutshwayo. Qinisekisa imvamisa yewashi ngokumelene nenombolo yengxenye yekristalu noma ye-oscillator ephawulwe kuleyo ngxenye.

Ukuhlolwa kwebhasi lokuxhumana kwedijithali

Kumabhasi e-SPI, i-I2C, i-UART, i-CAN, kanye namabhasi afanayo, i-oscilloscope iqinisekisa ukuthi amasignali akhona futhi asezingeni elifanele le-voltage. Sebenzisa umsebenzi we-protocol decode uma ukhona: lokhu kubonisa idatha eqoshwe eceleni kwe-waveform, okukuvumela ukuthi ubone hhayi nje ukuthi amasignali akhona kodwa ukuthi idatha efanele iyadluliselwa yini. Ukuhlola okubalulekile kohlobo ngalunye lwebhasi:

I-SPI: ukuqinisekiswa kokukhethwa kwe-chip kuyehla ngesikhathi sokuthengiselana, iwashi likhona futhi ngemvamisa efanele, i-MOSI ne-MISO ziyashintsha ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwedatha. I-I2C: qinisekisa isimo sokuqala (i-SDA yehla ngenkathi i-SCL iphezulu), ikheli elifanele, ama-ACK bits. I-UART: qinisekisa izinga le-baud (ukubala ama-bits ngomzuzwana), i-8N1 noma enye ifreyimu, lungisa isimo esiphakeme sokungenzi lutho. I-CAN: qinisekisa ukusayina okuhlukile ku-CANH/CANL, izimo ezibusayo/eziphindaphindayo, isakhiwo sohlaka.

Ukuhlolwa kwesiginali ye-analog

Ngezinzwa ezifakwayo kanye nezigaba zokucubungula i-analog, i-oscilloscope iqinisekisa ubukhulu besiginali, imvamisa, kanye nokungabikho komsindo okungonakalisa ukuguqulwa kwe-analog kuya kwedijithali. Izilinganiso ezibalulekile: qinisekisa isiginali idlula ibanga elilindelekile ngaphandle kokusikeka; hlola phansi komsindo (ukushintsha okungahleliwe esiginali lapho okufakwayo kufanele kube njalo); thola noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okuvamile kumvamisa wokushintsha kokunikezwa kwamandla okuhlangana endleleni ye-analog.

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Isigaba 6: Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza kanye Nokuqinisekiswa Kokuphuma

Ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhodi lenza umsebenzi walo ohlosiwe ngendlela efanele — hhayi nje kuphela ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ngazinye ngaphakathi kwe-spec, kodwa nokuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lukhiqiza imiphumela efanele yokufaka okwaziwayo. Lesi yisigaba sokugcina sokuhlola futhi yisigaba kuphela esingaveza ukwehluleka kwezinga lesistimu okungaphuthelwa ukuhlolwa kwezinga lezingxenye.

Ukuchaza imininingwane yokuhlola

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuhlolwa kokusebenza, udinga ukwazi ukuthi ibhodi kufanele lenzeni: ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezifakwayo elizamukelayo, ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezikhishwayo elizikhiqizayo, ukuthi umkhiqizo ofanele ubukeka kanjani ngesimo ngasinye sokufaka, nokuthi yiziphi izidingo zesikhathi. Kumabhodi ane-schematic, lolu lwazi luvela encazelweni yokusebenza. Kumabhodi angenawo amadokhumenti, ubunjiniyela obubuyela emuva bomsebenzi kusukela kuma-datasheet e-schematic kanye ne-component kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba ukuhlolwa kokusebenza okunenjongo kwenzeke.

Isikhuthazo sokufaka kanye nokulinganisa okukhiphayo

Sebenzisa isimo ngasinye sokufaka ibhodi esiklanyelwe ukuphatha nokuqinisekisa umphumela ohambisanayo. Kumabhodi okulawula edijithali: sebenzisa izimpawu zokufaka ezichaziwe bese uqinisekisa ukuthi okukhiphayo kuyashintsha kahle futhi ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esichaziwe. Kumabhodi okucubungula i-analog: sebenzisa okokufaka okulinganisiwe okuvela kujeneretha womsebenzi bese ulinganisa umphumela nge-oscilloscope ukuqinisekisa inzuzo, impendulo yemvamisa, kanye nokusebenza komsindo. Kumabhodi okunikeza amandla: sebenzisa i-voltage yokufaka elinganisiwe kanye nomthwalo, bese uqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwe-voltage yokuphuma kulo lonke ibanga lomthwalo kusukela ekungalayishweni kuya ku-current ephezulu elinganisiwe.

Ukuhlolwa kwesimo somngcele

Hlola emaphethelweni ebanga lokusebenza elibekiwe, hhayi nje ezimweni ezijwayelekile. Ibhodi elisebenza kahle ekushiseni kwegumbi okungu-25°C lingase lihluleke ekushiseni kokusebenza okungu-70°C noma ekugcineni okuphansi kwebanga lamandla alo okuhambisa. Ukuhlolwa komngcele kubaluleke kakhulu kumabhodi abuya enkonzweni yasensimini anezikhalazo ezingapheli ezingaveli ekushiseni kwegumbi.

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza okuzenzakalelayo (umbhede wezinzipho)

Ekuhlolweni komthamo wokukhiqiza, ukuhlolwa ngesandla kuthathwa indawo yokufakwa kwezinzipho - into eyenziwe ngokwezifiso enezikhonkwane ezifakwe entwasahlobo ezithinta amaphuzu okuhlola ebusweni bebhodi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uhlelo lokuhlola bese lusebenzisa izisusa bese luhlola izimpendulo ngokuzenzakalelayo, luqinisekisa wonke amaphuzu okuhlola kumininingwane ngemizuzwana. Le ndlela yilokho okusetshenziswa yizimboni zokuhlanganisa ze-PCB zochwepheshe ekuhlolweni kokukhiqiza; inikeza ukumbozwa okuphelele kanye nerekhodi elibhaliwe lokudlula/lokwehluleka kwebhodi ngalinye ekuqhutshweni kokukhiqiza.

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Izindlela Ezivame Kakhulu Zokwehluleka kwe-PCB kanye Nendlela Yokuzibona

Ukuqonda izindlela zokwehluleka kwebhodi lesifunda ezivame kakhulu kukusiza ukuthi ubeke phambili ukuthi yiziphi izivivinyo okufanele uziqalise kuqala. Izindlela zokwehluleka ezahlukene ziveza izimpawu ezahlukene, futhi ukuqondisa ukuhlolwa kwakho ngokusekelwe esibonakaliso esibonwe kusindisa isikhathi esibalulekile sokuxilonga.

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Indlela Amafektri Ochwepheshe be-PCB Ahlola Ngayo Amabhodi Esekethe

Ukuqonda ukuthi amabhodi okuhlola ezimboni ze-PCB zobungcweti anikeza kanjani umongo wezindinganiso zokuhlola okumele zihlangatshezwe yi-electronics yokukhiqiza - futhi kuchaza imibhalo yokuhlola okufanele uyicele lapho uthenga ama-PCB ngokuhweba.

Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo (AOI)

Izinhlelo ze-AOI zithwebula izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu zamabhodi ahlanganisiwe bese ziwaqhathanisa nesithombe esibhekiselayo esikhiqizwe kudatha ye-CAD. Uhlelo lubonisa umehluko — izingxenye ezilahlekile, izingxenye ezingalungile, izingxenye ezingekho, amabhuloho okusoda, ama-lead aphakanyisiwe, kanye ne-solder enganele. Izinhlelo ze-AOI zanamuhla zihlola ukubekwa kwezingxenye ze-2D kanye ne-geometry yejoyinti le-solder ye-3D kusetshenziswa ukukhanya okuhlelekile noma ukulinganisa ukuphakama kwe-laser. I-AOI yenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokugeleza kabusha kwe-solder futhi ibambe amaphutha okubekwa kanye nokusoda esigabeni lapho ukulungiswa kabusha kulula futhi kungabizi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-In-circuit (ICT)

I-ICT isebenzisa isithako sezinzipho ukuze ihlole ngogesi yonke i-node efinyelelekayo ebhodini ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uhlelo lokuhlola luqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye ikhona, endaweni efanele, nangaphakathi kokubekezelelana kwayo okucacisiwe. I-ICT ingalinganisa ukumelana, amandla, i-inductance, i-voltage ye-diode junction, kanye ne-transistor gain yezingxenye ngazinye ngenkathi zihlala zise-circuit. Ithola ukushiywa kwezingxenye, amanani angalungile, ama-polarities aguquliwe, kanye namaphutha athile okugoqa, kodwa idinga izithako zokuhlola ezizinikele kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola okumele zakhiwe kumklamo ngamunye webhodi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Flying probe

Abahloli be-Flying Probe basebenzisa ama-probe alawulwa yirobhothi ahamba phezu kobuso bebhodi, enza ukuxhumana ngogesi nendawo ngayinye yokuhlola ngokulandelana. Abadingi i-facility eyenziwe ngokwezifiso - indlela ye-probe ihlelwe kusukela ku-netlist yebhodi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Flying Probe kuyindinganiso yama-prototypes kanye nokukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephansi kuya kwephakathi lapho izindleko ze-facility zingenakuvunyelwa. Kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kanye nokuncipha kwe-netlist yebhodi, yize kuhamba kancane kune-ICT.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kuyadingeka kumaphakheji e-BGA (ball grid array) nezinye izingxenye lapho amalunga e-solder efihliwe ngaphansi komzimba wengxenye futhi engenakufinyelelwa yinoma iyiphi i-surface probe. I-X-ray imaging yembula usayizi webhola le-solder, ukuma, kanye nendawo; ikhomba izikhala ku-solder; futhi ithola amabhuloho phakathi kwamabhola aseduze. I-3D X-ray (i-computed tomography) inikeza imibono enqamula ibhodi, ivumela ukuhlolwa kwama-vias agqitshwe kanye nokuxhumeka kwengqimba yangaphakathi.

Ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo

Ngemva kokuhlolwa kwezinga lokuhlanganiswa, amabhodi ahlolwa ngokwesekethe yokusebenza okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni. Ibhodi lisebenza ngokukhiqiza kwalo, futhi uhlelo lokuhlola lusebenzisa yonke imisebenzi ye-I/O, izixhumi zokuxhumana, kanye nezindlela zokusebenza ezichazwe ekucacisweni komkhiqizo. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kuthola ukwehluleka kwezinga lesistimu okungaphuthelwa ukuhlolwa kwezinga lengxenye - amaphutha e-firmware, ukwehluleka kwemingcele yesikhathi, kanye nezinkinga zokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezinhlelo ezingaphansi. Kwa-Highleap Electronics, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kunikezwa njengengxenye yesevisi yethu ye -turnkey PCBA , kusetshenziswa imininingwane yokuhlola enikezwe ngamakhasimende kanye ne-firmware.

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imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Ulihlola kanjani ibhodi lesifunda eline-multimeter?

Ukuhlola ibhodi lesifunda nge-multimeter kulandela ukulandelana: (1) Uma ibhodi lingasebenzi, hlola ukumelana phakathi kwesitimela ngasinye samandla nomhlabathi — amanani angaphansi kuka-100 Ω aphakamisa ukufushane. (2) Sebenzisa amandla bese ulinganisa i-voltage ye-DC kusitimela ngasinye samandla — qhathanisa ngokuhambisana nencazelo yomklamo (ngokuvamile i-3.3V, 5V, noma i-12V ±5%). (3) Sebenzisa imodi yokuqhubeka ukuhlola ama-trace okusolwa ukuthi aphukile noma ama-solder joints ahlulekile — i-beep ikhombisa ukuthi uxhumano luphelele. (4) Kumodi ye-diode, hlola ama-diode ngamanye kanye nama-transistor junctions. (5) Kumodi yokumelana lapho ucime ugesi, hlola ama-resistor ngamanye ngokumelene namanani awo amakiwe. I-multimeter iphatha izigaba 1-4 zokuhlolwa kwebhodi lesifunda eliphelele; i-oscilloscope iyadingeka futhi ekuhlolweni kobuqotho besignali.

Yisiphi isinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlola ibhodi lesifunda?

Isinyathelo sokuqala njalo ukuhlola ngokubona — ngaphambi kokuxhuma noma yiliphi ithuluzi noma ukusebenzisa ugesi. Hlola ibhodi ngaphansi kokukhanya okuhle nokukhulisa: izindawo ezishile noma ezishintshe umbala, ama-capacitor avuvukile noma avuzayo, amabhuloho okudayisa phakathi kwamaphini aseduze, amalunga okudayisa abandayo noma afiphele, ama-component pad aphakanyisiwe, kanye nemikhondo noma izingxenye eziqhekekile. Ukuhlola ngokubona akudingi zinsimbi futhi kukhomba ingxenye enkulu yokwehluleka ngaphandle kwengozi yokusebenzisa ugesi ebhodini eline-short circuit.

Ulihlola kanjani ibhodi lesekethe ukuze uthole amabhulukwe amafushane?

Ukuze uhlole ama-shorts: setha i-multimeter kumodi yokumelana noma yokuqhubeka nebhodi elingenawo amandla ngokuphelele. Kala phakathi kwesitimela ngasinye samandla nomhlabathi. Ukufundwa okungaphansi kuka-100 Ω kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kube kufushane. Ukuze uthole ingxenye emfushane, nika amandla ibhodi kusukela ekunikezelweni kwebhentshi elilinganiselwe lamanje elibekwe kuma-milliamp angamakhulu ambalwa - ingxenye emfushane izofudumala kancane kusuka ku-fault current; sebenzisa ikhamera yokushisa noma uthinte kancane ukuze ubone ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye efudumalayo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, nqamula izingxenye zebhodi ngokuhlelekile (ngokususa ama-IC, izixhumi, noma ukusika/ukuphakamisa iminonjana) kuze kube yilapho i-short inyamalala, ukhomba ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye equkethe iphutha.

Ibhodi yesekethe engalungile ibukeka kanjani?

Izimpawu ezibonakalayo zebhodi lesifunda elihlulekile zifaka: izimpawu zokusha ezinsundu noma ezimnyama ebusweni bebhodi eduze kwezingxenye, ikakhulukazi eduze kwezingxenye zamandla; ama-capacitor aneziqongo ezigobile noma ezivuvukele kuneziqongo ezisicaba; ama-crystalline deposits amhlophe noma ansundu ebusweni (uphawu lokuvuza kwe-electrolyte); ukugqwala okuluhlaza kuma-trace noma ama-pads ethusi (ukungena komswakama); imizimba yezingxenye eziqhekekile ibonakala ngaphansi kokukhulisa; amalunga e-solder abuthakathaka, anombala kunalawo acwebezelayo abushelelezi; izikhala phakathi kwama-lead ezingxenye nama-pads abonisa ama-pads aphakanyisiwe noma i-solder enganele. Akuzona zonke izinkinga ezibonakalayo - ibhodi lingabonakala liphelele futhi libe ne-IC efile, i-trace yangaphakathi ehlulekile ebhodini elinezingqimba eziningi, noma iphutha lesikhathi elincane.

Ungakwazi yini ukuhlola i-PCB ngaphandle kokuyinika amandla?

Yebo — futhi kumabhodi angaziwa noma asolwayo, kunconywa ukuhlola ngaphambi kokufaka amandla. Uma ibhodi lingenawo amandla, ungenza: ukuhlola okubonakalayo, ukulinganisa ukumelana phakathi kwama-power rails kanye nomhlabathi (ukuthola ama-shorts), ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kwezimpawu kanye nokuxhumana, kanye nokulinganisa izinga le-component (amanani e-resistor, i-diode forward voltage, ukuziphatha kokushaja/ukukhipha i-capacitor). Lokhu kuhlola kubamba izindlela zokwehluleka ezingadala umonakalo osheshayo ekuvuseleleni amandla — ama-power rails amafushane, ama-fuse aqhumile, ukuxhumana okuvulekile ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zokuqala. Kuphela ngemva kokuba lokhu kuhlolwa kudlulile lapho amandla kufanele asetshenziswe, okungcono kakhulu ngokunikezwa okulinganiselwe kwamanje.

Uyihlola kanjani i-PCB ukuze uthole ukuqhubeka?

Setha i-multimeter kumodi yokuqhubeka (ngokuvamile ekhonjiswa uphawu lwe-diode noma isithonjana sesipikha). Thinta i-probe eyodwa kolunye uhlangothi loxhumano ofuna ukuluhlola kanye ne-probe enye kolunye uhlangothi. Ukukhala okuzwakalayo kubonisa ukuqhubeka — uxhumano lunokumelana ngaphansi komkhawulo wemitha, ngokuvamile u-30–100 Ω. Akukho msindo okubonisa isekethe evulekile. Ukuze uhlole ukuqhubeka kwejoyinti le-solder ngokuqondile: hlola i-lead yengxenye kolunye uhlangothi lokuhlangana kanye nomkhondo kolunye uhlangothi. Ukuze uhlole imikhondo: hlola kolunye uhlangothi lomzila. Uma ulindele inani elithile lokumelana (ngokwesibonelo, i-resistor), sebenzisa imodi yokuphikisa kunemodi yokuqhubeka ukuze uthole isilinganiso esinolwazi oluthe xaxa.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-ICT nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwama-PCB?

Ukuhlolwa kwe-In-circuit (ICT) kusebenzisa isithako esiseceleni kwezinzipho ukukala amanani ezingxenye ngazinye nokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana kwe-netlist ngenkathi ibhodi lingasebenzi noma lisebenza kancane. Lithola izingxenye ezingalungile noma ezingekho, amaphutha e-solder, kanye nokuxhumana okuvulekile/okufushane. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kusebenzisa amandla kanye nezisusa ebhodini futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni - kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhodi lenza lokho eliklanyelwe ukukwenza, hhayi nje ukuthi zonke izingxenye zikhona. I-ICT ibamba amaphutha okukhiqiza; ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kubamba amaphutha okuklama, izinkinga ze-firmware, kanye nokwehluleka kokuhlanganiswa okuhlolwa yizingxenye ngazinye okungenakukuthola. Kokubili ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ekuhlanganisweni kwe-PCB yezinga lokukhiqiza.