Mastering PCB Dhizaini: Maitiro, Nhungamiro & Zvakanakisa Maitiro

PCB inofananidzwa neskeleton uye nervous system yemagetsi maseketi, ichiita basa rakakosha mumapurojekiti einjiniya emagetsi. Nekudaro, vanhu vazhinji havanzwisise kana kuve neruzivo rwakakwana maererano nePCB dhizaini.

Mukati memakore angu eyunivhesiti, ndakava nechido chakanyanya mu<em>circuit board uye hardware circuit design, uye ndakadzidza izvi zvidzidzo nokushingaira. Panguva iyoyo, ndaitenda kuti kuwana basa rinosanganisira dhizaini yekombuta (CAD) munzvimbo yehofisi mushure mekupedza kudzidza kwaizova kwakanaka. Ndapedza kudzidza, ndakabudirira kuwana chinzvimbo pakambani yemagetsi muGuangzhou, kwandakashanda sainjiniya wePCB. Pakutanga, ndaifanira kunyatsogona mabasa akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira kudhirowa, kusarudza chikamu, PCB marongerwo, prototype soldering, debugging, bhiri rezvinhu (BOM) kugadzira, uye kugadzirira rairo yebasa. Ichi chiitiko chakaratidza kutanga kwerwendo rwangu muindasitiri yemagetsi.

Iyo Yakakosha Basa reSchematic Diagrams muPCB Dhizaini

Nepo yakanaka dhiyagiramu yedhizaini isingagone kuvimbisa nzira yakanaka, yemhando yepamusoro inotanga nehurongwa hwakanaka. Paunenge uchigadzira schematic, kunyatsofungisisa kunodiwa, nekunyatsotarisisa kuyerera kwechiratidzo chedunhu rese. Chiratidzo chakatsetseka uye chakatsiga chinoyerera kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mune schematic chinofanira kududzira kune yakafanana yakanaka chiratidzo kuyerera paPCB. Zvinokurudzirwa kupa ruzivo rwakawanda runobatsira sezvinobvira muchirongwa.

Dzimwe nguva, kana mainjiniya ekugadzira madunhu asipo, vatengi vanogona kukumbira rubatsiro rwedu mukugadzirisa matambudziko edunhu. Vagadziri, matekiniki, uye mainjiniya vari mubasa iri vanowanzo tenda, sesu. Kuwedzera kune ruzivo rwakajairika senge magadzirirwo ereferensi, kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kushivirira, nderupi rumwe ruzivo runofanira kuiswa muchirongwa? Mazano anotevera anogona kusimudzira chirongwa chakajairika kusvika kune chepamusoro-soro: sanganisira mafungu, ruzivo rwemakanika maererano neimba, kureba kwemitsara yakadhindwa, nzvimbo dzisina chinhu; kuratidza kuti ndezvipi zvikamu zvinofanirwa kuiswa paPCB; kupa ruzivo rwekugadzirisa, huwandu hwezvikamu, ruzivo rwekupisa, mitsara yakadhindwa inodzorwa , zvinyorwa, tsananguro pfupi yezviito zvedunhu, nezvimwewo.

Nhungamiro Yekubatana Kunobudirira muPCB Dhizaini

Kana usina kugadzira iyo nzira iwe pachako, zvakakosha kuti upe nguva yakakwana yekunyatsoongorora basa remugadziri wenzira. Panguva ino, kungwarira kudiki kunogona kupfuura zana remishonga. Usafungidzire kuti munhu anotungamira anogona kubata pfungwa dzako. Maonero ako uye nhungamiro inonyanya kukosha mumatanho ekutanga ekugadzirisa dhizaini. Ruzivo rwakawanda rwaunopa uye nekuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwauri mukati mekufamba kwemaitiro, zviri nani inoguma PCB ichave. Kugadzira nzvimbo yekupedzisa yenguva pfupi yemugadziri wenzira - nekukasira kuongorora mafambiro enzira zvinoenderana nekwaunoda nzira - kunogona kudzivirira nzira kubva kutsauka kubva munzira, nokudaro kuderedza mukana wekugadzirisa zvakare.

Mirayiridzo yeinjiniya yekufambisa inofanira kusanganisira: tsananguro pfupi yebasa redunhu, chirongwa chePCB chinoratidza nzvimbo dzekupinza uye zvabuda, ruzivo rwePCB-stack-up (semuenzaniso, kukora kwebhodhi, nhamba yezvikamu, ruzivo rwakadzama pane imwe neimwe chiratidzo chechiratidzo uye pasi. ndege-simba, pasi, chiratidzo cheanalog, chiratidzo chedhijitari, uye chiratidzo cheRF); iyo inoratidza imwe neimwe layer inoda; kuisa zvinodiwa zvezvikamu zvakakosha; nzvimbo chaidzo dze bypass components; iyo mitsetse yakadhindwa yakakosha; iyo mitsetse inoda kudzorwa impedance kudhinda; iyo mitsetse inoda hurefu hunofananidzwa; zvikamu zvezvikamu; ndeipi mitsetse yakadhindwa inoda kuchengetwa yakaparadzana (kana kuvhara pamwe chete); iyo mitsetse inoda kuchengetwa yakaparadzana (kana kuvhara pamwe chete); izvo zvikamu zvinoda kuchengetwa zvakaparadzana (kana kuvhara pamwe chete); izvo zvikamu zvinoda kuiswa pamusoro pePCB uye zvinoda kuiswa pasi. Usambonyunyuta pamusoro pokupa mashoko akawandisa kuvamwe—Ishoma zvikuru here? Ehe; Yakawandisa here? Aihwa.

Kudzidza kubva Kukanganisa: Kukosha Kwechikamu Kuiswa muComplex PCB Dhizaini

Anenge makore gumi apfuura, ndakagadzira bhodhi redunhu re-multi-layer surface-mount-mativi ose ebhodhi aiva nezvikamu. Bhodhi racho rakanga rakachengetedzwa muimba yearuminiyamu yegoridhe-yakaputirwa nemasruuru akawanda (nekuda kwekuomesera kwekuvhunduka zvinodiwa). Mapini ekudyisa akarerekera aipihwa kuburikidza nebhodhi. Uyu waiva mudziyo wakaoma zvikuru. Zvimwe zvikamu pabhodhi zvakashandiswa kuseta (SAT) bvunzo. Zvisinei, ndakanga ndanyatsotaura nzvimbo dzezvikamu izvi. Unogona here kufungidzira kuti zvikamu izvi zvakaiswa kupi? Ndizvozvo, vakaiswa pasi pebhodhi. Kana mainjiniya echigadzirwa nenyanzvi aifanira kupatsanura mudziyo wese, opedzisa kuseta, obva abatanidza zvakare, havana kufara. Handina kuita mhosho iyoyo zvakare kubva ipapo.

Kuvandudza PCB Kubudirira kuburikidza neStrategic Circuit Layout

Sezvakaita muPCBs, chinzvimbo chinotarisa zvese. Iko kunoiswa dunhu paPCB, uko kwakaiswa zvinhu zvedunhu, uye mamwe maseketi ari padivi payo akakosha.

Kazhinji, zvinzvimbo zvekupinza, zvinobuda, uye magetsi anofanotemerwa, asi masekete ari pakati pawo anoda imwe "kusika". Ndicho chikonzero nei kutarisisa kune routing ruzivo kunobereka zvakakosha kudzoka. Kutanga kubva pachinzvimbo chezvikamu zvakakosha, funga iyo chaiyo dunhu uye iyo yese PCB. Kutsanangura zvinzvimbo zvezvikamu zvakakosha uye nzira dzechiratidzo kubva pakutanga kunobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuti dhizaini inozadzisa zvinotarisirwa zvinangwa zvekushanda. Kuwana dhizaini chaiyo kekutanga kunogona kuderedza mutengo uye kushushikana-uye kupfupisa kutenderera kwekusimudzira.

Pamusoro pezvo, ngatikurukurei aya "special pads" paPCB:

Chekutanga, teardrop pad Iyo teardrop idonhwe rekubatanidza pakati pedhi neconductor kana pakati pe conductor ne via. Chinangwa chekumisikidza teardrop ndechekudzivirira nzvimbo yekubatana pakati pe conductor ne pad kana conductor uye via kubva pakudzima kana bhodhi redunhu raiswa pasi pesimba rakakura rekunze, uye zvakare kuita kuti PCB redunhu bhodhi ritaridzike kunaka. Basa reiyo teardrop nderekudzivirira hupamhi hwemutsara wechiratidzo kubva pakupfupika kamwe kamwe, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti kubatana pakati peiyo nzira uye chikamu pad kuve nyore uye kugadzirisa dambudziko rekutsemuka kuri nyore kwekubatana pakati pedhi uye nzira.

1. Pawelding, inogona kudzivirira padhi uye kudzivirira padhi kubva pakudonha panguva dzakawanda welds.
2. Kuwedzera kuvimbika kwekubatanidza (kudzivirira kutsemuka kunokonzerwa nekusaenzana etching uye offset ye vias mukugadzira)
3. Smooth impedance, kuderedza kuchinjika kwakapinza kwe impedance MuPCB dhizaini, kuitira kuti padhi iwedzere kusimba uye kudzivirira padhi kubva pakubuda kubva kune conductor panguva yekugadzira bhodhi rekugadzira, nzvimbo yekushandura inowanzo kurongerwa pakati pedhi uye conductor, yakaita senge. musodzi, nokudaro kazhinji inonzi teardrop (Teardrop).

Chechipiri, zino rekuburitsa mvura. Chinhu ichi chinonzi zino rekuburitsa mvura, gap rekuburitsa mvura, kana gap respark. Gap respark itriangles mbiri dzine makona akapinza akatarisana, nemagumo ematriangles akaparadzaniswa kubva pamakiromita gumi kusvika pamakiromita matanhatu. Triangle imwe yakagadzikwa pasi, uye imwe yakabatana nemutsetse wechiratidzo. Triangle iyi haisi chikamu asi yakagadzirwa nematanda esimbi emhangura anoshandiswa mukuita PCB routing process. Triangles idzi dzinofanira kuiswa pamusoro pePCB uye hadzigoni kufukidzwa ne solder resist.

1. Munguva yekuvhiya kuyedzwa kwekuchinja magetsi emagetsi kana ESD kuyedzwa, yakakwira voltage inogadzirwa kumativi ese maviri eiyo common mode inductor, ichikonzera arcing. Kana chinhambwe chezvikamu zvakapoteredza chiri pedyo, chinogona kukuvadza zvikamu zvakapoteredza. Naizvozvo, chubhu yekuburitsa kana varistor inogona kubatanidzwa mukufanana pamativi ayo maviri kudzikamisa voltage yayo uye nekudaro inobata basa mukudzima arc. Kunyangwe kuisa chidziviriro chekuvhiya kunoshanda, kunodhura.
2. Imwe nzira ndeyekuwedzera zino rekuburitsa kumagumo ese eiyo common mode inductor muPCB dhizaini, kuitira kuti inductor ibudise nepakati pemigumo miviri yakanongedza yezino rekubuda, kudzivirira kubuda kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira, nokudaro kuderedza kukanganiswa kwakatenderedza uye kunotevera. -chikamu chezvikamu.

Magedhi ekuburitsa haadi mamwe mari, ingoadhirowa paPCB paunenge uchidhirowa bhodhi, asi zvakakosha kuziva kuti iyi fomu yekuburitsa gap igap rekuburitsa mhepo uye rinogona kushandiswa chete munzvimbo dzinoitika ESD apo neapo. Kana ikashandiswa munzvimbo dzinoitika ESD kazhinji, kabhoni dhipoziti inoungana pamapoinzi maviri etatu nekuda kwekubuda nguva zhinji, zvichizopedzisira zvakonzera dunhu diki pane gap rekuburitsa uye zvichikonzera kupfupika kupfupi kwemutsara wechiratidzo pasi, zvichikonzera kukundikana kwehurongwa.

Muchokwadi, kune mafaro mazhinji muPCB dhizaini, asi chete nekudzidzira unozove nekunzwisisa kwakadzama. Kana shamwari dzine chero manzwiro pamusoro pePCB dhizaini mushure mekuverenga chinyorwa ichi, vanogona kutibata isu kuti tichinjane.

Pakuronga kugadzirwa, zvinobatsirawo kuenzanisa nyaya iyi nesarudzo yezvinhu zvePCB uye kuenzanisa kupedzisa kwenzvimbo usati wapedzisa kugadzira kana kugadzira pasuru.

mhedziso

PCB dhizaini yakakosha mumagetsi, ichigadzira musimboti wedunhu. Asi, kunzwisisa kunowanzova kwakaganhurirwa. Yakakwana schematics, inotsanangura mafungu esaisai, mechanics, uye kuiswa, inosimbisa kunaka kwenzira. Kuongorora kwakasimba, kutaurirana kwakajeka, uye yekutanga nzira / chikamu chinotemerwa chinodzivirira nyaya, chengetedza kugutsikana, uye optimize kushanda. Specialized pads (teardrops, discharge meno) anowedzera kuvimbika nekudzivirira kuvharirwa uye kuderedza yakakwira voltage. Chiitiko uye kugovana ruzivo ndizvo zvakakosha pakubata PCB dhizaini.