PCB EMI, EMS, uye EMC: Tsanangudzo uye Mazano Ekugadzira

Mukugadzira PCB, EMC (kuenderana kwemagetsi) ndicho chinangwa chebhodhi risingaburitse kupindira kwakanyanya kana kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nemamiriro aro; EMI ndiyo kupindira kusingadiwe pachayo, uye EMS ndiyo mukana webhodhi wekukanganiswa nekunze. Kuzadzisa EMC kunonyanya kukonzera dambudziko rekugadzira, mapuraneti akasimba, marongero madiki emagetsi, nzira dzinoramba dzichidzoka, kupatsanurwa kwakanaka, uye kusefa zvine musoro. Gwaro iri rinogadzirisa mazwi matatu, rinotsanangura kuti kupindira kunobva kupi, uye rinoisa matekiniki ekugadzira PCB nemiedzo inoita kuti chigadzirwa chienderane uye chienderane.

EMI, EMS, uye EMC: Tsanangudzo uye Musiyano

Mashoko matatu aya ane hukama asi akasiyana, uye kuavhiringidza kunoita kuti pave nezvinodiwa zvisinganyatsoonekwi.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, EMC inowanikwa kana bhodhi rese richiburitsa EMI shoma uye richishivirira EMI yakaripoteredza (kusadzivirira hutachiona zvakanaka, EMS yakaderera). Hafu mbiri idzi, dzisingaburitse uye dzisingakanganiswi, dzinofanira kugutsikana. Bhodhi rakanyarara asi risina kusimba, kana rakasimba asi rine ruzha, harina simba remagetsi.

Chii Chinokonzera EMI paPCB

Kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kwema currents nema voltages, saka masaini anokurumidza uye akapinza ndiwo manyuko makuru.

• Mipendero yekuchinja nekukurumidza. Kuchinja kwemagetsi nekukurumidza uye magetsi emagetsi zvine simba remafrequency akawanda rinoburitsa chiedza.
• Zvisungo zvemazuva ano. Chero chipi zvacho chemagetsi chinoshanda seantenna; kana tambo yakakura, inopenya zvakanyanya uye inosimudza simba rayo zvakanyanya.
• Mawachi nemaharmoniki. Zviratidzo zvewachi zvinoburitsa simba rakawanda pahuwandu hwewachi uye maharmoniki ayo.
• Kuchinja magetsi. Zvinodzora ruzha rwemagetsi zvinopa ruzha rwakanyanya munharaunda, zvinoburitsa ruzha rwakawanda uye rwunoburitswa nemagetsi.

Dingindira rinodzokororwa ndere current loop. Matambudziko mazhinji e emission uye susceptibility anosvika panzvimbo ye loop: diki loop itransmitter isina kunaka uye isingagamuchire kupindira zvakanaka. Ndosaka dhizaini yeEMC yakawanda iri pamusoro pekudzora kuti magetsi anodzoka kupi, nyaya inogovaniswa nedhizaini yekumhanya kwepamusoro.

Kubuda kwemhepo inobuda kunze kwenyika vs Kusadzivirirwa: Mativi maviri eEMC

Kutevedzera mitemo kune mativi maviri, uye dhizaini inofanira kutarisana nezviri zviviri.

Chisi

Utsi hwemhepo ndiyo EMI inotumirwa nechigadzirwa, inoyerwa seutsi hwemhepo hunobuda nemwaranzi (muchadenga) uye utsi hunobuda nemwaranzi (pamwe chete netambo dzemagetsi). Mitemo inotara kuti chigadzirwa chingaburitsa huwandu hwakadii kuitira kuti chisakanganise mimwe michina.

Kusurukirwa

Kusadzivirira hutachiona ndiko kunetsa: chigadzirwa chinofanira kuramba chichishanda kana chasangana nematambudziko ekunze akadai sekubuda kwemagetsi, kufamba kwenguva pfupi, uye minda ine radiation. Kusadzivirira hutachiona kwakanaka zvinoreva kuti hapana mukana wekushandisa simba rakawanda. Sarudzo dzakawanda dzemagadzirirwo akafanana, nzvimbo dzakasimba uye zvishwe zvidiki, zvinovandudza kuburitswa kwemhepo uye kusadzivirira hutachiona panguva imwe chete, ndosaka zviri izvo hwaro hwekugadzirwa kweEMC pane kufunga nezveramangwana.

Matekiniki ePCB ekuderedza EMI

EMC inonyanya kuhwinwa kana kukundwa. Matekiniki mashoma ndiwo anoita basa rakawanda.

Basa renzira yekurongedza nekudzoka

Chishandiso chimwe chete chine simba zvikuru ipuraneti inoenderera mberi iri pedyo nechikamu chega chega chechiratidzo, saka magetsi anodzoka anoyerera zvakananga pasi pechiratidzo muchidimbu chidiki kwazvo. Kuparadzanisa puraneti iyoyo, kana kuendesa chiratidzo pakati pemukana, kunomanikidza magetsi anodzoka kuti atsauke, zvichigadzira chidimbu chikuru chinopenya. Ma capacitor anopatsanurwa akaiswa pedyo neIC yega yega anoita basa rimwe chete remuchina wemagetsi. Sarudzo idzi dzinogara muhurongwa nepamuchina, zvinoiswa panguva yekugadzira PCB , uye ndizvo chaizvo zvinoongororwa neongororo yekugadzira.

Zvikanganiso Zvakajairika zveEMC Design

Kukanganisa kushoma kwekugadzirisa kunoitika nguva nenguva kunokonzera kukundikana kukuru kweEMC, uye chimwe nechimwe chine mhinduro yakajeka.

Cherechedza kuti kugadzirisa kwese kunodzokera kune zvakakosha zvakafanana: chengetedza kudzoka kwemhepo muchikamu chidiki, chinoenderera mberi, bvisa tambo munzvimbo yako, uye chengetedza vhudzi zvakanaka. Kudzivisa zvikanganiso izvi muhurongwa kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane kutsvaga kuburitswa kwemhepo murabhoritari yekutevedzera mitemo.

Kudzivirira uye Kusefa PCB

Kana marongerwo ega asina kukwana, kudzivirira nekusefa zvinowedzera rimwe danho rekutonga.

• Nhoo dzebhodhi. Magaba esimbi ari pamusoro penzvimbo ine ruzha kana inonzwisa tsitsi ane kana akavhara minda.
• Kusefa. Mafirita ari pamitsetse yeI/O nepachivharo chemagetsi aiburitsa ruzha kubva pakupinda kana kubuda.
• Impedance inodzorwa uye zvinhu zvisinganyanyi kurasikirwa. Masaini akachena, anoenderana zvakanaka haabudise chiedza zvakanyanya, ndipo panobva mabhodhi ekurasikirwa zvishoma uye zvakakodzera high-frequency materials rubatsiro pamagadzirirwo anokurumidza.

Kudzivirira chinhu chakadzama, asi musimboti wacho uri nyore: chengetedza simba rausingakwanise kubvisa uye sefa nzira dzawaizotora. Zvidziviriro nemasefa zvinowedzera marongerwo akanaka; hazvitsivi izvozvo.

Mitemo yeEMC uye Kutevedzera Mutemo (FCC, CISPR, CE)

Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kuzadzisa mitemo yeEMC zvisati zvatengeswa, uye mwero unoshanda unoenderana nemusika nerudzi rwechigadzirwa.

Miganhu chaiyo uye nzira dzekuyedza dzinosiyana, asi chimiro chacho chinowirirana: muganho pane zvaunoburitsa, uye mwero mudiki wekukanganiswa kwaunofanira kutsungirira. Kuziva kuti ndeapi mitemo inoshanda pakutanga kunoumba dhizaini, sezvo kugadzirisa EMC mushure mekukundikana kwebvunzo yekutevedzera mitemo kunononoka uye kunodhura.

EMC Kuedza Nzira

Kutevedzera mitemo kunosimbiswa nekuyedza, uko kunoratidza mativi maviri eEMC.

• Utsi hunobuda nemwaranzi. Inoyera simba rinoburitswa nechigadzirwa ichi muchadenga kuburikidza nefrequency range.
• Kuburitswa kwemhepo inobuda. Inoyera ruzha rwunodzoserwa nechigadzirwa pamagetsi acho nemitsara yezviratidzo.
• Kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvemuviri. Isa chigadzirwa ichi mu "electrostatic discharge", "fast transient bursts", "surges", uye "radiated fields" kuratidza kuti chinoramba chichishanda.

Bhodhi rinokundikana rinowanzo gadziriswa nekutarisa zvinhu zviri pamusoro apa, kusimbisa nzira yekudzoka, kuwedzera kupatsanura, kuvhara mukaha wepakati, kana kuisa nhoo kana sefa. Kubata izvi mukugadzirwa kwakachipa zvikuru pane mushure mekukundikana kwebvunzo, ndosaka EMC ichionekwa sechinongedzo chekugadzira, kwete chipingamupinyi chekupedzisira.

Maitiro Ekugadzira PCB yeEMC

Nzira yakavimbika yekupasa EMC ndeyekugadzira kubva pakusarudza kwekutanga kwekugadzira.

• Ronga zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa saka chiratidzo chega chega chine nzvimbo iri pedyo, inoenderera mberi yekutarisa.
• Chengeta zvishwe zvidiki yemawachi, ma node ekuchinja, uye masaini ekumhanya kwakanyanya.
• Bvisa IC yega yega nema capacitor akaiswa pedyo nemapini emagetsi.
• Kuparadzanisa bhodhi saka zvikamu zvine ruzha (zvishandiso, maredhiyo) zvakaparadzaniswa nezvinonzwa.
• Kusefa kweI/O nehurongwa hwesefa uye chero nhoo marongerwo asati aoma.

Zvisarudzo izvi hazvina mari yakawanda panguva yekugadzira uye hazvina zvakawanda zvekuzvigadzirisa. Zvaitwa kare, zvinopa nzira yekugadzira uye kugadzira PCB assembly yakavimbika uye kuvaka vhoriyamu. Kune mapuranga ane kupisa kwakanyanya pamwe nezvinodiwa neEMC, substrate yakaita sesimbi -core assembly inogonawo kuvapo.

EMC zvinoreva bhodhi rakanyarara uye rakasimba; unosvika ipapo nekudzora marongero emagetsi ane mapuraneti akasimba, kupatsanura, nzira dzinodzokera dzinoenderera mberi, uye kudzivirira nekusefa zvine musoro, wobva waongorora nekuongororwa kwekudzivirira mweya. Dhizaini yacho kubva pakutanga uye kutevedzera mitemo kunotevera. Unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezveHighleap Electronics uye kugona kwedu kugadzira nekubatanidza.

Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Chii chiri musiyano uripo pakati peEMI, EMS, uye EMC?

EMC (kuenderana kwemagetsi) ndicho chinangwa chikuru: mudziyo unoshanda munzvimbo yawo usingakonzere kana kusangana nedambudziko risingatsungiririki. EMI idambudziko risingadiwe rinoburitswa nemuchina, uye EMS idambudziko rawo rekukanganiswa nekunze. Muchina unoenderana nawo unoburitsa EMI shoma uye une dziviriro yakanaka (EMS yakaderera).

Chii chinokonzera EMI paPCB?

Kuchinja kwemagetsi nemavoltage: mipendero yekuchinja nekukurumidza, masaini ewachi uye maharmoniki awo, magetsi ekuchinja, uye kunyanya marobho emagetsi, anoshanda semaantenna. Kana jira rakakura, rinopenya uye rinokwira zvakanyanya. Matambudziko mazhinji eEMI anokonzerwa nenzvimbo yekudzora loop uye nzira dzekudzoka kwemagetsi.

Ndeipi nzira huru yekugadzira EMC?

Nzvimbo inoenderera mberi yekutarisa (pasi) iri pedyo nechikamu chega chega chechiratidzo, saka magetsi anodzoka anoyerera zvakananga pasi pechiratidzo muchikamu chidiki kwazvo chinobvira. Kuparadzanisa nzvimbo iyoyo kana kuyambuka nepakati penzvimbo inovhara kunoita kuti nzvimbo huru yekudzoka ibude. Nzvimbo dzakasimba pamwe nenzvimbo diki yedenderedzwa ndiyo inotsigira zvimwe zvese.

Ko ma capacitor ekuparadzanisa anobatsira here neEMC?

Ehe. Macapacitor ekubvisa magetsi (bypass) akaiswa pedyo nemapini emagetsi eIC yega yega anopa magetsi anochinja-chinja munharaunda, zvichideredza tambo yekutumira magetsi uye ruzha rwaizobuda. Anodzikamisawo kuburitswa kwemagetsi, zvichivandudza kuburitswa kwemhepo uye dziviriro yemuviri. Kuiswa pedyo nemapini kunokoshawo sehuwandu hwezvinhu.

Kudzivirira kunodiwa here paEMC, kana kuti kurongeka kwega ndiko kunogona kuzviita?

Kurongeka kwakanaka, mapurani akasimba, zvishwe zvidiki, kupatsanura, uye kudzorwa kweimpedance, zvinogadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji eEMC pasina dziviriro. Zvidziviriro nemafirita zvinowedzera kudzora kana kurongeka kwega kusina kukwana, semuenzaniso pamusoro pechikamu cheredhiyo chine ruzha kana pamitsetse yeI/O. Zvinowedzera kurongeka kwakanaka pane kutsiva.

Ndedzipi EMC standards dzandinofanira kusangana nadzo?

Zvinoenderana nemusika uye chigadzirwa: FCC Chikamu 15 chinodzora kuburitswa kwemhepo muUS, EU EMC Directive (CE) inovhara kuburitswa kwemhepo uye kudzivirirwa kwezvirwere muEurope, CISPR inopa miganhu inoshandiswa zvakanyanya yekuburitswa kwemhepo, uye IEC 61000 series inotsanangura bvunzo dzekudzivirira hutachiona. Ziva zviyero zvinoshanda nekukurumidza, sezvo zvichiumba dhizaini.

EMC inosimbiswa sei?

Nekuyedza mativi ese: kuburitswa kwemhepo nekwakaitwa kunoyera zvinotumirwa nechigadzirwa, nepo bvunzo dzekudzivirira dziviriro dzichishandisa electrostatic discharge, fast transients, surges, uye radiated fields kusimbisa kuti inoramba ichishanda. Kukundikana kunowanzogadziriswa nekusunga nzira dzekudzoka, kuwedzera kupatsanura, kuvhara mipata yendege, kana kuwedzera dziviriro kana kusefa.

Sei mukaha uri mundege yepasi uchikonzera EMI?

Kudzoka kwemagetsi kunoyerera zvakananga pasi pechiratidzo chayo, asi gomo kana kupatsanurwa mugwara rekutarisa kunovhara nzira iyoyo uye kunomanikidza magetsi kuti atendeuke kutenderedza mukaha. Kutsauka uku kunogadzira denderedzwa guru remagetsi rinopenya zvakanaka uye rinogona kutorwa nyore nyore. Kuchengetedza denderedzwa rekutarisa richienderera mberi pasi pezviratidzo, tsika huru mukugadzirwa kwePCB inomhanya zvakanyanya, kunodzivisa izvozvo.