Maitiro Ekubvisa Goridhe Kubva kuMabhodhi Edunhu: Mashandiro Aro uye Nei DIY Isingawanzobhadhara

Kugadziriswa kwekupedzisira: Chivabvu 2026 · Gwaro rine ruzivo rwekudzoreredza goridhe kubva mumarara emagetsi

Mabhodhi edunhu ane goridhe zvechokwadi, uye pfungwa yekuriburitsa inokwezva zvechokwadi - asi mufananidzo wechokwadi unosanganisira huwandu hushoma, kemesitiri ine njodzi, mutemo wakasimba wezvakatipoteredza, uye hupfumi husingafariri kuzviita wega. Gwaro iri rinotsanangura kuti goridhe riri kupi chaizvo, kuti rakawanda sei riripo, kuti kudzoreredzwa kunoitwa sei padanho remaindasitiri, kuti makemikari api anobatanidzwa uye nei aine njodzi, uye nei nzira ine mutoro kune wese munhu ndeye rezinesi rekushandisa kana refiner pane kugadzira kemesitiri yepamba. Ipfupiso yekushanda kwemaitiro uye nei zvisinganyanyi kukosha kuyedza - haisi nzira nhanho nhanho, nekuti kuburitsa rimwe raizoisa vaverengi munjodzi chaiyo.

Goridhe riri kupi chaizvo

Ndarama inoshandiswa mumagetsi nezvikonzero zviviri zvinoshanda: inodzivirira ngura zvachose, uye inoshanda zvakanaka nekufamba kwenguva. Saka inonyatsoonekwa panzvimbo chaiyo iyo kubatana kwemagetsi kwenguva refu uye kwakavimbika kunonyanya kukosha pane kupararira zvakaenzana.

Nzvimbo dzacho chaidzo

Pabhodhi rakajairika, goridhe rinoonekwa pamakona emucheto ("minwe" inopinza musoketi), mapini ekubatanidza, maIC leads uye waya dzakapfava dziri mukati memachip package, uye sechikamu chegoridhe chakatetepa mu ENIG (electroless nickel immersion gold) pamusoro pemamwe ma pads. Hapana chimwe cheizvi chinenge chidimbu chegoridhe chakasimba - maplates matete zvakanyanya kana waya diki.

Ndeapi mabhodhi akapfuma

Zvimedu zvemhando yepamusoro zvinowanzova maCPU, maconnector ane goridhe uye maedge connectors, RAM modules, uye mamaboards. Ndosaka vanhu vanofarira zvekushandisa uye vanogadzirisa zvinhu vanotanga vatarisa zvikamu izvozvo voisa parutivi mabhodhi emhando yakaderera - kuwanda kwegoridhe pakirogiramu ndiko kunoita kuti kudzoreredzwa kwacho kushande.

Goridhe rakawanda sei riripo?

Zvishoma pane zvinotarisirwa nevanhu vazhinji, uye iyi ndiyo imwe chete inonyanya kukosha kuongorora chokwadi munyaya yese. Mudziyo wevatengi unowanzo shandiswa une chidimbu chegiramu yegoridhe rinodzoserwa — unowanzo taurwa semari inosvika 50 cents kusvika kumadhora mashoma pamutengo wegoridhe pamutengo wegoridhe uripo. Midziyo yekare kubva kuma1980 nema1990 yaiwanzo shandiswa goridhe rakakora uye rakapfuma pabhodhi pane electronics yemazuva ano, uko vagadziri vakaderedza kushandiswa kwegoridhe zvishoma nezvishoma kuti vaderedze mitengo, asi kunyange mapuranga ekare anongo chengeta huwandu hushoma chete.

Dambudziko rehuwandu

Kuti uwane goridhe rakawanda, unofanira kugadzira mazana kana zviuru zvemabhodhi . Ichi ndicho chikonzero chekutanga uye chikuru chinoita kuti DIY isawanzoita zvine musoro: goridhe rinobva mumabhodhi mashoma harizosviki padyo nekubhadhara mari yemakemikari, michina, nguva yako, uye kuraswa kwetsvina ine chepfu zviri pamutemo. Mari yehupfumi inotanga kushanda padanho rinopfuura iro munhu anogona kubata kumba zvakachengeteka.

Ndarama haisiriyo simbi inonyanya kukosha kana tichienzanisa nehuremu hwayo hwese

Chinhu chinoshamisa vanhu vazhinji: pamuchina wese, goridhe harisi iro rinowanwa nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinodzoserwa. Nehuremu, mapuranga ane mhangura yakawanda kupfuura goridhe, uye mhangura, tin, uye dzimwe nguva palladium zvinowedzera kusvika pahuwandu hwezvinhu zvinodzoserwa. Vagadziri vemaindasitiri vanowana purofiti chaiyo nekuti vanobata simbi idzi dzese pamwe chete kubva muhuwandu hwakawanda, kwete nekuti chero bhodhi rimwe chete rine goridhe rakapfuma. Kuedza kwegoridhe repamba chete kunorasa huwandu hwezvinhu uku uchitora njodzi yese - imwe nzira iyo DIY case inokundikana kunyangwe matambudziko ekuchengetedza asati afungwa.

Kudzoserwa kwegoridhe kunoitwa sei mumaindasitiri

Padanho remaindasitiri, goridhe rinotorwa kuburikidza ne hydrometallurgy (chemical leaching) uye/kana pyrometallurgy (smelling), kazhinji mushure mekunge mapuranga apwanywa uye arongedzwa kuti asanganise zvikamu zvakakosha.

Kurongeka kwakazara

Zvinhu zviri mubhodhi zvinogadziriswa nehunyanzvi kuitira kuti nzvimbo dzine goridhe dzionekwe, goridhe rinozobviswa muchinhu chinogadziriswa, uye pakupedzisira rinobviswa nekunatswa kusvika rachena zvakanyanya. Mhangura, palladium, sirivha, nedzimwe simbi zvinowanzo wanikwa nenzira imwe chete, inova chikamu chechikonzero nei chiyero chiri kukosha — kudzoreredza simbi dzakawanda panguva imwe chete kunovandudza hupfumi.

Sei aya asiri mapurojekiti ebhenji

Danho rega rega rinopinda munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri dzinodzorwa dzine michina yekufema, inochengetedza, uye masisitimu ekurapa marara. Maitiro acho akagadzirirwa kubata magasi ane chepfu uye kuderedza tsvina ine njodzi - kugona kusina imba. Nzira yeindasitiri inoshanda nekuda kweinjiniya iyoyo, kunyangwe zvakadaro.

Kugadzirira kwemuchina kunonyanya kukosha

Chinhu chinowanzo shaikwa kune vanofarira zvinhu izvi ndechekuti kudzoreredzwa kwemaindasitiri kwakawanda sei kunoitwa nemakemikari kwete nemakemikari. Pamberi pekubviswa kwezvinhu, mapuranga anochekwa-chekwa, anopatsanurwa, uye anopatsanurwa nehukuru, magnetism, uye saizi yezvidimbu kuti asimbise chidimbu chine simbi uye anobvisa mapurasitiki negirazi fiber. Danho iri rekuisa zvinhu muzvikamu izvi ndiro rinoita kuti kemikari inotevera ishande zvakanaka: muchina wekuchenesa hausi kunyungudutsa mapuranga ese, asi upfu hwakarongwa kare, hwakapfuma nesimbi. Kuedza kumba kunodarika danho iri rese, chimwe chikonzero nei goho reDIY risina kunaka - pasina kuisa zvinhu muzvikamu, kemikari inofanira kushanda kuburikidza nehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvisina basa kuti isvike pagoridhe shoma.

Makemikoro anobatanidzwa - uye nei ari nengozi

Zvinotsanangurwa pano chete padanho repamusoro - nemaune kwete seresipi - makemikari akajairika ekuburitsa mvura uye njodzi dzawo huru ndeizvi:

Tambo yakajairika

Chemistry imwe neimwe iyi inogadzira marara emvura ane njodzi anofanira kucheneswa zvakanaka uye kuraswa. Hapana nzira inoshanda uye isina chepfu yekubvisa goridhe kubva pamapuranga - dzimwe nzira "dzakachengeteka" hadzina njodzi yakawanda, uye dzinoramba dzichigadzira marara akagadziriswa. Izvi zvakakosha kuti munhu azvizive zvizere asati afunga nezvekuedza kumba: njodzi yacho inowanikwa mumakemikari, kwete nyaya yekungwarira.

Kuchengetedzeka uye chokwadi chepamutemo cheDIY

Ichi ndicho chikamu chinonyanya kukosha, uye chikonzero nei gwaro iri richimira pa "kuti zvinoshanda sei" pane kuti "zvinoitwa sei."

• Hapana nzira "yakachengeteka." Aqua regia necyanide zvese zvine njodzi huru kuhutano nehupenyu; hapana nzira isina njodzi yekuzvigadzirira, asi ine njodzi shoma chete.
• Utsi nemarara ndizvo zvinouraya vanhu chaizvo. Maitiro aya anoburitsa magasi ane chepfu uye anoburitsa mvura ine njodzi isingabvumirwe kudururira mudhireni kana pasi kwese kwese.
• Inodzorwa zvakanyanya. Kubata, kuchengeta, uye kurasa makemikari aya - uye kugadzirisa marara emagetsi - zvinotongwa nemutemo wezvakatipoteredza uye zvinhu zvine njodzi. Kugadzira zvinhu zvisina kurongeka kunogona kuva nemhosva chaiyo yepamutemo.
• Zvinoda hunyanzvi chaihwo nemidziyo. Kubata utsi nemazvo, midziyo yekudzivirira, kuchengetedza marara, uye kugadzirisa marara hazvisi zvekuwedzera; ndizvo zvese zvinodiwa.

Nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi gwaro iri hariburitse maitiro ekurapa. Njodzi yekushata - kumapapu ako, ganda rako, nharaunda yako, uye chinzvimbo chako chepamutemo - inopfuura mari shoma yegoridhe inosanganisirwa.

Zvehupfumi: zvinobhadhara here?

Kana manhamba acho aunganidzwa, bhokisi racho rinodonha kune chero munhu. Nemasendi mashoma egoridhe pachinhu chimwe nechimwe, unofanira kugadzirisa huwandu hwakawanda kuti uwane chero chinhu chakakosha - uye mutengo wezvinhu zvinogadzirisa, michina yakakodzera, nguva yako, uye kuraswa kwemarara ane njodzi zviri pamutemo zvinowanzopfuura kukosha kwegoridhe raunotora.

Sei indasitiri ichigona kuita kuti ishande asi iwe usingakwanise

Vagadziri vezvinhu zvemaindasitiri vanowana purofiti chete kuburikidza nekuyera, kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda, kudzoserwa kwesimbi dzakawanda panguva imwe chete, uye mari shoma mumichina yekugadzira zvinhu yakagadzirwa neinjiniya. Munhu wega ane bhokisi remapuranga ekare haana kana chimwe chezvakanakira izvozvo. Kwavari, masvomhu haafariri kuburitsa zvinhu - "kudzoserwa" kwakachipa uye kwakachengeteka kuendesa zvinhu kune mumwe munhu ari kutoshanda pahukuru.

Mari yekuzviita zvisizvo inodhura pakuchengetedza nharaunda

Kunze kwenjodzi yemunhu, kudzoreredzwa kwegoridhe zvisina kurongeka kune njodzi huru kunharaunda. Maacid necyanide compounds anobatanidzwa anokuvadza ivhu nemvura, uye kuraswa zvisina kunaka kunosvibisa nharaunda yemuno nenzira dzakaoma uye dzinodhura kudzoreredza. Nzvimbo dzine kushandiswa kwemarara emagetsi zvisina kurongeka dzakaratidza kusvibiswa kwakanyanya kwevhu nemvura semhedzisiro yakananga. Kusarudza muchina wekugadzirisazve une rezinesi hakusi chete sarudzo yakachengeteka uye inodhura zvishoma kwauri - zvakare ndiyo ine mutoro kune wese munhu ari pasi penzvimbo iyo marara aizoguma aenda.

Sarudzo iri nani: vanodzokorodza uye vanonatsa

Kana uine mabhodhi ekubata nawo, nzira dzinoshanda uye dzine mutoro dziri nyore:

• Vagadziri vemarara emagetsi vane marezenisi — vazhinji vanogamuchira magetsi ekare mahara, kana kuti vanobhadhara zvinhu zvakasara zvemhando yepamusoro, zvichiunganidza huwandu hwezvinhu kuti zvikwanisike kudzoserwa kwezvinhu uye zvive pamutemo.
• Vagadziri vesimbi inokosha — kana paine zvinhu zvakawanda zvemhando yepamusoro zvakaita semaCPU negold connectors, nyanzvi dzekuchenesa dzinogadzirisa zvinhu izvi uye dzinobhadhara zvichibva pane zvakayedzwa.
• Zvirongwa zvekutora zvinhu kubva kumugadziri nevatengesi — zviri nyore uye zvemahara zvemidziyo yevatengi, uye zviri kuramba zvichiwanda.

Mashandiro aya anotora goridhe pamwe chete nemhangura, palladium, sirivha, nedzimwe simbi zvakakura, uye marara akagadzirwa zvakanaka - zviri nani kuchengetedza pfuma yako, chikwama chako, uye nharaunda pane kugadzirisa mabhodhi mashoma nemaoko.

Maitiro ekusarudza mugadziri wezvinhu anongwarira

Haasi ese mabasa anogamuchira marara emagetsi anobata zvakanaka. Kune akawanda kana kuti anonyanya kunzwisisika, tsvaga marekodhi emagetsi ane zvitupa zvinozivikanwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye data - zvitupa zvakaita seR2 (Responsible Recycling) kana e-Stewards zvinoratidza kugadziriswa kwakaongororwa, kuri pamutemo pane kutumira kune mamwe mabasa asina kurongeka kunze kwenyika. Bvunza kuti chii chinoitika kune zvinhu zviri pasi, kana vachipa chitupa chekudzokorodza kana kuparadzwa, uye kuti vanobata sei chero michina ine data. Munhu ane mukurumbira wekugadzirisa marara achapindura izvi nyore nyore; kusada kunoratidza kusada. Kune bhokisi rimwe chete remabhodhi ekare, kudonhedza marara emagetsi emunharaunda kana chirongwa chekudzoreredza mugadziri kazhinji ndiyo nzira iri nyore yekutarisira.

Tsamba kubva kumugadziri webhodhi

KuHighleap Electronics tinogadzira nekubatanidza mabhodhi, kusanganisira ane goridhe (ENIG ) surface finishes — asi hatitore goridhe kubva mumarara. Kana chaunofarira chiri goridhe riri pabhodhi idzva ( reedge connectors kana fine-pitch pads), tinofara kukupa mazano ekugadzirisa kwakakodzera dhizaini yako uye bhajeti yako.

Bvunza nezve ENIG / goridhe rakapedzwa →

Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa

Goridhe rakawanda sei riri mubhodhi redunhu?

Zvishoma kwazvo — kazhinji kacho chikamu chidiki chegiramu pamudziyo mumwe chete, kazhinji kacho masendi makumi mashanu chete kusvika pamadhora mashoma. Huwandu hunokosha hunoda mazana kana zviuru zvemabhodhi.

Zvakachengeteka here kubvisa goridhe kubva pamapuranga kumba?

Kwete. Makemikoro anoshandiswa (aqua regia, cyanide, strong acids) ane ngozi, anogadzira utsi hune chepfu uye marara, uye anodzorwa zvakanyanya. Hapana nzira yakachengeteka, isina chepfu yekuzvigadzirira.

Kugadzirisa goridhe reDIY kwakakosha here?

Zvinenge zvisingambofi zvakaitika. Goridhe shoma hariwanzo vhara ma reagents, michina, nguva, uye kuraswa zviri pamutemo - tisingatauri nezvenjodzi dzehutano nedzemutemo.

Chii chandinofanira kuita nemabhodhi ekare edunhu panzvimbo pezvo?

Vatumire kukambani ine rezinesi rekushandisa marara emagetsi kana, kune simbi dzemhando yepamusoro, vanowana simbi dzacho zvakachengeteka uye zviri pamutemo.

Ndeapi mabhodhi ane goridhe rakawanda?

MaCPU, maconnector ane goridhe uye maconnector emucheto, RAM, uye mamaboards anowanzo kuve ndiwo manyuko akapfuma.

Zvinotenderwa here kubvisa goridhe kubva mumarara emagetsi?

Kubata makemikari uye kurasa marara kwakanyatsorongeka, uye mitemo inosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo. Kugadzira zvinhu zvisina kurongeka kunogona kuva nemhosva yepamutemo uye yezvakatipoteredza - chimwe chikonzero chekushandisa michina yekudzokorodza ine marezenisi.

Sei usingaburitse nzira yekutevera nhanho nhanho?

Nekuti kuchengetedza makemikari aya kunoda kuti utsi hwemaindasitiri hubatirwe, hudzivirirwe, uye huchengetwe. Maitiro epamba angaita kuti vaverengi vave panjodzi huru yekuwana madhora mashoma egoridhe, saka gwaro iri rinotsanangura maitiro acho uye hupfumi hwacho.