IC vs PCB: Musiyano Chii uye Mashandiro Avanoita Pamwe Chete?

IC (integrated circuit) idiki diki rine zvikamu zvemagetsi zviuru kusvika kumabhiriyoni mupakeji imwe chete, nepo PCB (printed circuit board) iri bhodhi rakaoma kana rinochinjika rinobata zvikamu uye rinozvibatanidza nemhangura. Muchidimbu, IC inoita computing kana signal processing; PCB ndiyo puratifomu inopa simba, inobatanidza, uye inotsigira IC nezvose zvakaipoteredza.

IC vs PCB: Musiyano Chii?

Kusawirirana kuripo pakati peIC nePCB kunonzwisisika, nekuti hauwanzoona chimwe chisina chimwe. Asi zviri padanho rakasiyana rehurongwa hwemagetsi. Dunhu rakabatanidzwa chinhu chimwe chete chakabatanidzwa. Bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa ndiro chimiro chinobatanidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvakadaro uye chinozvibatanidza kuita dunhu rinoshanda.

Muenzaniso unobatsira ichivako. MaIC ndiwo midziyo nemichina — ndiwo anoita basa chairo. PCB ndiyo waya dzechivako, pombi, uye furemu zvinopa simba kumuchina wega wega uye zvinovabvumira kutaurirana. Bvisa midziyo uye chivako hachina chinhu; bvisa chivako uye midziyo haina chekubatirira.

Chii Chinonzi Dunhu Rakabatanidzwa?

Dunhu rakabatanidzwa, rinowanzonzi chip kana microchip, rinoisa dunhu rese remagetsi pachidimbu chidiki che semiconductor material, kazhinji silicon. Mukati mepakeji, ma microscopic transistors, resistors, uye capacitors zvinogadzirwa uye zvakabatana kuti zviite basa rakati. "Ichip zvinoreva" zvinotsvakwa nevanhu zvinosvika pane izvi: dunhu rakazvimiririra rakagadzirwa kuita chikamu chimwe chete.

MaIC anotangira pamageti elogic akareruka kusvika kuma processor esystem-on-chip ane mabhiriyoni ematransistors. Chavanogovana ndechekuti macircuit emukati akavharirwa mukati mepakeji, uye nzvimbo dzekupinda chete mapini ekunze kana mapedhi. Mapini iwayo ndiwo anobatanidzwa nePCB.

Mapoka Akajairika eICs

• MaIC edhijitari: ma microcontroller, ma microprocessor, ndangariro, uye zvishandiso zve logic zvinoshanda ne binary signals.
• MaIC eAnalog: ma amplifiers, ma voltage regulators, uye ma sensors anobata masaini anoenderera mberi.
• MaIC ezviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana: zvishandiso zvakaita semadhijitari anoshandura data anobatanidza nyika dzeanalog nedzedhijitari.
• MaIC esimba: varairidzi nevatyairi vanotarisira magetsi nemagetsi kune zvimwe zvese zvesystem.

Chii chinonzi PCB uye Chii Chinoita?

Bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa ipurasitiki yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinodzivirira kupisa, kazhinji fiberglass-reinforced epoxy (FR-4), ine jira rimwe kana kupfuura remhangura rakachekwa kuita nzira dzinofambisa mhepo. Nzira idzodzo dzinotsiva mabundle ekubatanidza nemaoko ayo magetsi ekutanga aivimba nawo, zvichipa chigadzirwa chega chega sisitimu yekubatanidza yakasimba, inodzokororwa, uye yakagadzikana.

Kunze kwekubatanidza zvikamu, PCB inopa simba rinodzorwa kumudziyo wega wega, inodzora kupisa, inodzora kusimba kwemasaini kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwayo, uye inopa chimiro chakasimba kana chinochinjika icho mubatanidzwa wese wakavakirwa. Huwandu hwezvikamu zvemhangura hunogona kubva pa1 kusvika makumi matanhatu kana kupfuura, izvo zvinobvumira zvigadzirwa zvakaoma kufambisa zviuru zvezvinobatanidza muchikamu chidiki.

Zvinopihwa nePCB

• Kubatana kwemagetsi: zvisaririra zvemhangura, mapurani, uye mavhiya zvinobatanidza chikamu chimwe nechimwe.
• Kugoverwa kwesimba nepasi: Ndege dzakatsaurirwa dzinopa simba rakachena kumaIC.
• Mechanical support: zvikamu zvakasungirirwa uye zvakachengetedzwa.
• Kutarisirwa kwezviratidzo nekupisa: Impedance inodzorwa uye mhangura yekuparadzira kupisa.

Mashandiro anoita maIC nemaPCB pamwe chete

Muchigadzirwa chaicho, IC nePCB zvinodyidzana. PCB inogamuchira simba kubva kuconnector kana bhatiri, inoridzora, uye inoriendesa kuIC yega yega. Masaini anogadzirwa kana kugadziriswa neIC imwe chete anofamba nepakati pematrace emhangura ebhodhi kuenda kune mamwe maIC, maconnector, uye zvikamu. Macapacitor anobvisa macapacitor akaiswa padivi pechip yega yega anodzikamisa kupihwa kwayo, uye pasi pebhodhi rinopa mudziyo wega wega chirevo chakafanana.

Ndosaka chirevo chakatsvagwa chekuti "integrated circuit board" chichinzwisiswa zvakanyanya sePCB ine vanhu vakawanda: bhodhi rakaunganidzwa nemaIC aro nezvikamu zvinotsigira. Bhodhi risina machipisi iPCB isina chinhu; machipisi asina bhodhi haagone kushanda. Danho rekubatanidza ndiro rinoshandura maviri aya kuita sisitimu inoshanda, uye ndiro moyo webasa rekubatanidza PCB rinoitwa neturnkey.

Mhando dzeIC Package uye PCB Footprints dzavo

Pakeji yeIC ndiyo bhiriji riri pakati pesilicon nebhodhi, uye ndiyo inotungamira mafambisirwo echip, nzira, uye kuongororwa kwayo. Saka kusarudza pakeji chisarudzo chePCB pamwe nesarudzo yedunhu. Mapakeji madiki, akakora anochengetedza nzvimbo yebhodhi asi anoda marongero akapfava, kushivirira kwakasimba, uye kusangana nekuongorora kwakanyanya.

Nekuti majoini ari pasi peQFN kana BGA haaonekwe, mapuranga anoashandisa anowanzo tarisa kuti anogona kugadzirwa zvakanaka uye kuongororwa kweX-ray panguva yekuvaka. Midziyo yakatetepa inowanzo kurudzira dhizaini kuti ienderane nenzira yekugadzira HDI ne microvias kuti zviratidzo zvibude pachena.

Kugadzira nekuvaka PCB yeICs

Kuchinja schematic yakazara neICs kuita chigadzirwa chakavimbika kunoenderana nekuwana zvinhu zvitatu nemazvo: footprint, sourcing, uye assembly. footprint isingaenderane nedatasheet inotungamira kune zvikamu zvipfupi, zvinovhurika, kana zvakadzoserwa kumashure. IC yakaoma kuwana kana kuguma kwehupenyu inogona kumisa kuvaka kwese. Uye package iyo mutsetse we assembly usingakwanise kuisa kana kuongorora nemazvo inokanganisa goho.

Apa ndipo panowedzera kukosha kwemugadziri wechinhu asati agadzira chero bhodhi. Kune ma prototypes uye ma short run, sevhisi yekubatanidza ine huwandu hushoma inogona kusimbisa tsoka uye kuwana nemutengo wakaderera, nepo magadzirirwo akaomarara e multilayer achibatsirwa nekugona kwebhodhi rine mazinga akawanda . Zvigadzirwa zvine ma IC anodziya zvakanyanya kana ane simba zvinogona kuendeswa kumusangano wesimbi-core , uye masisitimu ekudzora akabatanidzwa akadai seari muma robotics uye ma automation board anowanzo sanganisa mhando dzakasiyana dzeIC pamusangano mumwe chete.

Rondedzero Yekutarisa Usati Wavaka

• Simbisa tsoka dzemunhu zvinopesana neIC datasheet, kusanganisira pin one, polarity, uye thermal pads.
• Simbisa kuti uri kutsvaga kupi ine nhamba chaiyo yezvikamu, mamiriro ehupenyu hwese, uye dzimwe nzira dzakatenderwa.
• Batanidza nzira yekuungana kupakiti — dzokorora kuti SMT iite zvakanaka, inosarudza kana kuti vhura gomba.
• Kuongorora hurongwa saka majoini akavanzwa pasi peBGAs neQFNs akafukidzwa neX-ray.

Kugadzirisa kugadzirwa nekuunganidzwa pamwe chete — modhi iri kumashure kwemupi weEMS mumwe chete — kunoita kuti bhodhi nemaIC aro zvienderane kubva padata rekugadzira kusvika pabvunzo yekupedzisira, inova ndiyo nzira yakavimbika yekutumira bhodhi redunhu rakabatanidzwa rinoshanda.

Mienzaniso yeICs nePCBs muZvishandiso zveZuva Nezuva

Nzira yakajeka yekunzwisisa hukama hweIC nePCB ndeyekutarisa zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa nevanhu zuva nezuva. Mune imwe neimwe, macircuit akabatanidzwa anoita basa rekuverenga kana remasaini, nepo bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa richiabata, richiabatanidza, uye richiapa simba. Hapana chikamu chiri mudziyo wese wega.

Mienzaniso mikuru yezuva nezuva

• Smartphone: processor ne memory ICs zviri pabhodhi rakatetepa rine layer yakawanda.
• Motherboard yeLaptop: PCB hombe ine CPU, chipset, uye maIC emagetsi.
• Microcontroller board: Chip imwe chete yeMCU inoshanda pabhodhi diki, rakachipa.
• Adapta yemagetsi yeUSB: IC yekutonga uye zvikamu zvisingashande zvinogovana bhodhi diki.
• Mutyairi we LED: IC yemutyairi iri pabhodhi rearuminiyamu inoisa magetsi.
• ECU yemotokari: Mabhodhi akaomarara anotonga maIC ari mumodule yakavharwa.

Kugadzira chero chimwe cheizvi zvinoreva kushandura dhizaini yakasimbiswa kuita bhodhi rakavakwa, rinova basa rezuva nezuva refekitori yedu iri kuChina , kubva paPCB isina chinhu kusvika pakuiswa kwezvikamu zvizere.

Zvishandiso zvezuva nezuva zvinoita kuti hukama huve hwechokwadi. Bhodhi guru remafoni ibhodhi rePCB rine maIC akawanda - processor, memory, power management, uye radio chips - zvese zvakabatana ne copper layers yaro. Bhodhi re LED driver riri nyore iPCB diki rine driver IC imwe chete uye ma passives mashoma. Kunyangwe bhodhi re microcontroller rinoita seIC rakaiswa paPCB rinopatsanura mapini aro kuita headers. Muzviitiko zvese IC inopa ruzivo ukuwo PCB ichipa connections, power, uye mechanical support.

Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Ko IC yakafanana nePCB here?

Kwete. IC chikamu chimwe chete che semiconductor chakabatanidzwa chinoita basa, nepo PCB iri bhodhi rinobata uye rinobatanidza zvikamu zvakawanda nemagetsi. PCB inogona kutakura ma IC akawanda pamwe chete nema resistors, capacitors, uye connectors.

Zvinorevei kuti "bhodhi redunhu rakabatanidzwa"?

Kazhinji zvinoreva bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa rakazadzwa nemasekete akasanganiswa nezvimwe zvikamu - nemamwe mazwi, PCB yakaunganidzwa. Izwi iri rinosanganisa pfungwa mbiri idzi, asi zviri pachena kuti IC nebhodhi zvinhu zvakasiyana.

PCB ingashanda here isina maIC?

Ehe, mabhodhi akareruka anogona kushanda nezvinhu zvisingashande zvakaita sema resistors, ma capacitor, ma connectors, uye ma LED. Zvisinei, ma electronics mazhinji emazuva ano anoshandisa kanenge imwe chete IC kuti ipe kutonga, kugadzirisa, kana manejimendi emagetsi.

Sei IC package ichikosha kune PCB?

Pakeji iyi inotara zviyero zvetsoka, nzira yekumisikidza, huwandu hwenzira, uye zvinodiwa pakuongorora. Semuenzaniso, BGA inogona kuda microvias, kutenderwa kwekugadzirwa kwakarongeka, uye kuongororwa kweX-ray uko chip iri nyore isingadi.

MaIC nemaPCB anogadzirwa mufekitori imwe chete here?

Kazhinji hazviwanzoitiki. MaIC anogadzirwa mu semiconductor wafer fabs kuburikidza nenzira yakasiyana zvachose, nepo maPCB achigadzirwa uye achiunganidzwa nevagadziri vemabhodhi. Fekitori yePCB inowana maIC akapedzwa uye inoaisa pabhodhi.

Ndingaita sei kuti ndive nechokwadi chekuti maIC angu akaiswa zvakanaka pabhodhi?

Tanga netsoka dzakasimbiswa uye mifananidzo yakajeka yekubatanidza inoratidza pin imwe uye polarity, shandisa data rakarurama rekusarudza-uye-nzvimbo, uye ongorora neAOI neX-ray panowanikwa majoini. Ongororo yekugadzira usati wavaka inobata matambudziko mazhinji etsoka uye kurongeka kwenzvimbo pakutanga.

Mutengesi mumwe chete anogona kubata bhodhi neIC assembly here?

Ehe. Mupi wezvinhu zvinogadzira bhodhi risina chinhu, anowana maIC nezvimwe zvikamu, anozviunganidza, uye anoedza chigadzirwa chapera, izvo zvinoita kuti data rekugadzira rirambe rakafanana padanho rega rega.

PCB ingashanda here isina maIC?

Ehe. Mabhodhi mazhinji akareruka ane zvikamu zvisingashande zvakaita sema resistors, ma capacitor, ma connectors, uye ma LED, asina ma integrated circuits zvachose. Ma IC anowedzera processing kana control, asi basa guru rePCB rekubatanidza zvikamu haridi izvozvo.