Ruzivo rwekugadzira PCB kubva kuMainjiniya vane Ruzivo

ziviso

Dhizaini yePCB ine ruzivo inobatanidza chinangwa chechirongwa, sarudzo yezvikamu, kuronga kwezvikamu, kugona kugadzira, kugona kuungana, uye mukana wekuyedza usati waburitswa. Highleap Electronics inoongorora pfungwa idzi kubva pamaonero ekugadzira, kusanganisira kuwanikwa kwezvinhu, mitemo ye impedance, copper balance, drill limits, solder mask clearance, uye kukwana kwemafaira; kuongororwa kwakabatana kwekugadzira kunotsanangurwa muPCB dhizaini yekugadzira uye cheki yekuongorora mafaira eGerber.

Mazuva ano maPCB haangori mapuratifomu ekubatanidza; iwo akakosha zvikamu zvinopesvedzera zvakanyanya kuita, kuvimbika, uye kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yemagetsi. Kubva pakumhanya-mhanya kwemaseketi edhijitari kusvika kune anonzwisisika analog dhizaini, uye kubva kune compact inopfeka kusvika kune yakasimba maindasitiri michina, inoshanda PCB dhizaini misimboti yakakosha kupfuura nakare kose. Iyi yakakura blog positi inoongorora zvakadzika mukati menyika yakaoma yePCB dhizaini, inovhara zvese kubva pakutanga conceptualization kusvika ekupedzisira kugadzirwa-akagadzirira marongero. Isu tinoongorora matekiniki epamusoro ekugadzirisa kutendeseka kwechiratidzo mune yakakwirira-kumhanya dhizaini, marongero emagetsi ekugovera zvakanaka, kufunga kwekudziya kwekutonga, uye zvimwe zvakawanda. 

Akakosha Matanho ePCB Dhizaini Kugadzirira

Kubudirira kwePCB dhizaini kunotanga nekugadzirira zvine hungwaru, kutanga nekugadzirwa kweraibhurari yechikamu chakazara. Nepo maraibhurari-akavakwa-software achipa nyore, ivo vanowanzo shaya chaiyo. Naizvozvo, kugadzirisa raibhurari zvichibva pane zvakajairwa chikamu zvakatemerwa kunovimbisa kunyatsobatanidzwa muPCB dhizaini. Isa pamberi PCB chikamu raibhurari, sezvo inopesvedzera zvakananga kugadzwa kwebhodhi. Zvichakadaro, iyo SCH chikamu raibhurari, kunyangwe ichinyanya kudiwa, inoda chaiyo pini tsananguro yekubatanidza isina musono.

Kugadzira iyo Schematic Diagram

Kana maraibhurari echikamu angotangwa, nhanho inotevera kugadzira dhizaini yedhizaini. Ichi chikamu chakakosha chinosanganisira kushandura dhizaini yedunhu kuita yakadzama schematic marongero. Tarisa pakujeka uye kurongeka kufambisa shanduko yakatsetseka kune PCB dhizaini.

PCB Layout Implementation

Nechirongwa chapedzwa, enda kune PCB dhizaini dhizaini. Vaka pamusoro peiyo schematic hwaro, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu zvakamisikidzwa zvakakwana kuti zvishande uye kugadzira. Teerera kune zvakadzama, sezvo chikamu ichi chinoisa nhanho yebhodhi remagetsi nemakanika kuita.

Yepamberi PCB Zvishandiso uye Zvimiro

PCB Chimiro Dhizaini

Chikamu chekutanga chekuvandudza PCB chinosanganisira kuronga zvine hungwaru mukati mePCB dhizaini nharaunda, yakatarisana nekunyatso kuomerera kune redunhu bhodhi zviyero uye mekiniki yekumisikidza maitiro. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita semakonitani, mabhatani/ma switch, screw holes, uye maburi egungano anoiswa zvine hungwaru kuti asangane nemadimikira chaiwo. Kunyanya kutarisisa kunopiwa kupatsanura nzvimbo dzekufambisa uye dzisiri dzenzira; semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzisiri dzenzira dzakatenderedza screw maburi dzinodzivirira kukanganisa, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakakwana kwebhodhi uye kuvimbika.

High-Frequency Materials

Mumashandisirwo anoda yakakwira-frequency kuita, kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvePCB kwakakosha:

• laminate ine kurasikirwa kwakaderera inonyanya kufarirwa nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwayo kushoma kwe dielectric (tanδ ≈ 0.0037 pa10 GHz).
• Taconic RF-35 inopa kugadzikana kune yakafara tembiricha renji.
• PTFE-yakavakirwa zvinhu inokunda mumashandisirwo anoda zvakanyanya kuderera kurasikirwa.

Hybrid uye Mixed-Material Dhizaini

Yepamberi PCB madhizaini anowanzo batanidza akawanda zvinhu kuti uwedzere kushanda:

• Rigid-flex dhizaini inosanganisa kuomarara FR-4 ine inochinjika polyimide, yakanakira maapplication anoda zvese kuchinjika uye kusimba.
• Mixed-dielectric stackups inokwidziridza kutendeseka kwechiratidzo uku uchienzanisa mutengo wekufunga.

Yepamberi PCB Zvimiro

Innovative PCB zvimiro zvinopfuura nzira dzakajairwa:

• Embedded passives uye actives zvinowedzera kusanganisa density uye kushanda zvakanaka.
• Cavity dhizaini inogadzika zvinhu zvisina kuumbwa mukati mePCB dhizaini.
• Vertical conductive zvimiro (VeCS) inofambisa yakakwira-density yekubatanidza, inosimudzira yakazara PCB dhizaini kuchinjika uye kushanda.

Maitiro Akanyanya muPCB Kurongeka uye Chikamu Chekuisa

Kurongeka kwePCB kunosanganisira kuisa zvikamu pabhodhi zvine hungwaru kuti zviite kuti zvinhu zvishande zvakanaka uye zvigone kugadzirwa. Kana gadziriro dzekutanga dzapera, dzakadai sekugadzira netlist kubva muchirongwa uye kuipinza muPCB layout software, zvikamu zvinoiswa pabhodhi newaya dzakabatana.

Nheyo dzakakosha dzekugadzirisa zvinobudirira dzinosanganisira:

1. Segmentation Yakavakirwa Pakuita Kwemagetsi: Kamura bhodhi munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzakaita sedhijitari maseketi (anogona kukanganiswa), analogi maseketi, uye magetsi edhiraivha zvikamu (zvinogona kukonzeresa kukanganiswa).
2. Kuva pedyo uye Kubatana: Isa zvikamu zvebasa rakafanana padhuze pamwe chete kuti zvireruke. Gadzirisa zvinzvimbo zvezvivharo zvinoshanda kuitira nzira yakatwasuka.
3. Kutariswa kweComponent Characteristics: Isa zvimiro zvakakura uye zvinorema zvine mufungo kuti uve nechokwadi chekuisa simba. Kuparadzanisa zvinhu zvinogadzira kupisa kubva kune izvo zvinopisa kupisa, kushandisa matanho ekupisa kupisa kana zvichidikanwa.
4. Strategic Component Placement: Isa zvinhu zvemutyairi zveI/O padhuze nemupendero webhodhi uye zvinobuditsa zvinobatanidza kuti zvinyatso maneja manejimendi. Position wachi jenareta (semuenzaniso, makristasi kana oscillator) ari padyo nezvikamu zvinoshandisa chiratidzo chewachi.
5. Decoupling uye Zvimwe Zvikamu: Batanidza decoupling capacitors (semuenzaniso, yakakwira-frequency ceramic capacitors) pakati pepini yekupinza simba uye pasi kune yega yega yakabatanidzwa dunhu. Mumagadzirirwo akaomeswa, funga kuwedzera tantalum capacitor yakatenderedza maseketi akabatanidzwa. Batanidza snubber diodes (semuenzaniso, 1N4148) parelay coils kubata voltage spikes.
6. Kuwana Kuenzana muKuronga: Chengetedza dhizaini yakadzikama nehurongwa hwakarongeka hunodzivirira kupfutidza zvakanyanya kana kushomeka. Ita shuwa kuti zvikamu zvakarongeka zvakafanana uye zvakarongeka, zvichivandudza kutaridzika kwebhodhi uye nyore kwekufamba.

Kunyatsofunga nezve saizi yechikamu, kureba, uye hukama zvinzvimbo panguva yekuiswa kwakakosha pakugadzirisa kushanda kwemagetsi, kugona kwekugadzira, uye nyore kuisa. Iyi nzira ine hunyanzvi haingowedzere mashandiro asi zvakare inokwenenzvera maitiro ekugadzira.

Optimal Routing Strategies for High-Performance PCB Dhizaini

Routing chikamu chakakosha muPCB dhizaini, inobata zvakananga kuita kwebhodhi. Inosanganisira matanho matatu ekutanga:

1. Basic Routing: Chinodiwa chakakosha kuzadzisa zvese pasina waya dzisina kubatanidzwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti bhodhi rinosangana nemaitiro mashoma ekushanda.
2. Kuita Kwemagetsi: Iyi nhanho inoita kuti mashandiro ebhodhi aenderane nemaitiro ekugadzira. Mateki akagadziridzwa zvine hungwaru post-basic routing kuti agone optimize magetsi maitiro.
3. Aesthetics: Pamusoro pekushanda, kuchena uye kurongeka nzira inosimudzira kuyedza nekugadzirisa. Chaotic kana kushata nzira, kunyangwe kusangana nemagetsi zviyero, zvinogona kutadzisa bhodhi kushandiswa.

Key Routing Principles:

• Koshesa Simba Nepasi: Tanga nekuisa simba uye nzira dzepasi kuti ugadzire hwaro hwakasimba hwemagetsi. Nzvimbo dzepasi dzinofanirwa kunge dzakafara sezvinobvira mukati mezvipingamupinyi zvekugadzira, zvichiteedzera hierarchy: pasi> simba> chiratidzo. Digital maseketi anobatsirwa kubva kune yakatsaurirwa pasi ndege kuti iite yakazara pasi network (analog maseketi anoshandisa dzimwe nzira).
• Bata High-Frequency Traces Kutanga: Route high-frequency traces nekuchenjerera, kudzivirira parallelism pakati pekupinda nekubuda kwekutsvaga kuderedza kukanganiswa kwekuratidzira. Shandisa zviteshi zvepasi zvekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe pazvinenge zvichidikanwa, uchiona perpendicular routing pazvikamu zviri pedyo kuti uderedze kubatana kweparasitic.
• Clock uye High-Speed ​​Circuit Kufunga: Gadzira imba ye oscillator uye chengetedza wachi ipfupi uye yakananga. Chengetedza nzvimbo yakajeka yakapoteredza zvikamu izvi, kuderedza nzvimbo yemagetsi yakapoteredza. Dzivisa kufambisa mamwe masaini echiratidzo pamusoro peakakosha-kumhanya maseketi.
• Nzira dzekufambisa: Kuda 45-degree angled routing pamusoro pe90-degree angles kuderedza yakakwirira-frequency chiratidzo chemwaranzi; curved routing inogona zvakare kubatsira kune yakakwirira-inoda traces. Dzivisa kugadzira chiratidzo chekutevera zvishwe; kana zvisingadzivisiki, deredza saizi yavo. Deredza nhamba yevias yechiratidzo chekutsvaga.
• Mabatiro Akakosha Tsanangudzo dzakakosha dzinofanira kunge dziri pfupi uye dzakakora, dzakakomberedzwa nematanho epasi ekudzivirira. Shandisa "ground-signal-ground" nzira yeflat cable routing inotakura zvinonzwisa tsitsi kana zvinotakura ruzha. Chengetedza bvunzo mapoinzi ekugadzira uye kugadzirisa kuyedzwa pazviratidzo zvakakosha.
• Optimization uye DRC: Mushure mekutanga schematic routing, shongedza marongero. Ita yakazara network cheki uye pfuura iyo Dhizaini Rule Tarisa (DRC). Zadza nzvimbo dzisina kurongwa nendege yepasi uchishandisa mhangura yakawanda kana kushandisa akawanda-layer mabhodhi ane simba rakatsaurirwa uye pasi pasi kuti uwedzere kuita.

Kuita idzi nzira dzekufambisa kunovimbisa kwete kutendeseka kwemagetsi chete asiwo kunofambisa kuyedza, kugadzirisa, uye kuvimbika kwese kwepamusoro-kuita PCB magadzirirwo.

Kuzadzisa Yako PCB Dhizaini: Iyo Art yekuenderera Kuvandudza

Kunatsa dhizaini chinhu chinoenderera mberi mukuvandudza PCB, inotungamirwa nemusimboti wekuti "hapana chakanakisa, chirinani chete." Kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwekugadzira magadzirirwo ekutanga, panogara paine nzvimbo yekuvandudza. Chiitiko chinoratidza kuti kugadzirisa dhizaini kunowanzoda kaviri kuedza kwakaiswa muchikamu chayo chekutanga. Kana shanduko dzinogona kuitika dzanyatsogadziriswa, maitiro ekuzadza mhangura, akakosha pakudzika uye ndege dzemagetsi mumabhodhi e-multi-layer board, anogona kutanga. Kuchenjerera kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kudzivirira kuvharirwa kwesirikirini nezvikamu kana kubviswa ne vias nemapads, nekunyatso tariswa kwakapihwa kutarisisa uye girazi rekujekesa uye nekururama.

Kuongorora kunotanga nekuenzanisa faira rePCB network nefaira renetwork re schematic kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti physical connectivity yakarurama (NETCHECK), tichifunga kuti dhizaini ye schematic yakarurama. Kugadziriswa nekukurumidza kwechero kusawirirana kunovimbisa kubatana kwakanyatsojeka kwe routing. Zvadaro, Design Rule Check ( DRC ) inoitwa kuti igadzirise dhizaini kuti ishande zvakanaka. Kuongorora kwakazara kwechimiro chekuisa michina yePCB kunotevera kuti kupedzise kusimba kwedhizaini.

Usati waenderera mberi nekugadzira, kunyatsoongorora maitiro kunokosha. PCB dhizaini inoda kunyatsotariswa kune zvakadzama. Hunhu hwebhodhi hunoenderana zvakananga nekufunga kwemugadziri uye ruzivo. Naizvozvo, vagadziri vanofanirwa kutarisisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira kureruka kwekugadzirisa uye kuongorora, kazhinji inofuratirwa asi yakakosha maficha, vachiedza nekusingaperi kuti vakwane kuti vawane yepamusoro bhodhi mhando.

Dhizaini Yekugadzira uye Gungano (DFM/DFA)

Kugadzira dhizaini yePCB inoshanda zvakanaka hakungosanganisiri kungoona mashandiro ayo emagetsi chete asiwo kuigadzirisa kuti ikwanise kugadzirwa zvakanaka uye kuunganidzwa pamwero mukuru.

Mafungiro eDFM

Munyaya yeKugadzira Manufacturing ( DFM ), zvinhu zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kutariswa:

• Kunyatsoomerera kune hudiki hwekutevera hupamhi uye nhungamiro yepakati, senge yakajairwa 5 mil trace / nzvimbo, inovimbisa kuenderana neyakajairwa kugadzira maitiro.
• Kunyatsoyera annular mhete kwakakosha kuti uwane kuvimbika kuburikidza nekuumbwa, kwakakosha kuchengetedza magetsi.
• Kushandisa nzira dzakaita senge asidhi misungo uye kuba mhangura kunobatsira kuwana yunifomu yemhangura yeplating, iyo yakakosha kuti magetsi arambe achiita mubhodhi.

DFA Strategies

Dhizaini yeKuungana ( DFA ) inotarisa pakugadzirisa PCB kuti iite kuti zvinhu zviunganidzwe zviri nyore:

• Zvinogara zvichitungamira zvikamu zvinogonesa kushanda zvakanaka kwekutora-nenzvimbo panguva yegungano, kuderedza nguva yegungano uye mitengo yekukanganisa.
• Kupa nzvimbo yakaringana pakati pezvikamu zvinotsigira otomatiki midziyo yegungano, kuve nechokwadi chekuiswa kwakatsetseka uye kwakavimbika.
• Makaka akajeka uye asina kujeka silkscreen anogonesa kunyatsoiswa kwechikamu, kuderedza zvikanganiso zvegungano uye kunatsiridza huwandu hwechigadzirwa.

Panelization uye Test Point Dhizaini

Kugadzirwa kwakanaka kunoda hurongwa hwekuronga mupanelization uye test point yekubatanidza:

• Kugadzira mapaneru kuti awedzere kushandiswa kwezvinhu uye kushanda kwegungano kunobatsira kudzikisa mutengo wekugadzira uye nguva dzekutungamira.
• Kubatanidza fiducial mamaki pamapanera kunovimbisa kurongeka kwakaringana kwePCB panguva yekuungana, yakakosha kuti uwane chaiyo soldering uye chikamu chekuiswa.
• Kusanganisira bvunzo mapoinzi e-in-circuit kuyedzwa uye kubhururuka probe bvunzo inosimudzira kutonga kwemhando nekuona mashandiro uye kutendeseka kwemaPCB akaungana vasati vasiya mutsara wekugadzira.

mhedziso

Munda wePCB dhizaini unonyanya kunakidza uye inonetsa kupfuura nakare kose. Sezvo isu tichisundira miganhu yezvinogoneka mune zvemagetsi, PCB vagadziri vanofanirwa kugara vachichinja uye kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwavo. Kubva pakugona hunyanzvi hwekugadzira-yepamusoro-soro kusvika pakugashira zvinhu zvitsva uye maitiro ekugadzira, mugadziri wePCB wemazuva ano anofanirwa kuve anochinjika uye achifunga kumberi.

Rangarira, yakakura PCB dhizaini inyanzvi sesainzi. Nepo kuomerera kune akanakisa maitiro uye kuwedzera maturusi epamberi kwakakosha, hapana chinotsiva ruzivo uye kugadzira kugadzirisa matambudziko. Sezvo iwe unoshandisa aya epamberi matekiniki mumagadzirirwo ako, gara uchichengeta chinangwa chekupedzisira mupfungwa: kugadzira maPCB asingangosangana chete nehunyanzvi hwekuita asiwo anokunda mumashandisirwo epasirese.

Remangwana rePCB dhizaini rakajeka, iine matekinoroji matsva uye nzira dziri kubuda nguva dzese. Nekugara tichida kuziva, kuramba tichidzidza, uye nekudzvanya miganhu yezvinogoneka, tinokwanisa kugadzira chizvarwa chinotevera chemagetsi anoshamisa anozoumba nyika yedu.