Zvakajairwa PCB Dhizaini Zvikanganiso uye Zvakanakisa Maitiro eEmagetsi Injiniya

Kugadzira mabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa (PCBs) chinhu chakaoma uye chakakosha pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Kudzivisa zvikanganiso zvinowanzoitwa mukugadzira maPCB kwakakosha kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinoshanda zvakanaka, zvakavimbika, uye zvinodhura. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora zvakadzama zvikanganiso zvekugadzira maPCB zvakajairika uye tichapa ruzivo rwakadzama, ruzivo rwekare, data rakakodzera, uye mimwe mienzaniso yekubatsira mainjiniya kugadzirisa magadzirirwo avo ePCB.

Mitsara isina kukwana yeHigh Currents

Rimwe rematambudziko akakosha muPCB dhizaini kubata makwikwi akakwira. Kana PCB trace ichifanira kutakura ikozvino yakakura kupfuura mazana mashoma emamirimita, hudiki hurefu hunogona kunge husina kukwana. Chinonyanya kutariswa ndeye hupamhi hwetrace uye ukobvu. Tsanangudzo pazvikamu zvekunze zvinogona kutakura zvazvino nekuda kwekufamba kwemhepo kuri nani uye kupera kwekupisa. Huremu hwemhangura, inoyerwa mumaonzi paskweya tsoka, inotara ukobvu hwekutevera. Kusarudza yakaringana hupamhi hwekutsvagisa kwakakosha, uye mainjiniya anogona kushandisa trace hupamhi Calculator zvichienderana neindasitiri zviyero seIPC-2221. Kukwira kwetembiricha kunobvumirwa kunofanirwa kutsanangurwa kuverengera huwandu hwayo hwekutakura ikozvino. Pamvura yakakwira, 20C kana yepamusoro tembiricha inokwira inogona kudikanwa.

Mhosho muKudzika Pateni

Mapaiti ekumhara, dzimwe nguva anonzi tsoka, anoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira PCB. Nepo PCB dhizaini software inopa maraibhurari ezvikamu zvemagetsi, kushandisa zvinhu zviri kunze kwemaraibhurari aya zvingada kugadzirwa kwemanyorero ekumhara mapatani. Kunyangwe chidimbu chemillimeter kutsauka mune pad-to-pad spacing inogona kutungamirira kukugadzirisa nyaya panguva yekutengesa. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kutarisisa kurongeka kwemaitiro ekumhara kuti ave nechokwadi chekuiswa kwechikamu uye soldering.

Kugadzirisa Antenna Layout yeWireless Dhizaini

Wireless tekinoroji yakatekeshera mumagetsi emazuva ano, uye PCB antenna dhizaini yakakosha pakuita kwakaringana. Impedance yekufananidza pakati peiyo transceiver neantenna yakakosha pakuwedzera simba rekufambisa. Mutsetse wekutumira unobatanidza antenna uye transceiver unofanirwa kunge uine 50-ohm impedance. Zvishandiso zvehunyanzvi seAppCad kubva kuAvago zvinogona kubatsira kuverenga PCB yekufambisa mitsara miyero kuti iwane impedance yakakodzera. Pamusoro pezvo, masekete anofananidzira seLC pi-network anowanzo kudiwa kuti unyatso-tune antenna impedance.

Decoupling Capacitors Placement

Decoupling capacitors chinhu chakakosha muPCB dhizaini, kunyanya kana uchibata nedhijitari uye analog maseketi. Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechekupa yakachena uye yakagadzikana magetsi ekupa kune zvinonzwisisika zvikamu, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakanaka uye kuderedza njodzi yekukanganiswa kweruzha.

Kuti unzwisise kukosha kwe decoupling capacitors, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti anoshanda sei. Kana dhijitari IC ichichinja, inokwevera kupfupika kweazvino kubva pamagetsi. Pasina decoupling capacitors, kuvhiya uku kunogona kugadzira kudonha kwevoltage panzira uye ndege dzemagetsi, zvichikonzera kushanduka kwemagetsi pamapini emagetsi eIC. Uku kuchinjika kunogona kutungamira kune isiriyo logic mazinga, chiratidzo jitter, uye kunyangwe kusashanda zvakanaka kwechishandiso.

Kuisa decoupling capacitors padyo sezvinobvira kumapini emagetsi eICs kwakakosha pakubudirira kwawo. Nekuita izvi, vanoita senzvimbo dzemagetsi enzvimbo, vachipa ipapo ipapo panguva yekuchinja uye kudzivirira kudonha kwemagetsi. Kuswedera uku kunoderedza inductance uye kuramba kwezviyero zvinobatanidza ma capacitor kune maIC, kuve nechokwadi chekukurumidza uye chinoshanda kubhadharisa kuburitsa.

Pakusarudza decoupling capacitors, mainjiniya anofanirwa kufunga nezve kukosha kwavo kwehunyanzvi. Iyo yakakodzera capacitance inoenderana nezvinodiwa zvesimba uye kushandura frequency yezvikamu zvavanotarisirwa kutsigira. Zvakajairika kushandisa akawanda decoupling capacitors eakasiyana capacitance kukosha paPCB kugadzirisa akasiyana ma frequency eruzha.

Kune zvinhu zvakanyanya kunzwa senge analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), chimwe chikamu chinogona kudikanwa-inductor. Kuisa inductor munhevedzano ine decoupling capacitor inogadzira yakaderera-pass LC sefa. Iyi sefa inobvisa zvinobudirira chero yasara ruzha rwekupa, ichiwedzera kusimudzira mashandiro ezvakaremerwa analog zvikamu.

Muchidimbu, decoupling capacitors yakakosha pakuchengetedza yakachena uye yakagadzikana magetsi emagetsi muPCB. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kuaisa padyo nepaanogona nepini dzesimba dzeICs, sarudza yakakodzera capacitance kukosha, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, shandisa inductors kugadzira yakaderera-pass mafirita. Kuregeredza kuiswa kwakaringana uye kusarudzwa kwe decoupling capacitors kunogona kutungamirira mukusagadzikana kwemagetsi, kupindira kweruzha, uye kuderera kwekuita kwemagetsi maseketi.

Kugadzirisa Magadzirirwo eSwitching Regulators

Kuchinja maregulator isarudzo yakajairika yekudzora magetsi mumagadzirirwo emagetsi emazuva ano nekuda kwekushanda kwawo uye kugona kuchengetedza hupenyu hwebhatiri. Nekudaro, kugadzirisa dhizaini yekuchinja maregulator kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuita kwavo kwakaringana uye kuderedza zvingangoitika.

Kuchinja maregulator kunoshanda nekukurumidza kuchinja magetsi ekuisa nekudzima kuti abudise yaunoda kubuda voltage. Nepo nzira iyi ichishanda zvakanaka, inogona kuunza ruzha uye voltage ripple kana isina kubatwa nemazvo. Kukwenenzvera marongero ekuchinja maregulator, mainjiniya anofanirwa kutevedzera zvakakurudzirwa nemugadziri zvakanyanya.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekuchinja regulator marongero ndiko kuiswa kwekupinza uye kubuda capacitors. Aya ma capacitor akakosha pakukwenenzvera kushanduka kwemagetsi uye kuderedza kukanganiswa kwemagetsi (EMI). Kudziisa padhuze sezvinobvira kune regulator yekupinda uye yekubuda pini kwakakosha. Sarudzo yemhando ye capacitor uye capacitance kukosha inoitawo basa rakakosha mukuderedza ruzha uye kuve nechokwadi kugadzikana.

Imwe fungidziro ndeye marongerwo eiyo mhinduro loop uye zvikamu zvemuripo. Izvi zvikamu zvakakosha pakuchengetedza yakagadzikana goho voltage regulation. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kunyatso fambisa nzira dzeyemhinduro loop uye muripo wetiweki, achivachengeta ari mapfupi sezvinobvira kudzikisa parasitic mhedzisiro.

Grounding uye thermal manejimendi zvakare zvinhu zvakakosha pakuchinja regulator marongero. Maitiro ekugadzirisa akakodzera, akadai senyeredzi pasi, anobatsira kuderedza zvishwe zvepasi uye kuvandudza kudzivirirwa kweruzha. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzima kupisa kwakanaka kwakakosha, sezvo machinjiro ekuchinja anogona kuburitsa kupisa panguva yekushanda. Yakakwana mhangura inodururwa uye vias yekuyamura kupisa inofanira kuiswa muPCB dhizaini.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti imwe neimwe switching regulator dhetabheti inogona kunge iine chaiyo marongero ekurudziro, uye mainjiniya anofanirwa kutarisa aya magwaro kuti atungamirirwe. Kuregeredza kutevedzera aya nhungamiro kunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwehunyanzvi, kuwedzera EMI, uye zvinogona kuvimbika nyaya.

Kubata Kwakafanira Mapofu uye Akavigwa Vias

Kushandiswa kwevias kwakajairika muPCB magadzirirwo, asi mainjiniya anofanira kungwarira kana achishandisa mapofu uye akavigwa vias. Kuburikidza vias pfuura nepakati pezvikamu zvese zvebhodhi, zvingangowedzera PCB saizi uye matambudziko enzira. Bofu vias batanidza zvokunze akaturikidzana kuti yomukati layer, apo akavigwa vias batanidza maviri omukati akaturikidzana. Nekudaro, aya vias ane zvisingakwanisi zvichienderana nekuti iwo akaturikidzana anomira sei pabhodhi. Ivo vanogona zvakare kuwedzera prototyping mutengo zvakanyanya, saka kunyatsoronga kwakakosha.

Kutarisira High-Speed ​​Traces

High-speed signal traces inoda kutarisa kureba uye nzira. High-frequency crystals inoda kutarisisa nzira yekuvimbika kwechiratidzo. Nepo akawanda mamicrocontroller-akavakirwa madhizaini ane mashoma-anomhanya masaini masaini, zvigadzirwa zvinoshandisa high-speed microprocessors nekunze data uye kero mabhazi anofanirwa kukoshesa kuteedzera nzira. Chiratidzo chekuratidzira, kukonzeresa kukanganiswa kwemagetsi (EMI), uye mitengo yakakwira inogona kukonzerwa nekurebesa kuteedzera.

1. Trace Length uye Impedance Control: High-speed zviratidzo zvinonzwa kuronda kureba. Kuti uchengetedze kutendeseka kwechiratidzo uye kuderedza kuderedzwa kwechiratidzo, mainjiniya anofanirwa kudzora kureba kwekumhanya-mhanya. Kutsauka pakureba kwekutsvaga kunogona kukonzera chiratidzo chenguva skew uye jitter. Pamusoro pezvo, impedance control yakakosha kune yakakwira-kumhanya masaini. Inodzorwa impedance traces inovimbisa kuti siginecha inofamba ichidzika pasi nekutevera pasina kuratidzwa kana kuderedzwa kwechiratidzo.
2. Signal Reflections: Kuwedzeredza kureba kwekutsvaga kunogona kutungamirira kune zviratidzo zvinoratidzira, apo chikamu chechiratidzo chinoratidza kumashure kune kwakabva. Kuratidzira kwechiratidzo kunogona kukonzera kuderedzwa kwechiratidzo uye kukanganisa system kuita. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kuverenga kureba kwekutevera uye impedance kuderedza izvi zvinokonzeresa.
3. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): Yakakwira-kumhanya masaini anoburitsa EMI, iyo inogona kukanganisa zvikamu zviri pedyo. Kunyatsoiswa kwepamusoro-kumhanya uye kushandiswa kwendege dzepasi nekudzivirira kunogona kubatsira kurerutsa nyaya dzeEMI.
4. Cross-Talk: High-speed traces padyo padyo inogona kukurudzira kutaura-cross-talk, uko masaini anovhiringana. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kufunga nezvekutsvaga nzvimbo, kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, uye kudzivirira kuti kuderedze kutaura.
5. kugumiswa: Kuguma kwakakodzera kweyekumhanya-mhanya kwakakosha kudzivirira zviratidzo zvechiratidzo uye kuchengetedza chiratidzo chekuvimbika. Kugumisa resistors kana mamwe matekiniki anogona kudiwa.
6. Differential Pair Routing: High-speed kusiyanisa pairi, anowanzo shandiswa kune data mabhasi, anofanirwa kufambiswa nehurefu chaihwo hwekufananidza uye inodzorwa impedance kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvimbika kwechiratidzo.

Muchidimbu, kugadzirisa ma "high-speed traces" kwakakosha pakuchengetedza kusimba kwechiratidzo uye kuvimbika kwesystem mumagadzirirwo ePCB. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kufunga nezve "trace length", " impedance control" , "signal reflections", "EMI", "cross-talk", "termination", uye "differential pair routing" pavanenge vachishanda nema "high-speed signals". Kutevedzera maitiro akanakisa uye kushandisa maturusi ekugadzira akasarudzika kunogona kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nema "high-speed traces".

Kugadzirisa Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

EMI idambudziko rakajairika muPCB dhizaini inogona kukanganisa kushanda kwemidziyo yemagetsi. EMI inoreva chizvarwa chisiri nemaune, kutapurirana, kana kugashira kwesimba remagetsi rinokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemaseketi emagetsi. Kuve nechokwadi chemagetsi emagetsi akavimbika, zvakakosha kugadzirisa EMI zvinonetsa panguva yePCB dhizaini.

Imwe nzira inoshanda yekudzikisa EMI kuronga zvikamu zvePCB kuita mapoka anoshanda zvichienderana nemaitiro avo emagetsi uye mabasa anodiwa. Kupatsanura uku kunobatsira kudzivirira kukanganisa pakati pezvikamu uye subsystems. Semuyenzaniso, mabhuroko eanalogi uye edhijitari anofanirwa kupatsanurwa kuti aderedze mukana weruzha rwedhijitari rinokanganisa masaini eanalogi.

Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa kwematambo akaiswa insulated uye midziyo yesimbi inogona kubatsira kuchengetedza uye kudzivirira kuburitswa kwemagetsi. Insulated tambo dzinodzivirira radiated EMI kutiza iyo PCB yakavharirwa, nepo simbi midziyo inoshanda seFaraday matanga, ichivharira ekunze EMI masosi kubva mukupindira mukati mezvikamu zvemukati.

Kudzikisa makona akapinza pamateki uye kudzivirira-kurudyi-kona kubhenda kunogona kuderedza EMI emissions. Makona akapinza anogona kuita seantenna, anopenya emagetsi emagetsi. Nekushandisa zvishoma nezvishoma macurves kana makona akakomberedzwa mukutsvaga nzira, mainjiniya anogona kudzikisira izvi.

Maitiro ekuisa pasi akakosha kune EMI manejimendi. Nyeredzi pasi, uko nzvimbo dzese dzepasi dzinobatana kune yepakati pasi node, inobatsira kudzivirira pasi zvishwe uye inova nechokwadi yakaderera-impedance nzira yekudzoka mafungu. Ndege dzepasi uye kusona vias zvinogona zvakare kunatsiridza pasi uye kuderedza EMI kusagadzikana.

Muzviitiko apo EMI inoramba ichinyanya kunetseka, kushandiswa kweEMI nhovo kana mafirita kungave kuri madikanwa. Chengetedza zvikamu kana zvikamu zvePCB zvine conductive zvinhu zvinogona kuve nezvinobuda, nepo mafirita anogona kudzvanyirira ruzha rusingadiwe pamagetsi nemasaini.

Pakupedzisira, kugadzirisa EMI kwakakosha pakushanda kwakavimbika kwemidziyo yemagetsi, kunyanya mumashandisirwo uko mhando yechiratidzo uye kukanganisa kunokanganisa kwakakosha. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kufunga nezve EMI nzira dzekudzikisa mukati mePCB dhizaini dhizaini kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwakanaka kwemagetsi masisitimu.

Yakarurama Antenna Layout ye Wireless Kukurukurirana

Kugadzira antennas yekutaurirana isina waya paPCB kunoda iko kurongeka uye kuomerera kune electromagnetic nheyo. Iyo antenna dhizaini inokanganisa zvakanyanya mashandiro asina waya emidziyo yemagetsi, uye kusarongeka mukugadzirwa kweantenna kunogona kutungamira mukuderedzwa kwerenji, kuderedzwa kwechiratidzo, uye kutaurirana kwakaderera.

Imwe yeakakosha yekutarisisa mune antenna dhizaini ndeye impedance yekufananidza. Impedance yekuenzanisa inovimbisa kuti iyo transceiver (yakadai seya isina waya module) uye antenna ine inopindirana impedance kukosha kweakanyanya kufambisa simba. Impedance, mune ino mamiriro, inoreva kune yakaoma impedance yezvose zviri zviviri transceiver uye antenna, kwete kungoramba kwavo kuri nyore.

Kuti uwane yakakodzera impedance yekufananidza, tambo yekufambisa inobatanidza antenna kune transceiver inofanirwa kunge iine 50-ohm impedance. Specialized Calculator uye maturusi, akadai seAppCad kubva kuAvago, anogona kubatsira mainjiniya mukuona hukuru hwePCB yekufambisa tambo inodiwa kuti inyatso kuenzanisa.

Pamusoro pekufananidza kuenzanisa, maseketi anofananidzira seLC pi-network anowanzo kudiwa pakati peantenna uye transceiver. Aya maseketi anonatsa-inogadzirisa iyo antenna's impedance kuti ienderane neyeiyo transceiver, kuve nechokwadi chekufambisa kwesimba kwakakwana.

Yakarurama antenna dhizaini yakakosha pakutaurirana kusina waya, sezvo simba rechiratidzo uye renji zvinokanganiswa zvakananga. Kusarongeka mumagadzirirwo kunogona kukonzera kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo, kusapindirana kwe impedance, uye kuderedzwa kwemadaro ekutaurirana.

Wireless tekinoroji inowanikwa mune zvemazuva ano zvemagetsi, zvichiita kuti antenna dhizaini ive chinhu chakakosha chePCB dhizaini. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kutarisisa kune impedance yekufananidza, mitsara yekutapurirana mitsara, uye maseketi anofananidza kuti awane yakakwana isina waya kuita.

Kukosha kweProjekti Kudzokororwa uye Dhizaini Ongororo

Kudzokororwa kweprojekiti uye dhizaini ongororo inowanzo furatirwa asi matanho akakosha muPCB dhizaini. Kugara uchiongorora dhizaini inopesana nemhando yepamusoro-soro, mabasa akapihwa, uye kubatanidza dunhu kunobatsira kuziva nekudzivirira zvakajairika zvikanganiso zvekugadzira. Ongororo dzevezera dzinoitwa nedzimwe nhengo dzechikwata dzinogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha uye kuona kuti dhizaini inosangana nezvinangwa zvayo.

mhedziso

PCB dhizaini chinhu chakaoma uye chakakosha chemagetsi engineering. Kunzvenga zvikanganiso zvakajairika uye kuomerera kune akanakisa maitiro kunogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya mashandiro, kuvimbika, uye mutengo-unoshanda wemidziyo yemagetsi. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kutarisisa kuronda hupamhi, mapatani ekumhara, marongero antenna, decoupling capacitors, uye zvimwe zvakakosha dhizaini dhizaini kuti ive nechokwadi chekubudirira kwePCB dhizaini. Kugara kudzokororwa kweprojekiti uye dhizaini yekuongorora kwakakosha pakubata nekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvisati zvatungamira kune zvinodhura prototypes uye kunonoka kusvika pamusika. Nekutevera misimboti iyi, mainjiniya anogona kugadzira akasimba uye anoshanda maPCB madhizaini anosangana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.

Kana chinodiwa ichi chichikanganisa kuwanikwa kana kuburitswa kwezvigadzirwa, chienzanise nekugadzirwa kwePCB yemhangura ine mhangura yakawanda uye kugadzirwa kweRF microwave PCB usati watumira mafaira ekupedzisira kuti aongororwe.