Iyo Yakanakisa PCB Dhizaini Mazano eKuderedzwa EMI

Munyika yemagetsi, kugadzira maPCB anonyatso kudzikamisa Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ndiyo inonyanya kunetseka. EMI, inowanzoonekwa seyasingadiwi mhedzisiro yemaseketi emagetsi, inogona kukanganisa kushanda kwakajairwa kwemidziyo yemagetsi uye kutungamirira kune zvingangoita nyaya dzekuita. Mugwaro rino rakazara, isu tichaongorora mukati mezvinobva eEMI, kusiyanisa pakati peElectromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) neEMI, uye topa yakadzama uye inyanzvi PCB dhizaini dhizaini yekudzikisa zvakanyanya EMI mumagadzirirwo ako.

Kunzwisisa Electromagnetic Interference

Kuti tinzwisise zvakakwana nezveEMI mukugadzirwa kwePCB , zvakakosha kutanga nekunzwisisa zvakadzama fizikisi iri pasi pechinhu ichi. EMI, iyo inomiririra Electromagnetic Interference, yakadzika midzi mumasimba makuru echisikigo, kunyanya electromagnetism. Electromagnetism inozviratidza kuburikidza nemasimba emagetsi neemagnetic, ayo anoita basa rakakosha mukushanda kwemidziyo yemagetsi.

Iyo genesis yeEMI inogona kuteverwa kumashure kwekuyerera kwemagetsi emagetsi mukati medunhu rakavharwa. Semakosi emagetsi azvino kuburikidza nedunhu iri, anoburitsa magineti anoenda kunze, akatariswa perpendicular kugwara rekuyerera kwazvino. Iri simba rinoburitswa rinogadzira masaisai emagetsi uye rine mukana wekukanganisa zvinhu zvemagetsi zvakavakidzana uye nzira dzechiratidzo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kupindira uku kunokonzeresa nyaya dzine chekuita neEMI izvo zvinoda hunyanzvi hwekutonga nzira. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemisimboti iyi inoshanda sehwaro hwakasimba hwekugadzirisa matambudziko eEMI zvinobudirira mukugadzira PCB.

EMC vs. EMI: Kujekesa Musiyano

Electromagnetic Kuenderana (EMC)

EMC ipfungwa yakazara mumunda wemagetsi nemagetsi engineering. Inotarisa pakugona kweakasiyana midziyo yemagetsi, zvikamu, uye masisitimu ekushanda ari padhuze kune mumwe nemumwe pasina kukonzera kana kutambura nekukanganiswa kwemagetsi. Chinangwa chikuru cheEMC ndechekuona kuwirirana kugarisana kwezvinhu izvi mukati meyakagovaniswa magetsi emagetsi. Heano mamwe akakosha maficha eEMC:

1. Kugarisana Kwakabatana: EMC inotsvaga kumisikidza mamiriro ekuti michina yemagetsi inogona kushanda pamwechete pasina kukonzera kukanganisa kana kutadza nekuda kwekukanganiswa kwemagetsi. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvese emission control (kuderedza kuburitswa kusingadiwe) uye kusadzivirirwa (kuramba kupindira kwekunze).
2. Emission Control: EMC inosanganisira kutonga magetsi emagetsi anogadzirwa nemagetsi emagetsi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzora mhepo inopfurwa nemwaranzi uye inoitiswa kuti isakanganise mimwe michina iri pedyo.
3. Kusurukirwa: Kusadzivirirwa muEMC kunoreva kugona kwechishandiso kushingirira kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kubva kunze kwekunze pasina kutadza kushanda. Masisitimu emagetsi anofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti ave akasimba achipokana neakajairika masosi ekuvhiringidza, senge magineti emagetsi kubva kutambo dzemagetsi kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.
4. Kutevedzera Mitemo: Masangano akasiyana-siyana anodzora uye masangano ezviyero, senge Federal Communications Commission (FCC) muUnited States neInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), yakamisa zviyero zveEMC. Kutevedzera zviyero izvi kwakakosha kuti zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvitengeswe zviri pamutemo uye kushandiswa mumatunhu mazhinji.
5. Dhizaini Kufunga: Kuwana EMC kunosanganisira kungwarira dhizaini maitiro, anosanganisira kwakaringana kudzika pasi, kudzivirira, uye kusefa. Vagadziri vanofanirwawo kufunga zvinhu zvakaita sechiratidzo chekuvimbika, crosstalk, uye kugovera simba kudzikisa kukanganiswa kwemagetsi.
6. Testing uye Certification: EMC kuyedzwa inhanho yakakosha mukuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinosangana nezvinodiwa EMC zviyero. Zvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kuongororwa kuti zvionekwe kuti hazvibudise yakawandisa emagetsi mwaranzi uye zvinokwanisa kumira kukanganiswa kwekunze.

Electromagnetic Kukanganiswa (EMI)

EMI ichikamu cheEMC uye inoreva kusingadiwe emagetsi kuburitsa kana kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nemagetsi zvishandiso, zvikamu, kana masisitimu. EMI inoitika kana mwaranzi yemagetsi kana kuita ruzha rwemagetsi kubva kune chimwe chinhu ichikanganisa kushanda kwechimwe chiri pedyo. Heano maitiro akakosha eEMI:

1. Sources: EMI inogona kubva kwakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira dhijitari logic maseketi, kushandura magetsi emagetsi, yakakwirira-frequency zvikamu, uye zvimwe zvemagetsi zvinogadzira magetsi emagetsi.
2. Mhando dzeEMI: EMI inogona kuratidzira nenzira dzakasiyana, dzakadai seradiated EMI (kuburitswa kwemhepo) uye kuitisa EMI (kuburitswa kunoitwa kuburikidza newaya kana kuronda paPCBs).
3. migumisiro: EMI inogona kukuvadza pamidziyo yemagetsi uye masisitimu. Inogona kutungamira kune huwori hwe data, kukanganisa kwekutaurirana, kusashanda kwemidziyo, uye kunyangwe njodzi dzekuchengetedza mumashandisirwo akakosha.
4. Kuderedza: Kudzikisa EMI, mainjiniya anoshandisa matekiniki akaita semagetsi ekudzivirira, kusefa, kumisa pasi, uye nekungwarira PCB dhizaini. Matanho aya anobatsira kuve nekudzikisa kuburitswa kusingadiwe, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvishandiso zvinoenderana neEMC zviyero.
5. Frequency Spectrum: EMI inogona kuitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kune yakaderera-frequency simba rekuvhiringidza tambo kusvika kune yakakwirira-frequency radio frequency interference. Kunzwisisa frequency spectrum yeEMI kwakakosha pakudzikisa kunoshanda.

Muchidimbu, EMC ndiyo pfungwa yakakura yakanangana nekuona kugarisana kwakanaka kwemidziyo yemagetsi mukati meyakagovaniswa magetsi emagetsi, nepo EMI ichinyatso kubata nekukanganiswa kusingadiwe kunokonzerwa nemidziyo iyi. Mainjiniya nevagadziri vanofanirwa kugadzirisa ese EMC uye EMI kufunga kuti vagadzire akavimbika uye asingapindire-asina emagetsi masisitimu.

Zvinyorwa zvePCB EMI

Kugadzirisa zvinobudirira EMI muPCB dhizaini, zvakakosha kuona kwakasiyana kwainogona kubva. EMI inogona kusimuka kubva mukati mePCB uye kubva kune ekunze masosi, uye kunzwisisa masosi aya inhanho yekutanga kudzikamisa maitiro avo.

1. EMI kubva kuZvikamu

High-simba zvemagetsi zvikamu, senge processors, FPGAs, amplifiers, transmitters, uye antennas, anogona zvakanyanya kubatsira kuEMI. Uyezve, kushandura zvikamu, izvo zvinokurumidza kuchinja mamiriro avo, zvinogona kuunza kukanganisa kunokanganisa. Kuderedza EMI kubva kuzvikamu:

Sarudza Zvikamu Zvekushandisa Zvisina Simba:

Imwe yemajenareta ekutanga eEMI pamabhodhi edunhu zvinhu zvinoda simba rakakura. Pese pazvinogoneka, sarudza dzimwe nzira dzine simba shoma dzisingakanganisi kushanda kana kunaka.

Component Isolation:

Muitiro wakanakisa mukugadzira kuisa zvikamu zvinogadzira mhando dzakafanana dzezviratidzo padhuze nekuzviparadzanisa kubva kune zvinobata masaini emhando dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, zvikamu zvedhijitari zvinofanirwa kuunganidzwa pamwe nezvimwe zvikamu zvedhijitari uye zvakaparadzaniswa nemidziyo yeanalogi.

Shandisa PCB Fencing:

Pfekedza zvinhu zvinonzwisa tsitsi kana madiki-sekiti mukati mekudzivirira zvimiro zvakaita sePCB murindi mhete uye Faraday makeji. Aya maitiro anoshanda zvakanyanya mukuderedza mwaranzi munzvimbo yakapoteredza.

Shandisa Matekiniki eKubvisa Kupisa:

Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzira kupisa senge byproduct yekushanda kwavo. Anoshanda ekupisa anonyura uye akaiswa zvakanaka vias anogona kubatsira mukupisa kupisa, zvichibatsira mukuderedza EMI.

2. EMI kubva Signals uye Traces

EMI inogonawo kugadzirwa pamwe chete nechiratidzo chechiratidzo uye papini uye mapoinzi ekubatanidza paPCB. Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinopa EMI mune ino mamiriro, kusanganisira isina kuenzana mutsauko wekufamba vaviri nzira, kurasika capacitance, uye chiratidzo chekuratidzira.

Shandisa Kujeka Kwakakwana Pakati PemaSignal Traces:

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya kuomesesa mukudzikisa EMI pakati pekutevedzwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti nzvimbo yakaringana kana kubvumidzwa. Temerera kune kurudziro inopihwa neCM yako (Contract Manufacturer), kazhinji zvichibva pane IPC zviyero, kuti uone kubvumidzwa kwakakodzera.

Ground Decoupling uye Bypass Capacitors:

Stray capacitance inonetsa kudzivirira, asi mhedzisiro yayo inogona kudzikiswa nekudzika ma capacitor ari padyo nemapini sezvinobvira.

Shandisa Inoshanda EMI Sefa:

Madhizaini mazhinji, kunyanya ayo anosanganisira masaini edhijitari, anoratidza madhizaini ekuchinja anogona kugadzira chiratidzo chekukanganisa. Iyo inonyanya kushanda nzira yekuvandudza kutendeka kwechiratidzo mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai ndeyekushandisa kwakaringana EMI kusefa.

Deredza Kureba Kwemakwara Ekudzoka:

Ground kudzoka nzira dzinofanirwa kuve pfupi sezvinobvira kuderedza loop nzvimbo, dzinogona kuve masosi eEMI.

Ita shuwa Kufanana Hunhu kune Differential Traces:

Panyaya yekusiyanisa nzira dzechiratidzo, zvakakosha kuti trace pairs inoratidzwa nenzira kwayo. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuchengetedza hurefu hwekutsvaga hunoenderana, huremu hwemhangura, uye kuparadzaniswa nguva dzose. Kana zvichidikanwa, mendering inogona kushandiswa kuwana uye kuchengetedza izvi hunhu.

Dzivisa Sharp Angles:

Paunenge uchitsvaga nzira, sarudza micheto yakatenderedzwa kwete makona akapinza. Makona akapinza anogona kutungamira kune chiratidzo chekuratidzira nekuda kwekugadziriswa kwehunhu impedance.

Dzivisa Kuisa Matanho Ekuita Padhuze Neumwe neumwe:

Usambofa wakaisa maviri ekuitisa akaturikidzana zvakananga kune imwe neimwe muPCB stackup. Kuparadzaniswa kwakakwana, kazhinji nendege yepasi, kwakakosha.

3. EMI kubva kune Kunze Kwekunze

Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvemukati, zvinhu zvekunze zvinogona kuunza EMI kuPCB. Uku kukanganisa kwekunze kunogona kukanganisa kwete mashandiro edunhu chete asiwo kuenderana kwemagetsi kweiyo system yese.

Shandisa Shielding:

Shielding inowanzo shandiswa kune chaiwo zvikamu kana sub-sekete. Kusiyana nefenzi, zvimiro zvekudzivirira zvinowanzo vakwa kubva kune insulating zvinhu uye kuiswa pamusoro pezvikamu kana zvakavharirwa, zvinonyatsozvitsaura kubva kune ekunze EMI masosi.

Funga Zvakavharirwa:

Kunyange zvakavharirwa zvichinyanya kutariswa semidziyo yekuchengetedza, inogona zvakare kushanda seyekudzivirira inoshanda kubva kumarara uye ekunze EMI masosi. MaPCB akavharirwa anodzivirirwa kubva kune ekunze pesvedzero, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwawo kwakavimbika.

Kugadzirisa PCB Dhizaini yeEMI Kuderedza

Nepo nhungamiro iri pamusoro ichipa hwaro hwakasimba hwekudzikiswa kweEMI muPCB dhizaini, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti izvo zvinodiwa zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekuoma kwedhizaini, mashandiro, uye zvinangwa zvekuita. Kuti uwane yakanyanya kudzikisira EMI, mainjiniya anofanirwa kuedza kukwenenzvera magadzirirwo avo nekushandisa epamusoro maturusi ekuongorora.

Tailoring EMI Kudzikisa Strategies kune Yakananga Dhizaini

1. Kuoma kwezvinhu

Iyo yakaoma yePCB dhizaini inoita basa rakakosha pakuona huwandu hwezvingangoitika zveEMI nyaya. Mamwe madhizaini akaomarara anowanzo sanganisira kuwanda kwepamusoro kwezvikamu, mitsetse yakazara, uye nzira dzechiratidzo dzakaoma kunzwisisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mukana wekukanganiswa kweEMI unowedzera zvakaenzana.

Component Placement:

MumaPCB akaomarara, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kupihwa pakuiswa kwezvikamu. Kubatanidza zvikamu zvakafanana pamwe chete uchiona kuti zvakaparadzaniswa kubva kune zvakasiyana zvinoramba zvakakosha. Yepamberi EDA (Electronic Dhizaini otomatiki) maturusi anopa otomatiki chikamu chekuisa maficha anobatsira kukwenenzvera echikamu gadziriro yekuderedza EMI.

Layer Stackup:

Madhizaini akaomarara angade maPCB akawanda. Kunyatso gadzirisa iyo stackup yakakosha kudzikisa EMI. Kunyatsotariswa kurongeka uye chinhambwe pakati pendege dzinotakura nepasi kwakakosha. Simulation maturusi anogona kubatsira mukuona iyo yakakwana stackup kumisikidza.

2. Kushanda uye Zvinangwa Zvekuita

Izvo zvinotarisirwa kushanda uye zvinangwa zvePCB zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya EMI nzira dzekudzikisa. PCBs dzakagadzirirwa kukurumidza kufambisa data, dzakadai sedzinoshandiswa munharembozha kana nzvimbo dzedata, dzinowanzoda kuomesesa EMI matanho ekuderedza nekuda kwekunzwa kwezviratidzo zvinobatanidzwa.

Kusiyana kwechiratidzo:

Kune magadzirirwo anomhanya zvakanyanya, kushandiswa kwechiratidzo che differential kwakajairika kuderedza mukana wekushandiswa ne common-mode EMI. Differential pairs dzinofanira kugadzirwa nokungwarira ne controlled impedance uye trace lengths dzakafanana. Zvishandiso zve PCB zvepamberi zvinogonesa kufananidza impedance chaiyo kune differential pairs.

Sefa uye Decoupling:

High-performance PCBs inobatsirwa kubva kumberi kusefa uye decoupling matekiniki. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kusarudza emhando yepamusoro senge EMI mafirita uye capacitor ane akakodzera capacitance kukosha kudzvinyirira ruzha zvinobudirira. Maturusi ekutevedzera anogona kubatsira pakuongorora kushanda kwezvikamu izvi.

Yepamberi Yekuongorora Zvishandiso zveEMI Kuderedza

Kuwana kuderedzwa kwakaringana kweEMI kazhinji kunoda kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvekuongorora zvepamberi uye software yekufananidza. Zvishandiso izvi zvinopa mainjiniya simba rekunyatso ongorora uye kukwenenzvera magadzirirwo avo, kuve nechokwadi kuti anosangana neakaomesesa EMI zvinodiwa.

1. Electromagnetic Co-Simulation

Electromagnetic co-simulation masimba anogonesa mainjiniya kuongorora maitiro emagetsi ePCB marongero. Ichi chimiro chinobvumira kuzivikanwa uye kudzikisira kwezvingangoita EMI nyaya panguva yekutanga dhizaini.

3D Kuona:

3D yekuona maturusi anopa manzwisisiro mukuiswa kwechikamu, chiratidzo chenzira, uye anogona EMI masosi. Mainjiniya anogona kushandisa chimiro ichi kukwidziridza chikamu chekuiswa kweEMI kuderedza.

2. Pspice Advanced Analysis

PSpice Yepamberi Analysis chishandiso chine simba chekunyepedzera chinogona kubatsira mukuderedza EMI:

Signal Integrity Analysis:

Mainjiniya anogona kukwirisa PSpice kuti iite yakakwana chiratidzo chekuvimbika ongororo. Nekutevedzera hunhu hwechiratidzo pasi pemamiriro akasiyana siyana, kusanganisira EMI-inokonzeresa ruzha, vanogona kuona zvinogona kukanganisa uye kushandisa nzira dzekudzikisa.

Heat Dissipation Analysis:

Kushanda kupisa kupisa kwakakosha kune EMI kuderedza. PSpice inogonesa mainjiniya kuti vaongorore kugovera kwekupisa mukati mePCB, vachibatsira mukugadzirwa kweanoshanda ekupisa kupisa mhinduro.

Source-Targeted Analysis:

PSpice's sosi-yakanangana yekuongorora masimba inobvumira mainjiniya kuti atarise EMI masosi nemhedzisiro yawo pane chaiwo masaini nzira. Iyi granular nzira inogonesa chaiyo EMI yekudzikisa matanho.

3. Electromagnetic Simulation Software

Yakatsaurirwa electromagnetic simulation software inopa yakadzama kuongororwa kwemaitiro emagetsi. Zvishandiso izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kune yakakwirira-frequency uye RF (Radio Frequency) magadzirirwo uko kuderedzwa kweEMI kwakakosha.

mhedziso

Kazhinji, kugona kugadzira PCB yekuderedza EMI kwakakosha pakuona kuti zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinoshanda zvakanaka uye kuwana Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) mumabasa akasiyana-siyana. Nekunzwisisa kwakabva EMI uye kutevedzera nhungamiro dzakakurudzirwa, mainjiniya vanogona kugadzira maPCBAs (PCBAs) anosangana neEMC standards dzakasimba uye anoshanda zvakavimbika.

Uyezve, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti EMI kuderedza haisi imwe-saizi-inokodzera-ese maitiro. Madhizaini akaomarara ane mashandiro akasiyana uye zvinangwa zvekuita zvinogona kuda akagadzirirwa mazano uye maturusi ekuongorora epamusoro. Leveraging electromagnetic co-simulation, advanced analysis maturusi sePSpice, uye yakatsaurirwa electromagnetic simulation software inopa mainjiniya simba rekuona uye kugadzirisa zvingangoitika zveEMI nyaya padanho rekutanga, zvichikonzera kusimba uye EMC-inoenderana PCB dhizaini.

Muindasitiri yemagetsi yemazuva ano inokurumidza kuita, uko zvishandiso zvinoramba zvichiita zvidiki, nekukurumidza, uye zvakabatana zvakanyanya, kugona kubata zvakanaka EMI hunyanzvi hwakakosha hunoparadzanisa magadzirirwo akabudirira kubva kune anotambudzwa nenyaya dzine chekuita nekukanganisika. Nekugara uchigadziridzwa pane azvino EMI yekudzikisa matekiniki uye nekushandisa ekucheka-kumucheto ekugadzira maturusi, mainjiniya anogona kugadzira emagetsi masisitimu ayo asingangoite zvinodiwa zvekutonga asiwo anokunda mukuita nekuvimbika.

Kuti uwane ongororo yakakwana yekugadzira, shandisa chinyorwa chino pamwe chete nezvinodiwa nePCB solder mask kana uchitarisa zvinodiwa pakuisa zvinhu muzvikamu, pakuunganidza, kana pakuedza.