Dhiagiramu yeDunhu reTransistor: Zviratidzo, Kuverenga, uye Kuvaka

Dhayagiramu yedunhu retransistor idhirowa inoratidza kuti transistors imwe kana kupfuura dzinobatana sei nezvimwe zvikamu — resistors, capacitors, simba, uye signal lines — dzichishandisa zviratidzo zvakajairwa panzvimbo pemifananidzo yezvikamu. Inokuudza kuti circuit inochinja sei, inowedzera, kana kudzora chiratidzo, uye ndiyo nzvimbo yekutanga yekushandura pfungwa kuita circuit board yakadhindwa inoshanda.

Chii Chinonzi Transistor Circuit Diagram?

Dhayagiramu yedunhu retransistor inomiririra dunhu remagetsi nenzira yekufananidzira. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoonekwa sechiratidzo chakajairika, uye mitsetse iri pakati pawo inoratidza kubatana kwemagetsi, kana mambure. Dhayagiramu iyi inotaura zvinhu zviviri panguva imwe chete: kuti zvikamu zvinowaniswa sei waya, uye kuti dunhu racho rinofanira kuita sei. Nekuti ichiratidzo, dhayagiramu imwe chete inogona kuvakwa pabhodhi rechingwa, prototype, kana bhodhi rekugadzira rakapedzwa pasina kuchinja.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvedhayagiramu

• Zviratidzo zveTransistor: Transistor yega yega inodhirowa nematerminal ayo matatu kuitira kuti mhando yayo uye polarity zvive pachena.
• Vanyoreri vemareferensi: Mazita akadai seQ1, Q2, R3, uye C4 anoratidza chikamu chimwe nechimwe zvakasiyana.
• Mambure nemapfundo: mitsetse inobatanidza ndiyo inotsanangura kuti ndeapi mapini ane kubatana kwemagetsi.
• Zvikamu zverusaruro: ma resistors uye dzimwe nguva ma capacitor anoisa nzvimbo yekushanda ye transistor yega yega.
• Njanji dzemagetsi nedzepasi: voltage yekugovera nepasi zvinopa dunhu nzvimbo dzaro dzekutarisa.
• Zviratidzo zvezviratidzo: zviratidzo zvekupinda nekubuda zvinoratidza panopinda nepanobva chiratidzo.

Chimiro chakarurama, chakanyorwa zvakanaka ndicho hwaro hwechinhu chipi nechipi chakavakwa. Kana changosimbiswa, chinova chitubu chechokwadi chekurongeka uye chekubatanidza mabhodhi e transistor , saka nguva inoshandiswa pakuchigadzirisa haimboparadzwi.

Zviratidzo zveTransistor zveBJTs neMOSFETs

Mhuri mbiri dzematransistor dzinotonga macircuit mazhinji: ma transistors e bipolar junction (BJTs) uye ma transistors e metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect (MOSFETs). Imwe neimwe ine chiratidzo chayo, uye chiratidzo chacho chinotsanangura mhando yemudziyo uye polarity yayo. Kudzidza zviratidzo zvina zvepakati kunosanganisira ruzhinji rwemadhayagiramu auchasangana nawo.

Zviratidzo zve transistor zvakakosha

• NPN BJT: materminal matatu (base, collector, emitter) ane museve we emitter wakatarisa kunze.
• PNP BJT: marongerwo akafanana, asi museve we emitter unonongedzera mukati kurutivi rwechigadziko.
• N-channel MOSFET: gedhi, dhireni, uye kwainobva mvura, kazhinji museve wemuviri wakatarisa mukati.
• P-channel MOSFET: chimiro chimwe chete chine nzira yemuseve yakadzoserwa kumashure.
• Mazita eterminal: B/C/E yeBJTs uye G/D/S yeMOSFETs zvinobvisa kusanzwisisika kwese.

Kuwana gwara rechiratidzo chakarurama hakusi kungodhirowa chete; kunoratidza kuti chikamu chacho chakabatana sei uye chakarerekera sei. Mainjiniya edu anotarisa zviratidzo netsoka zvichienderana nemapepa edata sechikamu chegadziriro yefekitori yedu yePCB yeChina .

Maitiro Ekuverenga Transistor Schematic

Kuverenga transistor schematic inzira inodzokororwa. Pane kuedza kunzwisisa dhayagiramu yese panguva imwe chete, unoishanda kuburikidza ne terminal ne terminal uye nhanho nenhanho kusvika basa rava pachena.

Matanho makuru ekuiverenga

• Ziva transistor yega yega: cherechedza kana iri BJT kana MOSFET uye polarity yayo.
• Tsvaga materminal matatu: isa chiratidzo pachigadziko/gedhi, muunganidzi/dhiraivha, uye muturikiri/kwakabva.
• Simba rekutevera nepasi: tsvaga nzira yekupa zvinhu uye nzvimbo yaunokwanisa kuwana.
• Verenga network yerusaruro: ma resistors akakomberedza terminal yekudzora anoisa nzvimbo yekushanda.
• Tevedzera nzira yechiratidzo: tevera kubva pane zvinopinda kuburikidza nedanho rega rega kusvika pakubuda.
• Cherechedza mhinduro: tarisa zvinhu zvinodzosera zvinobuda kune zvinopinda.

Kana wangokwanisa kuverenga schematic nenzira iyi, zvikanganiso zvekubatanidza waya zvinova nyore kubata zvisati zvasvika pabhodhi.

Magadzirirwo eDanho reTransistor Akajairika

Madhayagiramu mazhinji e transistor akavakwa kubva muzvimiro zvishoma zvinodzokororwa. Kuzviziva paunozviona kunoita kuti chero schematic inzwisise nekukurumidza, nekuti unogona kudoma bhuroko pane kuriongorora kubva pakutanga.

Maseketi e transistor akakosha

• Shandura: transistor inofambiswa zvizere kana kuti zvachose kuti idzore mutoro.
• Amplifier yeCommon-emitter: danho rekare rekuwana voltage rakavakirwa paBJT.
• Muteveri weEmitter kana wesource: inopa mukana wekuwedzera simba uye buffering ne near-unity voltage gain.
• Girazi razvino: inokopa referensi yemagetsi mubazi rimwe kana akawanda.
• Kubuda kwe "sunda-dhonza": Peya imwe chete inofambisa mutoro zvinobudirira kumativi ese ari maviri.
• H-zambuko: ma transistors mana anodzosera simba remagetsi kuburikidza nemota kana coil.

Kana mabhuroko aya achidzokorora pakugadzira, dhayagiramu inova nhevedzano yematanho anozivikanwa pane kuva rusvingo rwezviratidzo.

Magadzirirwo mashoma anofukidza akawanda madhirama e transistor. Mu switch, transistor inofambiswa zvizere kuti idzore mutoro wakaita se relay kana LED. Danho re common-emitter rinoshandisa BJT kuwedzera chiratidzo, kuchichinja uye kuwedzera voltage gain. Emitter kana source follower inochengetedza chiratidzo chine near-unity voltage gain asi inobatsira current gain. Push-pull output inosanganisa zvishandiso zvinotsigirana kuti ifambise mutoro zvakanaka munzira dzese dziri mbiri. Kuziva mabhuroko aya kunoita kuti uverenge schematic se sequence yematanho anozivikanwa pane madziro ezviratidzo.

BJT vs MOSFET: Maitiro Ekusiyanisa

Kupfuura chiratidzo, maBJT nemaMOSFET akasiyana munzira yaanodzorwa nayo, uye musiyano iwoyo unoumba dunhu rakatenderedza. BJT inodzorwa nemagetsi ari muhwaro hwayo, nepo MOSFET ichidzorwa nemagetsi ari pagedhi rayo. Network yekubias yakatenderedza mudziyo inowanzoita kuti mhando yacho ive pachena kunyangwe usati waverenga nhamba yechikamu.

Misiyano mikuru

• Nzira yekudzora: MaBJT anopindura kumagetsi epasi; maMOSFET anopindura kumagetsi egedhi.
• Chikamu cheDrive: chinodzivirira chepasi chinopa BJT; chinodzivirira chegeti uye chinodzivirira chegeti chakakwira chinopa MOSFET.
• Kurasikirwa kwekuita: MaMOSFET ane simba haapindi simba zvakanyanya pakuchinja zvinobudirira.
• Kuchinja kumhanya: MOSFET dzinowanzo chinja nekukurumidza, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha pakushandura simba.
• Shandisa kesi: MaBJT anokodzera madhiraivha madiki uye ari nyore kushandisa; maMOSFET ndiwo anonyanya kushandisa power switching.

Sarudzo yacho inokanganisa mashandiro emagetsi nekupisa, ndosaka magadzirirwo emagetsi-transistor achida kurongwa kwakanaka kwemhangura nekupisa - nzvimbo yatinotsigira kuburikidza nekuvaka kwedu kwemagetsi emagetsi.

Kubva paTransistor Schematic kuenda kuPCB yakagadzirwa

Chinyorwa chinongova danho rekutanga chete. Kuti chive bhodhi chairo, chinopfuura nepakati penzira yakatarwa: zviratidzo zvinowana tsoka chaidzo, kubatana kwacho kunova netlist, uye netlist inotyaira dhizaini inogona kugadzirwa nefekitori.

Matanho makuru ekugadzira

• Simbisa zviratidzo netsoka: simbisa kuti chiratidzo chega chega che transistor chinopa mamapu epakeji chaiyo.
• Govera mapakeji: enzanisa chikamu chimwe nechimwe nenhamba yechikamu chemugadziri chinotengwa.
• Gadzira runyorwa rwewebhu: tora kubatana kwese kwechishandiso chekuronga.
• Ronga bhodhi: remekedza zvinodiwa nemagetsi, kupisa, uye ruzha.
• Tarisa ongororo yeDFM: Kubata tsoka, nzvimbo, uye matambudziko ekupisa usati wagadzira.
• Kugadzira uye kuunganidza: gadzira bhodhi risina chinhu wozadza zvikamu zvacho.

Usati wazvipira kuwedzera huwandu hwezvinhu, zvinobatsira kusimbisa dhizaini yacho nekutarisa kugona kwayo kugadzira uye kuvaka kudiki kuburikidza nemaitiro edu ekugadzira , saka matambudziko anowanikwa pamabhodhi mashoma pane pahuwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa.

Mazano ePCB eTransistor Circuits

Kuronga kwakarurama hakuvimbisi bhodhi rakavimbika. Marongerwo acho anosarudza kuti transistor circuit inobata sei magetsi, kupisa, uye ruzha, kunyanya kana midziyo yemagetsi ichishandiswa.

Maitiro makuru ekugadzira

• Saizi yesimba remadonhwe: mapombi emuunganidzi nemadhireni anoda mhangura yakakura zvakakwana kuti adzikise kupisa.
• Wedzera mhangura inopisa: dururira mhangura woshandisa mavias kubvisa kupisa kubva kumatransistors emagetsi.
• Isa chinodzivirira gedhi pedyo: Chengeta pedyo negedhi reMOSFET kuti udzore kurira.
• Chengetedza mafambiro emhinduro zvakasimba: zvishwe zvipfupi zvinoderedza kutorwa kweruzha muzvikamu zveamplifier.
• Zvikonzero zvakasiyana zvine musoro: chengetedza nzvimbo ine ruzha kubva panzvimbo ine masaini anonzwa.
• Funga nezvesimbi-core yesimba guru: chinhu chesimbi chinoparadzira kupisa kubva mumidziyo inopisa.

Kune maseketi anosimudzira simba chairo, sarudzo idzi dzinowanzo tarisa bhodhi resimbi kana rakasimba rakagadzirwa nematanda akawanda , uye ndiwo chaiwo rudzi rwezvinhu zvatinoongorora sechikamu chebasa redu rekugadzira rakazara.

Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Chii chinonzi dhayagiramu yedunhu re transistor?

Iro gwaro rinoratidza kuti ma transistors anobatanidza sei kune zvimwe zvikamu achishandisa zviratidzo zvakajairwa. Rinoratidza waya dzedunhu uye mashandiro aro — kungave ma transistors achichinja, achisimbisa, kana kuti achigadzirisa chiratidzo.

Ndingaziva sei NPN kana PNP transistor muchirongwa chekuongorora?

Tarisa museve we emitter. Pachiratidzo cheNPN museve unonongedzera kunze, kure nehwaro; pachiratidzo chePNP unonongedzera mukati, kuhwaro. Kusarura kwakapoteredza uye kubatana kwemagetsi zvinowanzo simbisa polarity.

Ndezvipi zviteshi zvitatu zve transistor?

BJT ine hwaro, muunganidzi, uye emitter. MOSFET ine gedhi, dhireni, uye sosi. Chinotonga magetsi (hwaro kana gedhi) chinodzora kuyerera kwemagetsi pakati pemamwe maviri.

Ndingaziva sei BJT kubva kuMOSFET iri padhayagiramu?

Tarisa terminal yekudzora nedhiraivha yayo. Hwaro hunopihwa kuburikidza ne resistor inodhonza magetsi hunoratidza BJT, nepo gedhi rakabatana ne high-impedance node inofambiswa ne voltage richiratidza MOSFET. Zviratidzo zvinosiyanawo, nemaMOSFET anowanzo ratidza gedhi rakaparadzaniswa nechiteshi.

Museve uri pachiratidzo chetransistor unorevei?

Museve unoratidza divi re emitter kana kuti diode yemuviri uye unoratidza kuyerera kwemagetsi kwakajairika. Kutungamira kwawo ndiko kunosiyanisa NPN nePNP uye N-channel kubva kumidziyo yeP-channel.

Macircuit e transistor anoda here kurongeka kwakakosha kwePCB?

Maseketi emagetsi anotenderera magetsi (power transistor circuits) anobatsirwawo. Anobatsirwa nematanho anotakura magetsi akawanda, mhangura nemidziyo yemagetsi inodziya, nzira yekudhonza magedhi nema "gate drive" zvakanyatsonaka, uye dzimwe nguva substrate yesimbi-core. Matanho madiki esignali anoda kurongeka uye nzira pfupi dzemhinduro.

Unogona kugadzira bhodhi zvakananga kubva pachirongwa changu here?

Ehe. Kana mukapa mufananidzo wakazara une zviratidzo zvakasimbiswa uye gwaro rezvinhu, tinogona kupa tsoka, kupedzisa marongerwo acho, kuita ongororo yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kugadzira nekubatanidza bhodhi kuitira kuti dhizaini ive chigadzirwa chakaedzwa.