Chii chinonzi Integrated Circuit (IC) uye Mhando dzayo

Yakatangwa yega naJack Kilby naRobert Noyce pakati pezana remakore rechi20, dunhu rakabatanidzwa rakaratidza kukwira kukuru mune tekinoroji. Kubudirira kwaKilby kugadzira IC yekutanga inoshanda muna 1958 kwakaita kuti tekinoroji ye semiconductor ive musimboti wekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi. Gwaro iri rakazara rine chinangwa chekupa ruzivo rwakadzama rwemaseketi akabatanidzwa, mhando dzawo, kupatsanurwa, misimboti yekugadzira, maitiro ekuvaka, uye mashandisirwo, zvichibatsira vanhu vari kutsvaga kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwetekinoroji iyi inokosha.

Chii chinonzi Integrated Circuit?

Dunhu rakabatanidzwa, rinowanzonzi microchip kana kuti IC chip, idunhu diki remagetsi rine zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita se resistors , diodes , transistors , uye capacitors . Zvikamu izvi zvakarongwa zvakanaka pane semiconductor material, kazhinji silicon. Dhizaini diki yeICs inobvumira kuzadzikiswa kwemabasa emagetsi akaomarara mukati mepakeji diki, zvichiita kuti kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yemagetsi inoshanda uye ine simba.

Mhando dzeIntegrated Circuits

Maseketi akabatanidzwa anogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana neakasiyana maitiro, anosanganisira chip size, chip ukobvu, basa, uye kuvaka.

Kurongwa neChip Size

1. Diki-Scale Integration (SSI): Chikamu chekutanga chekuvandudzwa kweIC, chine nhamba shoma yezvikamu (3 kusvika kumagedhi makumi matatu) mukati me chip. SSI inoshandiswa kune akareruka edunhu madhizaini senge ekutanga logic magedhi, decoder, uye akawandaxers.
2. Kubatanidzwa Kwepakati-Chikero (MSI): Iine simba remukati remasuwo makumi matatu kusvika mazana matatu, MSI inopa simba maseketi ane hunyanzvi hwakadai semabasa esvomhu, kugadzirisa data, uye masystem ekudzora. MSI inokodzera zvikumbiro senge adder, subtractors, uye marejista akasiyana.
3. Kubatanidza Kukuru-Kukuru (LSI): Inomiririra chiitiko chakakosha mukufambira mberi kweIC. Iyo LSI chip inogona kugamuchira yakakwana subsystem (300 kusvika 3000 magedhi) pane imwechete chip, kufambisa kugadzirwa kwemamicroprocessor memory unit uye akaomarara edhijitari mabasa.
4. Yakanyanya Kukuru-Chikero Kubatanidzwa (VLSI): Iyo pinnacle yeIC tekinoroji, VLSI inounza shanduko kune dhizaini nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi masisitimu. Iyo inobvumira kumisikidza anopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvemagedhi pane imwechete chip, yakakosha kune epamberi masaini processors, microcontrollers, uye Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).

Classification neChip Kukora

1. Mutete Firimu IC: Yakagadzirwa nekuisa yakatetepa yearesi uye conductive zvinhu pane substrate uchishandisa matekiniki akaita se sputtering kana Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). Inopa kunyatsojeka, kwakakodzera mapurojekiti anosanganisira chaiwo resistors uye capacitors.
2. Yakakobvu Firimu IC: Nezvikamu zvakakura zvakaiswa, zviri nyore kuvaka uye zvinodhura zvakanyanya pasi pemamiriro akafanana. Inogona kubata yakakwirira-simba mazinga, ichiita kuti inyatsokodzera mapurojekiti senge voltage regulators uye amplifiers.
3. Monolithic IC: Inobatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana sezvipikisi, capacitors, transistors, uye diode pane imwechete semiconductor substrate yakagadzirwa nesilicon. Nekuda kwezvikamu zvakabatana zvakasimba, inosimudzira mashandiro, kuvimbika, uye inoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba.
4. Hybrid kana Multi-Chip IC: Uchishandisa waya bonding kana flip-chip nzira, inobatanidza akawanda machipi. Vagadziri vanogona kukwirisa ega ega chikamu kugona zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, zvakanyanya kusimudzira purojekiti kugadzirisa uye kuchinjika.

Kurongwa neChip Basa

1. Digital Integrated Circuit: Inogadzirisa data yebhinari uye inoshandura zviratidzo nemhando mbiri dzinobvira, 0 uye 1. Mienzaniso inosanganisira microprocessors, digital signal processors, uye microcontrollers. Aya ndiwo musimboti wemakomputa emazuva ano uye masisitimu ekutaurirana.
2. Analog Integrated Circuit: Inoshandiswa kugadzirisa zviratidzo zvinoramba zvichiitika zvinoshanduka zvakanaka nekufamba kwenguva. Mienzaniso ndeye mashandiro eamplifiers, voltage regulators, uye Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs).
3. Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuit: Musanganiswa weanalog uye madhijitari zvikamu pane imwechete bhodhi, inogonesa kudyidzana pakati pedhijitari uye chaiyo-yepasirese madomasi. Zvinoda kunyatso kudzora uye maapplication anosanganisira analog-to-digital uye digital-to-analog shanduko.
4. Power Management IC: Inogadzirisa uye kugovera simba mukati memagetsi masisitimu, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwesimba uku uchiwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri. Mienzaniso inosanganisira voltage regulators, magetsi anoshandura, uye maIC ekuchaja bhatiri.
5. RF IC: Inoumba musimboti weasina waya yekutaurirana masisitimu, akashongedzerwa nemaoscillator, RF amplifiers, transceivers, uye musanganiswa kuti agadzirise masaini akakwira-frequency, achikurudzira kuvandudzwa kweWi-Fi, mafoni, uye setiraiti yekutaurirana masisitimu.
6. Microcontroller: Yakashongedzerwa nendangariro, yepakati yekugadzirisa unit, uye yekupinza/inobuditsa nzvimbo, inoumba yakakwana komputa system inokodzera Internet yeZvinhu zvishandiso, akaiswa masisitimu, uye otomatiki mapurojekiti.
7. Memory IC: Inosanganisira flash memory, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), uye EEPROM, inopa kuchengetedza uye kudzoreredza mabasa eruzivo rwedhijitari.
8. Sensor IC: Inoshandura chaiwo-enyika zviitiko zvemuviri senge tembiricha, chiedza, kumanikidza, uye kufamba kuita masaini emagetsi.
9. Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC): Tsika-yakagadzirirwa zvikamu zvezvishandiso zvakananga, kugadzirisa mashandiro uye kugona nekudzikisa zvisingakoshi. Inowanzo shandiswa mu cryptography, mufananidzo kugadzirisa, uye chiratidzo chekugadzirisa mashandiro.
10. Munda-Unorongwa Gedhi Array (FPGA): Iyo general-chinangwa IC inoshandiswa kuita mamwe mabasa mushure mekugadzira. Mienzaniso inosanganisira dhijitari masaini kugadzirisa, PCB prototyping, uye hardware acceleration.
11. System-on-Chip (SoC): Inobatanidza mabasa akasiyana-siyana pane imwechete chip, senge kutaurirana, ndangariro, kugadzirisa, uye I/O interfaces.
12. Voltage Regulator Module (VRM): Yakakosha kumidziyo inonzwisa tsitsi, mutemo weVRM unopa voltage kuzvikamu zvemagetsi kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda uye kugadzikana kwemagetsi.
13. Clock Generator: Inogadzira chaiyo masaini masaini ekuwiriranisa akasiyana zvikamu mukati memagetsi masisitimu, chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza kuwiriranisa uye kuvimbika kwedata.
14. Ratidza Mutyairi IC: Inogadzirisa dhata yepixel uye mareti ekuzorodza, inodzora mashandiro ekuratidzira kwemidziyo yakaita semamonitor uye nharembozha, kuve nechokwadi uye yakatsetseka yekuona kubuda.
15. Audio Amplifier: Inoshandiswa kukwidziridza uye kugadzirisa masaini masaini, anowanzo shandiswa muvatengi zvemagetsi PCBA semahedhifoni, maodhiyo anoridza, uye vatauri.

Yakabatanidzwa Circuit Dhizaini

Dhizaini yemasekete akabatanidzwa anosanganisira ese analog uye dijitari madomasi, imwe neimwe ine seti yayo yemisimboti, zvikamu, uye maitiro.

Analog Design

Analog dhizaini inosanganisira kugadzirisa uye kushandura masaini anoenderera, senge vhidhiyo, odhiyo, uye sensor yekupinda. Mune analog IC dhizaini, mainjiniya anoshanda nemasaini anochinja zvakanaka nekufamba kwenguva uye anogona kubata hunhu mukati mehumwe danho. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekukudza, kusefa, uye kugadzirisa masaini aya kuti uwane izvo zvinodiwa.

Iyo yekona yeanalog dhizaini ndeye mashandiro amplifiers, ayo anoshanda sechinhu chekutanga chekusimudzira uye chiratidzo chemamiriro. Passive components senge capacitors, resistors, uye inductors anoshandiswawo muanalog dhizaini kuve nechokwadi chekushanda chaiko kwedunhu reanalog.

Kubudirira dhizaini yeanalog inoda kubata kwakadzama kwekuongororwa kweruzha, semiconductor maitiro, uye dunhu senzwi. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kufunga zvine hungwaru ma parameter akasiyana semashandisirwo emagetsi, chiratidzo chemhando, uye ruzha kusadzivirirwa kugadzira akavimbika analog maseketi.

Digital Design

Mumunda wedhizaini yedhijitari, mabhanari masaini ane kukosha kwe zero kana imwe anoshandurwa. Digital ICs inogadzirisa zvikwangwani izvi vachishandisa magedhi ane logic kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana sekuchengetedza data, arithmetic mashandiro, uye kuita sarudzo. Iyi dhizaini tekinoroji inovimbisa chaiyo kutapurirana kwechiratidzo, kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa, uye kunyatsoita data kugadzirisa.

Vagadziri vedhijitari vanotarisa pazvinhu zvakaita semagedhi ane logic, flip-flops, marejista, uye akawanda. Nzira dzakaita seBoolean algebra uye mafinite state machina anoshandiswa kugadzira akaomarara edhijitari masisitimu. Kuongorora nguva kunoita basa rakakosha mukuona kuwirirana kushanda uye kudzivirira nyaya senge chiratidzo skew uye mamiriro emujaho.

Dhijitari dhizaini inopa zvakanakira senge yakakwira ruzha kusadzivirirwa, kunyatso kudzora, uye nyore kudzokorora. Iyo yakavakirwa pamayuniti ekurangarira, microprocessors, uye dijitari chiratidzo processors, inotyaira mabasa edhijitari madivayiri nemakomputa.

Integrated Circuit Construction

Kuvakwa kwemasekete akabatanidzwa kunosanganisira akatevedzana ezvirongwa zvakaomarara zvine chinangwa chekugadzira madiki emagetsi ezvikamu pane semiconductor substrates.

Silicon Wafer Kugadzirira

Kugadzirwa kwemasekete akabatanidzwa kunotanga nekugadzirwa kwesilicon wafers. Iyi semiconductor zvinhu zvakasarudzirwa zvakanakisa zvemagetsi zvimiro uye kuwanda. Iyo silicon wafers inogadziriswa kuti iwane yakakwira mwero wekuchena uye kufanana.

Photolithography

A layer ye photoresist inoshandiswa kune semiconductor wafer, inoteverwa nekushandiswa kwe solder mask. Izvi zvinogadzira pateni uchishandisa ultraviolet mwenje pane photoresist. Iyi pateni inotsanangura yakaoma dhizaini dhizaini yeiyo microchip. Nzvimbo dzakafumurwa muphotoresist kemikari dzinoshanda semasiki etching.

Etching

Munguva ye etching process, chaiwo zvikamu zvesilicon zvinhu pawafer zvinosarudzwa zvinobviswa zvichienderana neiyo pateni yakagadzirwa panguva yephotolithography. Nzira dzakasiyana, dzakadai seyakanyorova etching kana yakaoma etching (plasma etching), inoshandiswa kunyatso kuveza zvinodikanwa zvedunhu.

Ion Kudyarwa

Inounza kumwe kusvibiswa kana dopants musilicon wafer, ichichinja magetsi esilicon, zvichikonzera nzvimbo dzine akasiyana conductivity maitiro.

Oxidation

Inoshandiswa kugadzira insulating layer pane iyo silicon wafer. Nekuisa pasi pasi kune tembiricha yakakwira munzvimbo ine oxygen-yakapfuma, hutete hwakatsetseka hwesilicon dioxide hunoumbwa. Aya insulating layers anodzivirira kusingatarisirwe magetsi kubatana pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana.

Kuumbwa

Mukuita deposition, mafirimu matete emhando dzakasiyana-siyana anoiswa pamusoro pewafer. Chemical vapor deposition uye Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) inowanzoshandiswa nzira dzekuisa.

Metallization

Inosanganisira deposition yesimbi akaturikidzana kumisikidza interconnections pakati siyana redunhu zvikamu. Aya simbi akaturikidzana anogadzira nzira dzinogonesa masaini kuyerera pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvakabatana pamicrochips, senge diode, transistors, nezvimwe.

Zvishandiso zveIntegrated Circuits

Maseketi akabatanidzwa ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira komputa, kutaurirana, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvevatengi , mota, hutano, uye otomatiki yeindasitiri.

Computing uye Kukurukurirana

ICs ndiwo musimboti wemazuva ano komputa uye masisitimu ekutaurirana. Microprocessors, memory machipi, uye dijitari masaini processors zvinhu zvakakosha mumakomputa, smartphones, uye network network. Aya maIC anogonesa kugadzirisa, kuchengetedza, uye kufambisa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwedata, kutyaira kushanda kwenyika yedhijitari.

Consumer Electronics

Mumagetsi evatengi, maIC anoshandiswa mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira materevhizheni, masisitimu enzwi , makamera , uye midziyo yemumba . MaIC aya anowedzera kushanda, kushanda zvakanaka, uye mashandiro ezvigadzirwa zvevatengi, zvichipa vashandisi maficha epamusoro uye ruzivo rwakavandudzwa rwevashandisi.

Automotive

Indasitiri yemotokari inovimba zvakanyanya nemaIC pakushandisa kwakasiyana-siyana, senge mayuniti ekudzora injini, masisitimu ekuchengetedza ruzivo, masisitimu ekubatsira mutyairi (ADAS), uye manejimendi yemagetsi emotokari . MaIC anobatsira mukuchengetedza, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kubatana kwemotokari dzemazuva ano.

Nezveutano

Mukurapa, maIC anoshandiswa mumidziyo yekurapa nemidziyo yekuongorora. Mienzaniso inosanganisira pacemakers, insulin pumps, imaging systems, uye ma prepare health monitors. Aya maIC anogonesa kudzora, kutarisa, uye kugadzirisa data nemazvo, zvichivandudza kutarisirwa kwevarwere uye mhedzisiro yekurapa.

Industrial kushandisa michina

MaIC anoita basa rakakosha mukuita otomatiki kwemaindasitiri, uko anoshandiswa muzvirongwa zve logic controllers (PLCs), masensa, uye masisitimu ekudzora mota . Aya maIC anorerutsa otomatiki, kutarisa, uye kudzora mashandiro emaindasitiri, zvichiwedzera kugona uye kugona.

Ramangwana Trends muIntegrated Circuits

Sezvo tekinoroji ichiramba ichifambira mberi, maseketi akasanganiswa anotarisirwa kuenderera mberi, achitungamirwa nemaitiro ari kubuda uye hunyanzvi.

Miniaturization uye Kuyera

Maitiro ekuita miniaturization uye scaling ichaenderera mberi, neICs ichiva diki uye yakasimba. Maitiro ekugadzira epamberi, akadai seyakanyanya ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, inogonesa kugadzirwa kweICs ine kunyange yakakwirira transistor densities.

Artificial Intelligence uye Mashini Kudzidza

MaIC akagadzirirwa hungwaru hwekugadzira (AI) uye kudzidza muchina (ML) maapplication achawedzera kukosha. Aya maIC akasarudzika, anozivikanwa seAI accelerators kana neural processing units (NPUs), anosimudzira mashandiro uye kugona kweAI neML algorithms, kutyaira kufambira mberi munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira marobhoti, mota dzinozvimiririra, uye smart zvishandiso.

Quantum Computing

Quantum computing inomiririra kusvetuka kwakakosha musimba remakomputa. Ndichiri mumatanho ekutanga, kuvandudzwa kwequantum ICs uye quantum processors inobata mukana wekushandura minda senge cryptography, material science, uye yakaoma simulations.

Internet Zvinhu (IoT)

Kuwanda kwemidziyo yeIoT kuchafambisa kudiwa kwesimba rakaderera, rakanyanya-kuita maIC. Aya maIC anogonesa kubatana kusina musono, kugadzirisa data, uye kutaurirana mumaIoT network, zvichisimudzira kukura kwedzimba dzakangwara, maguta akangwara, uye maindasitiri eIoT maapplication.

5G uye Beyond

Kuiswa kwema network e5G uye kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji dzemagetsi dzisina waya mune ramangwana zvinoda ma RF IC epamusoro uye ma mixed-signal IC. Ma IC aya achatsigira data rates yakakwira, latency yakaderera, uye kuwedzera kubatana, zvichigonesa maapplication matsva mu augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), nezvimwewo.

mhedziso

Maseketi akabatanidzwa akasandura nyika yemagetsi, zvichigonesa kuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yakaomesesa uye masisitimu anopinda mumativi ese ehupenyu hwazvino. Nekunzwisisa kwakazara kweakasanganiswa edunhu marudzi, misimboti yedhizaini, uye maitiro ekuvaka, vanhu vanogona kuzama zvakadzama mukati meiyo semiconductor tekinoroji, vachivhura mikana mitsva yekuvandudza uye kufambira mberi. Kunyangwe iwe uri mainjiniya ane ruzivo kana anoshuvira anofarira, rwendo kuburikidza nekuomesesa kwemasekete akabatanidzwa anovimbisa kujekesa uye kupa mubairo.

Integrated Circuits FAQ

1. Maseketi akabatanidzwa anokanganisa sei simba remagetsi emidziyo yemagetsi?

Maseketi akabatanidzwa anonatsiridza zvakanyanya kushanda kwesimba kwemidziyo yemagetsi nekubatanidza akawanda emagetsi zvikamu muchip chimwe chete. Kubatanidzwa uku kunoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba kwese kuenzaniswa nediscrete component designs. Yepamberi ICs inosanganisa masimba ekutonga masimba anogadzirisa mashandisirwo emagetsi zvichienderana nezvinodiwa pakushanda, achiwedzera kuwedzera kushanda kwesimba uye kurebesa hupenyu hwebhatiri mumidziyo inotakurika.

2. Ndeapi matambudziko akakosha mukugadzira yakakwirira-frequency RF integrated circuits?

Kugadzira yakakwira-frequency RF (redhiyo frequency) maseketi akabatanidzwa anopa matambudziko akati wandei, anosanganisira kutonga kwechiratidzo chekuvimbika, kuderedza ruzha, uye kuve nechokwadi chekudziya kwekupisa. RF ICs inofanirwa kugadzirwa zvine hungwaru kubata masiginecha akakwira-frequency pasina kurasikirwa kukuru kana kukanganisa. Kuwana chaiyo impedance inofananidzwa, kuchengetedza inopindirana chiratidzo chekusimudzira, uye kunyatso bvisa kupisa kwakakosha pakuita kwakavimbika kweRF ICs mumashandisirwo akaita seasina waya yekutaurirana masisitimu uye setiraiti tekinoroji.

3. Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvinokanganisa sei kushanda kwemasekete akabatanidzwa?

Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvakaita setembiricha, humidity, uye electromagnetic interference (EMI) zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kuita kwemaseketi akabatanidzwa. Kupisa kwepamusoro kunogona kukonzera kupisa kwemhepo uye kusvibisa semiconductor zvinhu, zvichiita kuti kukundikana kwedunhu. Humidity inogona kukonzera mwando ingress, izvo zvinogona kukonzera mapfupi maseketi uye ngura yesimbi components. EMI inogona kukanganisa kushanda kwakajairwa kweICs nekukwevera zvisingadiwe mafungu uye voltages, zvichikanganisa kutendeseka kwechiratidzo uye kurongeka kwedata.

4. Ndedzipi kufambira mberi kuri kuitwa kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwemasekete akabatanidzwa?

Kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka kwemasekete akabatanidzwa, vaongorori uye mainjiniya vari kugadzira matekinoroji akasiyana siyana, anosanganisira Hardware-based encryption, yakachengeteka bhutsu maitiro, uye nemuviri uncloble mabasa (PUFs). Hardware-based encryption inovimbisa kuti data yakagadziriswa uye yakachengetwa mukati meIC inodzivirirwa kubva kune isina mvumo. Chengetedza maitiro ebhutsu anosimbisa kutendeseka kweiyo firmware uye software isati yaitwa, kudzivirira yakaipa kodhi kubva kumhanya. MaPUF anokwidziridza masikirwo akasiyana ekugadzira kuti agadzire zviziviso zvakasarudzika uye zvinodzivirira zveIC yega yega, zvichipa dziviriro yakasimba kubva mukunyepedzera uye kuumba.

5. Maseketi akabatanidzwa anogadziridzwa sei kune chaiwo maapplication muInternet yezvinhu (IoT)?

Akabatanidzwa maseketi eIoT maapplication akagadzirwa aine maficha akagadzirirwa kusangana neakasarudzika zvinodiwa zveIoT zvishandiso, senge yakaderera mashandisiro emagetsi, yakakwirira yekubatanidza density, uye yakasimba yekubatanidza. Aya maICs anowanzo sanganisira akasarudzika mamodule senge isina waya yekutaurirana nzvimbo (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee), kubatanidza sensor, uye masimba ekugadzirisa masimba. Iwo zvakare akagadzirirwa kutsigira akasiyana maIoT maprotocol uye zviyero, kuve nechokwadi chekudyidzana kusina musono nemamwe maIoT madivayiri nemanetiweki. Kutarisisa kwesimba resimba uye miniaturization kunoita kuti maICs aya ave akanaka kune bhatiri-inoshanda, compact IoT zvishandiso zvinoiswa mudzimba dzakangwara, maindasitiri otomatiki, uye inopfeka tekinoroji.