Maitiro Ekuyedza Bhodhi reDunhu: Nzira dzePCB nePCBA

Bhodhi redunhu rakamira kushanda rinogona kunge riine chinhu chakafa, solder joint yakakundikana, trace yakatyoka, shorted power rail, kana logic error mu digital subsystem. Kuziva kuyedza bhodhi redunhu nemazvo zvinoreva kuziva kuti ndechipi chishandiso chekushandisa padanho rega rega, ndeapi mavalues ​​ekutsvaga, uye kuti mavalues ​​iwayo anokuudzai nezvechikamu chebhodhi chakakundikana. Gwaro iri rinofamba nedanho rega rega rekuyedza PCB — kubva pakuongorora kwekutanga kusvika pakuongorora kwekushanda — nemaitiro chaiwo, kuverenga kunotarisirwa, uye mapoinzi ekusarudza padanho rega rega.

Unoda PCB Yakavakwa Uye Yakaedzwa? Tora Mutengo →

Peji rino ndiro nzvimbo huru yekuyedza. Kuti muyedze zvinhu zvisina kuvharwa zvakanyanya kana kuti zvisashandiswa, shandisai flying probe testing ; pamabhodhi akabatanidzwa, batanidzai chirongwa chekuyedza nePCBA functional testing ; kuti murambe muine bhodhi risina chinhu uye muparadzanise, shandisai PCB electric testing.

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Zvishandiso Zvinodiwa Pakuyedzwa Kwemabhodhi Edunhu

Matanho akasiyana ekuyedza bhodhi redunhu anoda zvishandiso zvakasiyana. Kushandisa chishandiso chakakodzera padanho rega rega haisi nyaya yekusarudza - chishandiso chimwe nechimwe chinoyera chimwe chinhu chakasiyana, uye hapana chishandiso chimwe chete chinosanganisira nzira dzese dzekukundikana.

Multimeter yedhijitari (DMM)

Chishandiso chekutanga chakakosha chekuongorora bhodhi redunhu. DMM yakanaka inoyera voltage yeDC neAC, DC neAC current, resistance, continuity (ne audible beep), diode forward voltage, uye kazhinji capacitance uye frequency. Pakuyedza PCB, zvirevo zvishoma zvaunoda ndeizvi: 0.5% DC voltage accuracy kana zviri nani; continuity mode inorira pasi pe200ms (multimeters inopindura zvishoma nezvishoma inorasikirwa nezvikanganiso zve intermittent); uye current input yakachengetedzwa kusvika ku200mA ine fused input yakasiyana yekuyera ampere-range. True RMS measurement inokosha pakuyera AC signals pa switching power supplies uko waveform isiri sinusoidal.

Oscilloscope

Oscilloscope inoratidza voltage senzira yenguva, zvichiita kuti ive chishandiso chakakodzera chero bvunzo iyo chimiro chewaveform, nguva, kana frequency zvichikosha. Pakuyedzwa kwebhodhi redunhu, oscilloscope yedhijitari ine nzira mbiri ine bandwidth ye100 MHz inovhara akawanda emagetsi akavharirwa uye kuyedzwa kwemagetsi. Bandwidth inofanirwa kunge iri kanenge 5 × chiratidzo chepamusoro chaunotarisira kutora nemazvo. Kune mabhazi ekutaurirana edhijitari (SPI, I2C, UART, CAN), oscilloscope ine nzira ina ine protocol decoding inobatsira zvikuru kupfuura modhi ine nzira mbiri. Oscilloscope ye20 MHz inongokwana chete kune ripple yemagetsi uye masaini ane frequency yakaderera - haizoratidze kurira uye overshoot nemazvo pamipendero yedhijitari inokurumidza.

Muyedzi weLCR kana wezvikamu

Mita yeLCR (Inductance-Capacitance-Resistance) yakatsaurirwa inoyera kukosha kwechikamu nenzira yakarurama kupfuura multimeter, kunyanya kuma capacitors uko ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) inowanzo batsira pakuongorora kupfuura capacitance value. High ESR ndiyo inonyanya kukundikana mu electrolytic capacitors uye haizobatwa nekuyerwa kwe capacitance chete.

Kupihwa kwemagetsi eDC kune muganho wezvino

Paunenge uchiyedza bhodhi rakagadzirwa kana kuti risingafungidzirwe kekutanga, kurishandisa kubva pamagetsi ane simba shoma panzvimbo pesimba rekugadzira rinokutendera kuti uise muganho wemagetsi pamusoro pemagetsi asingatarisirwi. Kana magetsi mapfupi aripo, magetsi acho achaderedza simba remagetsi uye acharatidza simba remagetsi pane kubvumira magetsi mapfupi kuti apise zvakanyanya.

Maikorosikopu yekuongorora kana maikorosikopu yedhijitari

Majoini eSMD solder ane pitch yakapfava, 0402 nezvimwe zvinhu zvidiki zvisingashande, uye kuongororwa kwebhora reBGA solder kunoda kukura uko loupe inobatwa neruoko isingagone kupa nenzira yakavimbika. Maikorosikopu yedhijitari ine display iri pachiratidziro inokutendera kuti uongorore uku uchichengetedza maoko ese ari maviri asina kuvharwa.

Zvishandiso zvekuwedzera

Logic analyzer: inobata uye inoongorora masaini edhijitari pamatanho akawanda panguva imwe chete — inobatsira zvikuru kupfuura oscilloscope yekugadzirisa kutaurirana kweSPI, I2C, UART, USB, kana CAN kwaunoda kuverenga zviri mukati medata chairo. Chinopa basa: chinoisa masaini ekuyedza kuma nodes chaiwo, zvichikubvumidza kuratidza mhinduro yefirita, kuwana amplifier, kana kuvimbika kwenzira yechiratidzo. Kamera yekupisa kana thermal imaging phone attachment: inoona zvikamu zvinopisa zvisati zvakuvara zvinooneka.

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Danho 1: Kuongorora Zvinoonekwa — Zvekutsvaga uye Kupi

Kuongorora nemaziso ndiyo danho rekuyedza rinokurumidza uye rakachipa, uye rinoona huwandu hunoshamisa hwekukundikana kwebhodhi redunhu — data reindasitiri rinoratidza kuti 30–40% yekukundikana kwebhodhi kune chikonzero chinooneka. Nzira iyi haidi zvishandiso, kungova nechiedza chakanaka, kukudza, uye nzira yakarongeka.

Nzvimbo dzakapiswa kana dzakapiswa

Kuchinja kweruvara rwebrown kana rutema pamusoro pePCB yakatenderedza chikamu kunoratidza kuti chikamu chabvisa kupisa kwakawanda kupfuura kwachakagadzirirwa. Izvi zvinowanzoreva resistor yakawandisa, shorted power transistor kana MOSFET, kana failed voltage regulator. Cherechedza nzvimbo chaiyo uye tarisa schematic kuti uone kuti chikamu ichocho chinoshanda sei uye chii chingave chakakonzera overload condition. Usafunge kuti chikamu chakatsva ndicho chikonzero chikuru - chingave chakundikana nekuti chimwe chikamu chakakundikana kutanga, zvichisunda overcurrent kuburikidza nacho.

Ma capacitor akazvimba kana kuti ari kubuda

Macapacitor emagetsi anokundikana nekuda kwekuunganidza kwegasi mukati megasi uko kunoita kuti pamusoro pegaba pave nedome kana kuti pave nekuputika. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, chivharo chemhepo chiri pamusoro chinoputika uye electrolyte inodonhera pamusoro pePCB. Capacitor yakazvimba inokundikana zvachose uye inofanira kutsiviwa. Tarisawo macapacitor ari pedyo - kutadza kwecapacitor munzvimbo imwe chete yemagetsi kunowanzo ratidza dambudziko rehurongwa hwemagetsi (overvoltage, overripple, kana correct capacitor voltage rating) inokanganisa macapacitor ese ari muchikamu ichocho.

Solder mabhiriji

Bhiriji rekusolder ibundu diki resolder rinobatanidza mapedhi maviri ari pedyo kana malead asingafanirwe kubatanidzwa nemagetsi. Mabhiriji ari pamaICs ari padiki (0.5mm pitch QFP kana QFN packages) madiki zvekuti haaonekwe pasina kukura. Mabhiriji ekusolder anokonzera kufa kwemapfupi pakati pemapini - zviratidzo zvinobva zvaenderana nekuti ndeapi mapini ari padyo: bhiriji riri pakati pemapini esignal ari pedyo rinogona kukonzera kusashanda zvakanaka nguva nenguva; bhiriji riri pakati pepower neground pin richaputitsa fuse yemagetsi kana kuparadza IC ipapo ipapo.

Cold solder joints

Joini inotonhora inoumbwa kana solder yaoma isati yanyorovesa zvizere lead yechikamu nepedhi. Joini dzinotonhora dzinoita sedzisina kusimba uye dzine maburi panzvimbo pekutsvedzerera uye dzinopenya; dzinowanzova nechitarisiko chakakombama kana chakatsemuka pane meniscus yakapfava yejoini rakanaka. Joini dzinotonhora dzine resistance yakakura iyo inogona kunge ichiitika nguva nenguva - joini inopfuura nekuyedzwa kwekuenderera mberi kana ichitonhora asi inovhurika kana ichidziyirwa nechikamu chinodziya chega chiri kushanda. Pasi pekukwidziridza, tsvaga magadzirirwo ejoini uye chimiro chisina kurongeka.

Mapedhi akasimudzwa uye zvisaririra zvakatyoka

Kukuvara kwemuviri kunokonzerwa nekubata zvisina kunaka, kugadzirisa patsva, kana kushushikana nekupisa kunogona kusimudza padhi kubva paPCB substrate, zvichityora kubatana netrace iri pasi. Mapadhi akasimudzwa anoonekwa semapadhi akasimudzwa zvishoma kana kuparadzaniswa nepamusoro pebhodhi, kazhinji trace ichiri kunamatira padhi pane bhodhi. Matrace akatyoka haawanzoitiki asi anoitika panzvimbo dzekumanikidzwa pedyo nemipendero yebhodhi, pedyo nezvinhu zvakakura zvinorema zvinogadzira leverage, kana panzvimbo dzakatarisana nekuchinjika kakawanda. Shandisa magnifier kuti utarise kuenderera mberi kwetrace nemaziso usati waongorora nemagetsi.

Zvikamu zvakatsemuka

Ma capacitor eCeramic nema resistors anogona kutsemuka nekuda kwekutsva kwekupisa, kushushikana kwemuchina, kana kubata zvisirizvo. Capacitor yeceramic yakatsemuka inogona kutaridzika yakafanana neisina kukuvara, asi dzimwe nguva mutsetse wekutsemuka unoonekwa pasi pekukwidziridzwa. Modhi yekukundikana inovhurika kana kuti yakavhurika pakati nepakati. Tarisa miviri yezvikamu panzvimbo dzekutenderera kwebhodhi uye pedyo nenzvimbo chero ipi zvayo inoratidza zviratidzo zvekushushikana kwemuchina.

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Danho rechipiri: Kuedzwa kweSitima yeMagetsi neMultimeter

Kuongororwa kwesimba remagetsi kunosimbisa kuti bhodhi iri kugamuchira voltage chaiyo yekupinda uye kugovera voltage dzakakodzera dzakagadziriswa kuchikamu chimwe nechimwe chedunhu. Kukundikana kwesimba remagetsi kunokonzera chikamu chikuru chekukundikana kwesimba remagetsi edunhu nekuti kunokanganisa chikamu chega chega chinopihwa nesimbi yakakundikana.

Maitiro: kuyera DC supply rails

Isa multimeter kuDC voltage mode, range yakaiswa pamusoro pevoltage inotarisirwa. Isa probe nhema panzvimbo inozivikanwa yeground - ground pin yeconnector, negative terminal ye electrolytic capacitor, kana exposed copper ground pour kana iri nyore kusvika. Isa probe tsvuku panzvimbo yega yega ye power test nenzira yakatevedzana.

Kuverengwa kunotarisirwa: voltage yakayerwa inofanira kunge iri mukati me ±5% ye voltage ye nominal yemagetsi mazhinji edhijitari (3.3V, 5V, 12V). Macircuit e analog akakodzera anogona kuda ±1–2% regulation. Kuverengwa kwe 0V pa rail inofanira kunge ichishanda zvinoreva kuti magetsi haasi kupa voltage, linear regulator kana DC-DC converter pa rail iyoyo yakundikana, kana kuti pane short circuit iri kudhonza rail pasi. Kuverengwa kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane nominal (semuenzaniso, 3.1V pa rail ye 5V) kunoratidza kuti pane high-resistance fault, overloaded regulator, kana regulator inopinda current limitation nekuda kwe overload load.

Kutarisa mashoti emagetsi usati watanga kuabatidza

Usati waisa simba pabhodhi risingazivikanwe kana kuti risingafungidzirwe, yera resistance pakati pegwara rega rega rekugovera negwara bhodhi risina simba. Pamabhodhi mazhinji edunhu, uchaona resistance inogumira (inowanzova 10 kΩ kusvika kune MΩ dzinoverengeka) kubva pamagetsi kuenda pasi nekuda kwezvinodzivirira zvinodhonza pasi uye kupindirana kweICs. Kuverenga kuri pasi peinenge 100 Ω kubva pagwara remagetsi kuenda pasi kunoratidza short circuit inofanira kuongororwa usati waisa simba. Kunze: mabhodhi ane bulk capacitance yakakura achatanga kuverenga pedyo ne-zero uye ozokwira sezvo capacitor ichichaja kubva pa multimeter's test current - izvi zvakajairika.

Kuyedzwa kweVoltage Regulator

Vatongi vemagetsi emutsetse (LDO regulators) vane materminal matatu: input, output, uye ground/adjust. Nesimba rinoshandiswa, yera input voltage (inofanira kunge iri pamusoro pe dropout voltage ye regulator), wobva wayera output voltage (inofanira kuenderana ne rated regulator's output). Regulator inoratidza input chaiyo asi output isiriyo yakundikana kana kuti yakabatana zvisirizvo. Regulator inoratidza output chaiyo pasina mutoro asi output isiriyo pasi pe load inenge isina kukura zvakakwana zvichienderana nezvinodiwa pari zvino kana kuti iri kudzimwa nekupisa.

Kuyera maburi

Kuchinja magetsi uye ma converter eDC-DC zvinoburitsa voltage ripple — shanduko diki yeAC iri pamusoro peDC output. Ripple yakawandisa inoratidza capacitor yekubuda isina kushanda, inductor isina kutsanangurwa, kana dambudziko re feedback loop. Kuti uedze ripple, isa multimeter yako kuAC voltage mode uku supply ichishanda; ripple inowanzo kuve iri pasi pe1% ye nominal output voltage. Kuti unyatsoyera ripple, shandisa oscilloscope set to AC coupling ne timebase set kuti ubate switching cycles dzinoverengeka.

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Danho rechitatu: Kuedzwa Kwekuenderera Mberi — Kutsvaga Madenderedzwa Akavhurika uye Majoini Akaipa

Kuyedza kuenderera mberi kunosimbisa kuti pane nzira yekufambisa magetsi pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzinofanira kubatanidzwa. Nzira yekuenderera mberi kwe multimeter inopfuura ne test current diki kuburikidza ne circuit uye inorira kana resistance iri pasi pe threshold (kazhinji 30–100 Ω zvichienderana ne meter). Kuyedza kuenderera mberi inzira chaiyo yekutarisa ma open solder joints anofungidzirwa, ma breaked traces, blown fuses, uye connector contacts.

Kuedza kuenderera mberi kwejoini resolder

Isa probe imwe chete pachikamu chemuchina uye imwe probe pachidimbu chakabatana nepad iyoyo (kwete papad pachayo). Kana chikamu chemuchina chemuchina chakasimba, uchanzwa kurira nekukasika. Kana chikamu chemuchina chakavhurika, hauzonzwi kurira kunyangwe chikamu chemuchina chingaita sechakagara papad. Kune zvikamu zvine maburi, ongorora chikamu chemuchina chiri pamusoro uye chikamu chinoenderana nacho chiri pasi - chikamu chakavhurika hachizoratidzi kuenderera mberi pakati pazvo kunyangwe chikamu chakaiswa mumuviri.

Kutevera mavanga akatyoka

Kana node ikaonekwa yakavhurika panguva yainofanira kubatanidzwa, teverai kubatana kwacho nenzira yakarongwa uchishandisa schematic. Tangai kune rimwe divi re trace inofungidzirwa uye tarisai kuenderera mberi kusvika kune nzvimbo dzepakati dzekuedza muchienda kune rimwe divi. Nzvimbo apo kuenderera mberi kunokundikana ndiyo inoona kutyoka. Zvidhori zviri pasi pebhodhi zvinogona kutyoka zvisingaoneki panzvimbo dzinotenderedza bhodhi; kana kutyoka kwacho kukasimbiswa nemagetsi asi kusingaonekwe, fambisai bhodhi zvinyoro nyoro muchibata ma probes kumativi ese enzvimbo inofungidzirwa - kutyoka kunoitika panguva imwe chete kuchanyangarika apo bhodhi rinofenda.

Kutarisa mabhurugwa mapfupi asina kurongwa

Kuyedza kuenderera mberi kunoratidzawo mapfupi — kubatana pakati pemapoinzi anofanira kuparadzaniswa. Kune mapini ari pedyo paIC, isa multimeter ku resistance mode pane continuity mode (continuity beep inogona kurira kune nzira dzine mazana mashoma ohms asiri mapfupi chaiwo). Kune simba riri pedyo uye ground pads pane zvinobatanidza, chero resistance iri pasi pemakirohms mashoma inoda kuongororwa.

Kuedza ma connectors nema fuses

Ma connectors ndiwo ma "points" anowanzo kundikana kubva pakusangana kwemagetsi kakawanda, kusvibiswa, kana ma "pins" akakombama. Edza pini yega yega yekubatanidza kune PCB pad yayo inoenderana ne continuity mode. Kune ma "fuse", "fuse" yakanaka inoverenga "near-zero resistance" (continuity beep); "fuse" yakaputika inoverenga "yakavhurika". Edza ma "fuse" ari mu "circuit" ne "power supply" isina kuvharwa kudzivirira nzira dzakafanana kuti dzisavhiringe kuverenga.

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Danho rechina: Kuedzwa kweComponent-Level (Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Transistors)

Kuyedzwa kwechikamu kunoratidza kuti ndechipi chikamu chakakundikana. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvinogona kuyedzwa mukati medunhu simba rabviswa, kunyange zvazvo nzira dzakafanana dziri mudunhu dzinogona kukanganisa kuverenga. Kana usina chokwadi, bvisa mugumo mumwe wechikamu kuti uchibvise mudunhu usati wayera.

Resistors

Isa multimeter ku resistance mode. Simba rabviswa pabhodhi, yera resistor iri pakati pe resistor. Resistor yakanaka inoverenga mukati me ±5% yehuwandu hwayo hwakatarwa (hwezvikamu zve 5% tolerance) kana ±1% yezvikamu zvakarurama. Kuverenga kwakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura kukosha kwakatarwa kunoratidza kuvhurika zvishoma — resistance yemukati yawedzera, inowanikwa mu resistor dze wire-wound dzine simba rakawanda mushure mekuwedzerwa simba. Kuverenga zero kunoratidza pfupi. Kuverenga kwekusingaperi (kuvhurika) kunoratidza kutadza zvachose kwe resistor element, kazhinji nekuda kwekupisa zvakanyanya.

Chenjero: Kuyerwa kwekudzivirira mukati medunhu kunokanganiswa nenzira dzakafanana dzinopfuura nedzimwe zvikamu. Kana kuverenga kwacho kuchiita sekusina kunaka, tarisa schematic yezvikamu zvakafanana usati waona kuti resistor haina kunaka.

Capacitors

Kuyera capacitance kuri nyore uchishandisa multimeter hakuwanzo kukwana pakuongorora kutadza kwe capacitor. Capacitors inokundikana kunyanya nekuwedzera kweESR (equivalent series resistance) pane kurasikirwa ne capacitance. Capacitor ine 10× yayo yakajairika ESR icharamba ichiyera pedyo ne rated capacitance value yayo asi haizosefa ripple zvinobudirira, zvichikonzera zviratidzo zvinoita sedambudziko remagetsi.

Kuti uedze ESR: shandisa mita yeESR yakatsaurirwa kana mita yeLCR ine kugona kuyera ESR. Bvisa capacitor zvachose usati wayera. Kune macapacitor emagetsi anoburitswa neburi, maESR anowanikwa pasi pe0.5 Ω anowanzo gamuchirwa; mavalues ​​ari pamusoro pe1–2 Ω anoratidza kuti capacitor iri kutadza kushanda. Pakuyedza ne multimeter pasina mita yeESR: dzvanya capacitor kwenguva pfupi kubva pakugovera, wobva wachinja kuenda ku resistance mode wotarisa kuverenga - capacitor yakanaka inoratidza kuverenga kwakakwira asi kwakaganhurirwa kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo capacitor ichibuda mumita; capacitor yakapfupikiswa inoverenga pedyo ne zero; capacitor yakavhurika inoverenga pakarepo isina muganho.

Madiodhi nemadiodhi eSchottky

Isa multimeter ku diode test mode. Isa red probe pa anode uye black probe pa cathode. Silicon diode yakanaka inoverenga 0.5–0.7V forward voltage. Schottky diode inoverenga 0.2–0.4V. Kuverengwa kwe zero kunoratidza short (diode yakundikana short-circuit, inowanzo shandiswa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe reverse voltage). Kuverengwa kwe OL (overload) mumativi ese maviri kunoratidza open diode. Pakuyedzwa kwe in-circuit diode, cherechedza kuti parallel components dzinogona kukanganisa kuverenga - forward voltage kuverenga zvakanyanya pasi pevanotarisirwa kunogona kuratidza parallel low-resistance path pane diode yakundikana.

Transistors (BJT)

Transistor yeBipolar inogona kuyedzwa sema diode maviri ekumashure. Kune transistor yeNPN: probe tsvuku kuenda kubhesi, probe nhema kuenda kuemitter inofanira kuratidza voltage ye ~0.6–0.7V yekumberi; tsvuku kuenda kubhesi, nhema kuenda kucollector inofanirawo kuratidza ~0.6–0.7V. Mimwe misanganiswa yese inofanira kuratidza yakavhurika (OL). Kuverengwa kwe zero mune chero musanganiswa kunoratidza pfupi pakati pemisanganiswa iyoyo. Kune PNP, dzosera polarity yeprobe. Transistor inoedza nemazvo semisanganiswa yega yega asi ichikundikana mudunhu inogona kunge iine degraded gain (hFE) pane kutadza kwemisanganiswa - shandisa hFE test socket pane multimeter kana component tester kuti uone gain.

MOSFET

MaMOSFET akaoma kuyedza ari mu-circuit nekuti capacitance yegedhi-drain inogona kubata chaji inokanganisa kuyerwa. Kana simba rabviswa, bvisa gedhi kubva panobva kuti ubudise chaji yakachengetwa. Wobva wayera resistance yedhireni kubva pasource: inofanira kunge yakakwira zvakanyanya (megohms) yeN-channel FET ine VGS = 0. Isa voltage diki (kazhinji 5V) gate-to-source kubva pabhenji, wobva waongororazve resistance yedhireni kubva pasource - inofanira kudonha zvakanyanya. MOSFET inoratidza resistance yakaderera yedhireni kubva pagate shorted kuenda pasource yakundikana short-circuit. MOSFET inokundikana kubatidza neVGS yakaiswa ine gate rakavhurika kana threshold voltage yaderera.

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Danho rechishanu: Kuedzwa kweOscilloscope kweKuvimbika kweSignali

Oscilloscope inodiwa pakuongorora chero bhodhi redunhu rinosanganisira zviratidzo zvinosiyana nenguva — masaini ewachi, mabhazi edhijitari, maPWM outputs, masaini eanalog sensor, uye mawaveform ekuchinja magetsi. Kuverengwa kwemagetsi eDC kana AC e multimeter hakugone kuratidza chimiro chechiratidzo, nguva, ruzha, kana zviri mukati meprotocol.

Ruzha rwemagetsi uye ruzha

Batanidza oscilloscope probe kune power rail uchishandisa AC coupling. Isa vertical scale ku50–100 mV/division. Isa timebase kuti itore switching cycles dzinoverengeka dzemagetsi (kuti uwane 100 kHz switching frequency, isa inenge 2–5 µs/division). Power supply output yakanaka inofanira kuratidza ripple iri pasi pe1% ye nominal voltage yema digital circuits; iri pasi pe0.1% yema analog circuits akarurama. Ripple yakawandisa inowedzera pa load current yakakwira inoratidza kutadza kwe output capacitor. High-frequency noise spikes isingaenderane ne switching frequency inogona kuratidza kusabatana zvakanaka kana dambudziko re layout.

Kusimbiswa kwechiratidzo chewachi

Makristalo oscillator nema IC ewachi zvinogadzira nguva yekutarisa macircuit ese edhijitari anoenderana. Isa oscilloscope kuti itange pachiratidzo chewachi. Wachi ine hutano inofanira kuratidza wave yakachena yechikwere (kana sine wave yekristaro oscillator output isati yasvika buffer) nenguva dzekukwira nekudonha dzakakodzera frequency yechiratidzo. Chiratidzo chewachi chisipo: kristaro yakundikana, circuit ye ​​oscillator ine chikanganiso chechikamu, kana kuti load capacitance haisi mu specification. Wachi yakakanganiswa: inogona kuratidza load capacitance isiriyo, crystal yakundikana, kana overload kubva kuma drive circuits. Simbisa frequency yewachi ichipesana ne crystal kana oscillator part number yakanyorwa pachikamu.

Kuedzwa kwemabhazi ekutaurirana nedhijitari

Kune mabhazi eSPI, I2C, UART, CAN, nemamwe akafanana, oscilloscope inoongorora kuti masaini aripo uye kuti ari pamazinga emagetsi akakodzera. Shandisa basa reprotocol decode kana riripo: izvi zvinoratidza data rakadhindwa pamwe chete newaveform, zvichikubvumidza kuti uone kwete chete kana masaini aripo asi kana data rakarurama riri kutumirwa. Kuongororwa kwakakosha kwerudzi rwebhazi rega rega:

SPI: simbisa kuti chip select inodzikira panguva yekutengeserana, wachi iripo uye pafrequency chaiyo, MOSI neMISO zvinoshanduka panguva yekutumira data. I2C: simbisa mamiriro ekutanga (SDA ichidonha uku SCL yakakwira), kero chaiyo byte, ACK bits. UART: simbisa mwero we baud (kuverenga ma bits pasekondi), 8N1 kana imwe framing, gadzirisa idle high state. CAN: simbisa differential signaling paCANH/CANL, dominant/recessive states, frame structure.

Kuedzwa kwechiratidzo cheanalog

Pazvinhu zvinopinda mu sensor uye matanho ekugadzirisa analog, oscilloscope inoongorora amplitude yesignal, frequency, uye kusavapo kweruzha zvinogona kukanganisa kushandurwa kweanalog-to-digital. Zviyero zvakakosha: simbisa kuti chiratidzo chinosvika padanho rinotarisirwa pasina kudimbura; tarisa pasi peruzha (kuchinja kwerondedzero kana input ichifanira kugara); tsvaga chero kupindirana kweperiodic pa power supply switching frequency kuri kubatana munzira yeanalog.

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Danho rechitanhatu: Kuedzwa Kunoshanda uye Kusimbiswa Kwezvinobuda

Kuyedzwa kwebasa kunosimbisa kuti bhodhi rinoita basa raro nemazvo — kwete kungoyedzwa kwezvikamu zvega zvega mukati mezvakatsanangurwa, asi kuti sisitimu yakabatanidzwa inogadzira zvinobuda zvakanaka zvezvinongedzo zvinozivikanwa. Iri ndiro danho rekupedzisira rekuyedza uye danho rega rinogona kuratidza kutadza kwedanho resisitimu uko kuyedzwa kwechikamu chezvikamu kunokundikana.

Kutsanangura zvirevo zvebvunzo

Usati watanga kuyedza mashandiro, unofanirwa kuziva kuti bhodhi rinofanira kuita sei: kuti zvinhu zvipi zvinopinda zvarinogamuchira, kuti zvinhu zvipi zvinobuda, kuti zvinhu zvipi zvinobuda zvakanaka zvinotaridzika sei kune yega yega mamiriro ekupinda, uye kuti zvinodiwa nenguva ndezvipi. Kune mabhodhi ane schematic, ruzivo urwu runobva mutsananguro yebasa. Kune mabhodhi asina magwaro, kugadzira basa kubva pa schematic uye component datasheets kunodiwa usati wagona kuyedza mashandiro zvine musoro.

Kuyerwa kwekukurudzira kwekuisa uye kuyera kubuda

Shandisa mamiriro ese ekuisa ayo bhodhi rakagadzirirwa kubata uye kusimbisa kubuda kwaro kunoenderana. Kune mabhodhi ekudzora edhijitari: shandisa masaini ekuisa anotsanangurwa uye simbisa kuti kubuda kunochinja nemazvo uye mukati menguva yakatarwa. Kune mabhodhi ekugadzirisa analog: shandisa calibrated input kubva ku function generator uye yera kubuda kwacho ne oscilloscope kuti uone gain, frequency response, uye mashandiro eruzha. Kune mabhodhi emagetsi: shandisa rated input voltage uye load, wobva waongorora output voltage regulation pamusoro pe full load range kubva no-load kusvika maximum rated current.

Kuongororwa kwemamiriro emuganhu

Edzai pamucheto wenzvimbo yakatarwa yekushandisa, kwete chete mumamiriro ekunze. Bhodhi rinoshanda nemazvo pa25°C tembiricha yemumba rinogona kutadza kushanda pa70°C tembiricha yekushanda kana pakupera kwesimba rayo remagetsi. Kuedza miganhu kwakakosha zvikuru kumabhodhi anodzoka kubva kubasa remumunda ane zvichemo zvinogara zvichiitika zvisingabereki patembiricha yemumba.

Bvunzo rekushanda rinoitwa otomatiki (mubhedha wezvipikiri)

Pakuyedza huwandu hwekugadzira, kuongorora nemaoko kunotsiviwa nechinhu chinoiswa pamubhedha wembambo — chinhu chakagadzirwa nemapini ane mapini anoiswa muchitubu anosangana nepfungwa dzekuedza pamusoro pebhodhi panguva imwe chete. Chirongwa chekuedza chinobva chashandisa zvinokurudzira uye chinoongorora mhinduro otomatiki, chichisimbisa nzvimbo yega yega yekuedza muchidimbu mukati memasekonzi. Iyi nzira ndiyo inoshandiswa nemafekitori ekugadzira ePCB ehunyanzvi pakuyedza kugadzirwa; inopa kufukidzwa kwakazara uye rekodhi yakanyorwa yekupasa/kukundikana kwebhodhi rega rega mukugadzirwa.

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Maitiro Akajairika Ekukundikana kwePCB uye Maitiro Ekuzviziva

Kunzwisisa nzira dzinonyanya kukanganiswa dzemabhodhi edunhu kunokubatsira kuti utange waronga bvunzo dzekutanga. Nzira dzakasiyana dzekukundikana dzinoburitsa zviratidzo zvakasiyana, uye kunanga bvunzo yako zvichibva pachiratidzo chakaonekwa kunochengetedza nguva yakawanda yekuongorora.

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Maitiro eProfessional PCB Factorys Edza Mabhodhi eDunhu

Kunzwisisa kuti mabhodhi ekuyedza emafekitori ePCB ehunyanzvi anopa sei mamiriro ekuyedza ayo magetsi ekugadzira anofanira kusangana nawo - uye kunotsanangura magwaro ekuyedza aunofanira kukumbira paunenge uchitsvaga maPCB ekutengesa.

Automated optical inspection (AOI)

Masisitimu eAOI anotora mifananidzo yepamusoro-soro yemabhodhi akaunganidzwa uye anoaenzanisa nemufananidzo wereferensi unoburitswa kubva kuCAD data. Sisitimu iyi inoratidza musiyano — zvikamu zvisina kumira zvakanaka, zvikamu zvisiri izvo, zvikamu zvisipo, mabhiriji ekusolder, malead akasimudzwa, uye solder isina kukwana. Masisitimu emazuva ano eAOI anoongorora kuiswa kwezvikamu zve2D uye geometry yejoint solder ye3D achishandisa chiyero chechiedza chakarongwa kana laser height. AOI inoitwa pakarepo mushure mekudzoserwa kwesolder uye inobata zvikanganiso zvekuiswa uye kusvetukira padanho apo kugadzirisa patsva kuri nyore uye kusingadhuri.

Bvunzo yemudunhu (ICT)

ICT inoshandisa chinhu chinobatidza nzara kuti iongorore nemagetsi nzvimbo yega yega iri pabhodhi panguva imwe chete. Chirongwa chekuyedza chinosimbisa kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chiripo, munzvimbo chaiyo, uye mukati mekushivirira kwacho kwakatarwa. ICT inogona kuyera resistance, capacitance, inductance, diode junction voltage, uye transistor gain yezvikamu zvega zvega pavanenge vari mu-circuit. Inoona zvisipo zvezvikamu, kukosha kusina kunaka, reversed polarities, uye zvimwe zvikanganiso zvekusoldering, asi inoda michina yekuyedza yakatsaurirwa uye mapurogiramu ekuyedza anofanirwa kugadzirwa pakugadzira bhodhi rega rega.

Flying probe bvunzo

Vayedzi vekuongorora mafambiro emhepo vanoshandisa marobhoti anodzorwa nemapurisa anofamba pamusoro pebhodhi, achiita kuti pave nemagetsi anosangana nenzvimbo yega yega yekuyedza nenzira yakatevedzana. Havadi chinhu chakagadzirwa nemagetsi - nzira yekuongorora mafambiro emhepo inorongwa kubva pabhodhi renetlist. Kuedza mafambiro emhepo ndiyo nzira yekugadzirwa kweprototypes uye kugadzirwa kwehuwandu hwakaderera kusvika pakati apo mutengo wekugadzira mafambiro haugone kunzwisiswa. Inoratidza kuenderera mberi uye kupfupika kwemafambiro emhepo mubhodhi renetlist, kunyangwe ichinonoka kupfuura ICT.

X-ray kuongorora

Kuongororwa kweX-ray kunodiwa pamapakeji eBGA (ball grid array) nezvimwe zvikamu uko majoini esolder akavanzwa pasi pemuviri wechikamu uye haagone kusvikwa nechero surface probe. X-ray imaging inoratidza saizi yebhora resolder, chimiro, uye nzvimbo; inoratidza maburi ari musolder; uye inoona mabhiriji ari pakati pemabhora ari pedyo. 3D X-ray (computed tomography) inopa maonero akapatsanurwa kuburikidza nebhodhi, ichibvumira kuongororwa kwemavias akavigwa uye kubatana kwemukati mechikamu.

Inoshanda bvunzo

Mushure mekuyedzwa kwechikamu chemusangano, mabhodhi anoedzwa functional circuit test iyo inosimbisa mashandiro ekupedzisira. Bhodhi rinoshandisa simba kubva pakuburitswa kwaro, uye chirongwa chekuedza chinoshandisa mabasa ese eI/O, kutaurirana, uye ma operating modes akatsanangurwa mu specification yechigadzirwa. Functional test inoona kutadza kwesystem-level uko bvunzo dzechikamu-dzechikamu dzinotadza - zvikanganiso zvefirmware, kukundikana kwemari yenguva, uye matambudziko ekubatanidza pakati pe subsystems. KuHighleap Electronics, functional test inopihwa sechikamu che turnkey PCBA service yedu , tichishandisa custom-provided test specifications uye firmware.

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Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Unoedza sei bhodhi redunhu rine multimeter?

Kuedza bhodhi redunhu ne multimeter kunotevera kutevedzana: (1) Kana bhodhi risina simba, tarisa resistance pakati pe power rail yega yega ne ground — values ​​dziri pasi pe 100 Ω dzinoratidza pfupi. (2) Isa simba uye ongorora DC voltage pa power rail yega yega — enzanisa ne design specification (kazhinji 3.3V, 5V, kana 12V ± 5%). (3) Shandisa continuity mode kuti utarise fungidziro yekuti breaked traces kana failed solder joints — beep inoratidza kuti kubatana kwacho hakuna kukanganiswa. (4) Mu diode mode, edza individual diodes uye transistor junctions. (5) Mu resistance mode ne power off, tarisa individual resistor zvichienderana ne marked values ​​dzavo. Multimeter inobata stages 1–4 ye circuit board test yakazara; oscilloscope inodiwawo kuti signal integrity testing.

Ndeipi danho rekutanga pakuedza bhodhi redunhu?

Danho rekutanga rinogara riri rekutarisa nemaziso — usati wabatanidza chero mudziyo kana kushandisa simba. Ongorora bhodhi uchishandisa chiedza chakanaka uye kukura kwe: nzvimbo dzakatsva kana dzakashanduka ruvara, ma capacitor akazvimba kana ari kubuda mvura, mabhiriji e solder pakati pemapini ari pedyo, majoini e solder anotonhora kana asina kujeka, ma component pads akasimudzwa, uye ma trace kana zvikamu zvakatsemuka. Kuongorora nemaziso hakudi zvishandiso uye kunoona chikamu chikuru chekukundikana pasina njodzi yekuisa simba pabhodhi rine short circuit.

Unoedza sei bhodhi redunhu kuti uone kana paine mabhurugwa mapfupi?

Kuti uedze mashoti mapfupi: isa multimeter ku resistance kana continuity mode nebhodhi risina simba zvachose. Yera pakati pesimba rega rega nepasi. Kuverenga kuri pasi pe100 Ω kunoratidza kuti pane mukana wepfupi. Kuti uwane chikamu chakapfupikiswa, simbisa bhodhi kubva pabhenji rine simba remagetsi rakaganhurirwa kusvika kumazana mashoma emamilliamp - chikamu chakapfupikiswa chichadziya zvishoma kubva pamagetsi emagetsi; shandisa kamera yekupisa kana kubata zvishoma kuti uone kuti ndechipi chikamu chiri kupisa. Neimwe nzira, bvisa zvikamu zvebhodhi nenzira yakarongwa (nekubvisa maIC, maconnector, kana kucheka/kusimudza traces) kusvika pfupi yanyangarika, uchiratidza kuti ndechipi chikamu chine dambudziko.

Bhodhi redunhu risina kunaka rinotaridzika sei?

Zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvebhodhi redunhu rakakundikana zvinosanganisira: mavanga ebrown kana matema ekutsva pamusoro pebhodhi pedyo nezvikamu, kunyanya pedyo nezvikamu zvemagetsi; macapacitor ane mativi akakombama kana akatumbuka pane mativi akati sandara; machena kana matsvuku crystalline deposits pamusoro (chiratidzo chekubuda kwe electrolyte); ngura yegirini pamapfundo emhangura kana mapedhi (kusvika kwehunyoro); miviri yezvikamu zvakatsemuka inoonekwa pasi pekukwidziridzwa; majoini asina kusimba, ane magiraini panzvimbo peanopenya akatsetseka; mipata pakati pemalead ezvikamu nemapedhi inoratidza mapedhi akasimudzwa kana solder isina kukwana. Hazvisi zvese zvinokundikana zvinoonekwa - bhodhi rinogona kutaridzika rakakwana uye richine IC yakafa, trace yemukati yakakundikana pabhodhi re multilayer, kana kukanganisa kwenguva kudiki.

Unogona here kuyedza PCB usingaisimbise?

Ehe — uye pamabhodhi asingazivikanwe kana kuti anofungidzirwa, kuyedza usati waisa simba kunokurudzirwa. Kana bhodhi risina simba, unogona kuita: kuongorora nemaziso, kuyedza kusingashande pakati pemagetsi nepasi (kuti uone mapfupi), kuyedza kuenderera mberi kwezviratidzo nekubatana, uye kuyerwa kwechikamu (resistor values, diode forward voltage, capacitor charge/discharge behavior). Miedzo iyi inobata nzira dzekukundikana dzinogona kukonzera kukuvara nekukurumidza pamagetsi — mashort power rails, blown fuses, open connections kune zvakakosha kutanga. Kana bvunzo idzi dzapfuura chete ndipo panofanira kushandiswa simba, zviri nani kuburikidza ne current-limited supply.

Unoedza sei PCB kuti uone kuti inoramba ichienderera mberi?

Isa multimeter ku continuity mode (inowanzo ratidzwa ne diode symbol kana speaker icon). Bata probe imwe kumugumo mumwe weconnection yaunoda kuyedza uye imwe probe kune mumwe mugumo. Kurira kunonzwa kunoratidza continuity — connection ine resistance iri pasi pe threshold yemeter, kazhinji 30–100 Ω. Hapana beep inoratidza open circuit. Pakuyedza solder joint continuity zvakananga: ongorora component lead kune rumwe rutivi rwejoinhi uye trace kune rumwe rutivi. Pakuyedza traces: probe pamagumo ese etrace. Kana uchitarisira resistance value chaiyo (semuenzaniso resistor), shandisa resistance mode pane continuity mode kuti uzive zvakawanda.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekuongorora ICT nekushanda kwemaPCB?

Kuyedza kwemukati medunhu (ICT) kunoshandisa chinhu chinobata nzara kuyera kukosha kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe uye kuona kubatana kwenetlist bhodhi risingashande kana kuti risina simba rakawanda. Kunoona zvikamu zvisirizvo kana zvisipo, zvikanganiso zvesolder, uye kubatana kwakavhurika/kupfupi. Kuyedza kunoshanda kunoshandisa simba uye zvinokurudzira bhodhi uye kunoongorora mashandiro ekupedzisira-kusvika-kumagumo - kunosimbisa kuti bhodhi rinoita zvarakagadzirirwa kuita, kwete kungoti zvikamu zvese zviripo chete. ICT inobata zvikanganiso zvekugadzira; kuyedza kunoshanda kunobata zvikanganiso zvekugadzira, matambudziko efirmware, uye kutadza kwekubatanidza izvo zvisingaonekwe nechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Zvese izvi zvinowanzo dikanwa pakuumbwa kwePCB yemhando yekugadzira.