PCB Reverse Engineering Advanced Technology

ziviso

PCB reverse engineering, inozivikanwawo sereverse tekinoroji, inzira yekuburitsa, kuongorora, uye kutsvagisa dhizaini yePCB board. Maitiro aya anosanganisira kudzikisa uye kuwana dhizaini yechigadzirwa, kuyerera kwechigadzirwa, chimiro, maitiro ekushanda, uye tekinoroji yekumisikidza zvinhu kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvine mabasa akafanana. Reverse engineering yakatanga kubva pakuongororwa kwehardware mundima dzekutengeserana nemauto, uko chinangwa chikuru ndechekuongorora zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa uye kubvisa misimboti yekugadzira kana ruzivo rwekugadzira rwusingawanikwe nyore.

Highleap inopa yakazara PCB reverse engineering masevhisi, inyanzvi mukunyatso kuburitsa kwemabhodhi ePCB, kusanganisira zvese zvikamu. Chikwata chedu chenyanzvi chine hunyanzvi hwekudzosera kumashure einjiniya mabhodhi ane akarongwa maIC, akajairwa zvikamu, uye zvinhu zvisisashandiswe, kugadzira data rese rinodiwa kuti ridzokorore.

Maitiro edu anotanga nekucherechedzwa kwehunyanzvi hwese chinhu chemagetsi pabhodhi, ichiteverwa nekugadzirwa kwebhiri rakadzama rezvinhu. Isu tobva tatora mufananidzo wese chikamu chebhodhi uye nekunyatsobvisa uye nekunamira chikamu chimwe nechimwe kunzvimbo yacho pane fotokopi yekutarisa.

Sezvo isu tichifambira mberi, isu tinokwenenzvera bhiri rezvinhu nekuyera kukosha kune resistors uye capacitors. Pakupedzisira, tinogadzira mabhodhi matsva asina chinhu zvichienderana nezvatinowana. Sample yakaunganidzwa inotumirwa kumutengi kuti iongororwe zvakakwana, kuve nechokwadi chemhando yepamusoro uye nekurongeka mukuita kwedu kudzokorora.

Chii chinonzi PCB Reverse Engineering?

PCB reverse engineering inzira ine hunyanzvi inosanganisira disassembly uye kuongororwa kwakadzama kwechigadzirwa chemuviri chakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi (PCB) kuti ibudise magwaro akazara, kufambisa kugadzirwa patsva, uye kuwana ruzivo mukugadzirwa kwayo kwepakutanga uye kushanda. Maitiro aya anobatsira mukugonesa vatengi kusimudzira zvigadzirwa zvavo, vachipfuura vakwikwidzi nekunzwisisa uye kudzokorora misimboti yakakosha yekugadzira.

Maitiro acho anowanzo tanga nekunyatso bvisa PCB, uko chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoonekwa, uye nzvimbo yacho nekubatana kwayo zvinonyorwa. Matekiniki epamusoro ekutora mifananidzo, akadai seX -ray imaging uye high-resolution photography, anowanzo shandiswa kutora ruzivo rwakaoma rwePCB.

Kutevera chikamu chekutanga chezvinyorwa, mainjiniya anoongorora zvine hungwaru data rakatorwa kuti rigadzirise dhiyabhorosi dhizaini uye bhiri yezvinhu (BOM). Iyi nzira yekuvaka patsva inosanganisira kuona mhando uye kukosha kwezvinhu zvisingaite senge zvinopikisa uye capacitor, pamwe nekushanda kwemasekete akabatanidzwa (ICs) uye zvimwe zvinoshanda.

Rimwe rematambudziko akakosha muPCB reverse engineering kubata netsika kana zvinhu zvisingachashandi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai, mainjiniya angangoda kushandisa hunyanzvi hunyanzvi, senge IC decapsulation kana kudzosera kumashure mainjiniya etsika ASICs, kuti vanzwisise zvizere mashandiro avo uye nekuadzokorora nemazvo.

Zvakare, reverse engineering inosanganisirawo kunzwisisa maitiro ekugadzira ePCB, kusanganisira zvinhu zvinoshandiswa, layer stackup, uye matekiniki ekugadzira. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakugadzirazve PCB kune mamwe mazinga emhando seyekutanga.

Pakazere, PCB reverse engineering inzira yakaoma asi yakakosha iyo inopa simba makambani kuti awedzere kukwikwidza kwezvigadzirwa zvavo nekuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemagadzirirwo evanokwikwidza uye matekinoroji. Inoshanda sechishandiso chakakosha chekuvandudza, zvichiita kuti makambani arambe ari mberi munyika inokurumidza yekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.

PCB Reverse Engineering Services neHighleap zvemagetsi

Highleap electronic mupi anotungamira wemagetsi reverse engineering masevhisi akavakirwa muGuangzhou, China, ane anopfuura makore gumi ehunyanzvi hweinjiniya. Chikwata chedu chakazvitsaurira chinogadzirisa reverse engineering yemagetsi hardware, ichipa huwandu hwakasiyana hwesevhisi kuzadzisa zvaunoda.

Yedu PCB reverse engineering masevhisi anosanganisira:

1. Reverse Engineering uye Remanufacturing:
   • Isu tinokunda mune reverse engineering yakasakara uye isina kutsigirwa yemagetsi edunhu mabhodhi uye magungano emakadhi.
   • Chikwata chedu chinogona kuona kuti chinhu chakagadzirwa sei uye chinoshanda sei, chichichigadzira kubva kubhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa kuenda kune schematic.
2. Gadzirisa, Kopa, kana Clone:
   • Highleap electronic inopa kugadzirisa, kukopa, kana cloning masevhisi eakadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi ayo asisatsigirwe neakatanga kugadzira michina (OEM).
   • Isu tinova nechokwadi chekuti chinotsiva chikamu chakafanana muchimiro, chakakodzera, uye mashandiro, kusangana kana kudarika zvakatemwa zvepakutanga.
3. Intellectual Property Kutevedza:
   • Tisati tatanga basa, tinoita tsvakiridzo yakakwana uye ongororo yechigadzirwa kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti hapana kodzero dzepfuma dzinotyorwa.
   • Maitiro edu anonyatso kuenderana netsika uye zvinodiwa nemutemo kuchengetedza vatengi vedu zvinhu zvenjere.

PaHighleap zvemagetsi, takazvipira kupa yakanakisa rutsigiro rwevatengi muPCB clone uye PCB kopi indasitiri. Isu tinokukoka iwe kuti usarudze Highleap zvemagetsi kune ako ese PCB reverse engineering zvinodiwa.

Pamusoro pezvo, yedu PCB reverse engineering process inogona kushandisa 3D scanning tekinoroji, senge laser scanners, yakagadziridzwa mwenje sosi inoshandura, kana X-ray tomography, kuyera hukuru hunoenderana nezviripo zvemuviri zvinhu. Aya matekinoroji anotibvumira kuvaka 3D chaiwo modhi kuburikidza neCAD, CAM, CAE, kana imwe software.

PaPCB copy board uye chip decryption, tinoongorora zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvepanyama uye circuit boards kuti tigadzire mafaira ePCB echigadzirwa chekutanga, mafaira ezvinyorwa ( BOM ), mafaira e schematic uye technical, uye mafaira ekugadzira PCB silkscreen. Mafaira aya anozoshandiswa pakugadzira PCB board, component soldering, flying probe test, circuit board debugging, uye kupedzisa kopi yakazara ye template ye circuit board yekutanga. Chip decryption inosanganisira kuwana zvakananga faira re encrypted programming muMCU kuburikidza nemidziyo chaiyo uye nzira, zvichibvumira kukopa, kuronga, kana kuputika kuti zviwedzere kutariswa uye kutsvagurudza.

Nerubatsiro rwemichina yakakosha kana midziyo yekuzvigadzira, mainjiniya edu ane hunyanzvi anogona kushandisa kusasimba kana kukanganiswa kwesoftware mune imwe-chip chip dhizaini kuburitsa ruzivo rwakakomba uye kuwana chirongwa mu-single-chip microcomputer kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana dzehunyanzvi, kuve nechokwadi chakazara uye chakarurama. reverse engineering results.

Yakareruka PCB Reverse Injiniya Maitiro

PCB reverse engineering, inowanzonzi kukopa, cloning, kana kutevedzera, inzira ine hunyanzvi inosanganisira kuburitsa uye kudzoreredza mafaira ePCB emabhodhi echigadzirwa chemagetsi. Iyi nzira inobvumira kudzokororwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, kuve nechokwadi chekuti bhodhi rakakopwa rinoenderana nepakutanga muchimiro, kukwana, uye basa. PaHighleap zvemagetsi, mainjiniya edu ehunyanzvi anotevera akadzama kuyerera maitiro kuti ive nechokwadi chechokwadi uye mhando yeiyo reverse engineering process.

1. Ongororo Yokutanga:
   • Unganidza ruzivo rwese rwakakodzera nezvePCB, kusanganisira modhi, paramita, uye nzvimbo dzechikamu.
   • Shandisa kamera yedhijitari kutora mifananidzo yePCB uye nzvimbo dzechikamu, uchinyatsotarisisa kune diode, transistor, uye IC maitiro.
2. Chikamu Kubvisa uye Kuchenesa:
   • Bvisa zvese zvikamu kubva kuPCB uye uichenese nedoro.
   • Bvisa tin mupaD buri kuti ugadzirire PCB yekuongorora.
3. Kuongorora uye Kugadziriswa Kwemifananidzo:
   • Isa PCB yakacheneswa mu scanner uye gadzirisa zvigadziriso zvekuongorora kuti utore mifananidzo yakajeka.
   • Tarisa kumusoro nepasi pasi zvakaparadzana muruvara uye chengetedza mifananidzo sematema nechena BMP fomati mafaera (TOP.BMP neBOT.BMP).
   • Shandisa mufananidzo editing software se Photoshop kugadzirisa mutsauko uye kupenya kwemifananidzo kuve nechokwadi chemitsetse yakajeka.
4. Shanduko kuita PROTEL Format:
   • Shandura iyo BMP mafomati mafaera kuita PROTEL mafaera efomati uye fambisa iwo maviri akaturikidzana muPROTEL.
   • Rongedza zvinzvimbo zvePAD neVIA kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu zviviri izvi zvinopindirana.
5. Kutsvaga uye Kuiswa:
   • Shandura TOP layer BMP kuita TOP.PCB uye tsvaga mitsara paTOP layer zvinoenderana nedhirowa kubva pakuongorora kwekutanga.
   • Isa izvo zvikamu pa TOP layer sekureva kwepakutanga PCB mamisirwo uye bvisa iyo SILK layer mushure mekudhirowa.
6. Kubatanidza Layers:
   • Ngenisa TOP.PCB neBOT.PCB muPROTEL wozvisanganisa kuita mufananidzo mumwe.
7. Kudhinda uye Verification:
   • Dhinda TOP LAYER uye BOTTOM LAYER pafirimu rakajeka uchishandisa laser printer pachiyero che1: 1.
   • Isa iyo firimu paPCB woienzanisa neyekutanga kuti utarise zvikanganiso.
8. Kuedzwa uye Kusimbiswa:
   • Edza PCB yakakopwa kuti uone kuti kuita kwayo kwemagetsi kunofanana nekwebhodhi rekutanga.
   • Ita chero zvigadziriso zvinodiwa kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti bhodhi rakakopwa rinoshanda zvakafanana kune yekutanga.
9. Kupedzisa:
   • Kana bhodhi rakakopwa rapfuura bvunzo dzese uye kusimbiswa, reverse engineering maitiro apera.
   • Iyo bhodhi yakakopwa ikozvino yagadzirira kushandiswa mukutsiva kana kudzokorora maapplication.

Kune akawanda-layer mabhodhi, mamwe matanho anodiwa, kusanganisira nekuchenjerera kukwenenzvera kwemukati ma layer uye anodzokororwa kukopa matanho. Highleap electronic's hunyanzvi mainjiniya vanobata nhanho imwe neimwe nemazvo uye nehanya kuti ive nechokwadi chemhando yepamusoro mhedzisiro muPCB reverse engineering.

Multilayer PCB Reverse Engineering Maitiro

Nhanho 1: Kugadzirira

• Ongorora bhodhi redunhu repamusoro-nzvimbo zvikamu uye rekodha zvinyorwa zvavo senge nhamba yenzvimbo, pasuru, uye kukosha kwekushisa.
• Skena PCB usati wabvisa chikamu se backup.
• Bvisa zvikamu zvepamusoro pekutanga uye wozotarisa zvakare kurekodha mifananidzo, kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirisa kwe600dpi.
• Chenesa nzvimbo yePCB zvakanaka usati watarisa kuti uone kuoneka kwakajeka kwemaIC modhi nePCB mavara.

Nhanho yechipiri: Chikamu Disassembly uye BOM Kusikwa

• Shandisa pfuti yemhepo diki kupisa uye kubvisa zvikamu, kutanga neresistors, ipapo capacitors, uye pakupedzisira ICs.
• Gadzirira tafura ine ruzivo rwechikamu uye rekodhi zvinhu senge nhamba, pasuru, modhi, uye kukosha.
• Pima kukosha kwezvikamu nebhiriji, kuve nechokwadi chechokwadi nekuyera mushure mekunge tembiricha yemudziyo yadzikira.
• Isa iyo data yechikamu mukombuta kuti uchengetedze.

Nhanho 3: Kubvisa Tin paSurface

• Shandisa flux kubvisa tsvina yakasara kubva paPCB pamusoro pakabviswa zvikamu.
• Rongedza tembiricha yesimbi yekusimbisa zvakakodzera multi-layer PCBs uye bvisa tini nokungwarira kudzivirira kupisa ingi.
• Shamba PCB nemvura yekugeza yebhodhi kana mvura yakatetepa uye woiomesa zvakakwana.

Nhanho 4: Chaiyo-nguva Kushanda muPCB Copy Software

• Seta iyo yakaongororwa mifananidzo seyepamusoro nepasi pasi uye woishandura kuita mifananidzo inozivikanwa yekukopa software.
• Rongedza izvo zvikamu, zvinosanganisira diki silkscreen, pad aperture, uye maburi ekumisikidza, zvinoenderana nemifananidzo yepasi.
• Rongedza mavara kuti aenderane nebhodhi rekutanga uye jecha kubva pasirikikirini, inki, uye mavara ari paPCB pamusoro kuti afumure mhangura inopenya.

Nhanho 5: Kuongorora uye Kugadzirisa Kwazvo

• Shandisa mufananidzo wekugadzirisa software uye PCB yekudhirowa software kuita 100% mutongo chaiwo wePCB yakakopwa.
• Tarisa impedance uye zviratidzo zvePCB kuti uone kuti zvinoenderana nebhodhi rekutanga.
• Gadzirisa uye ruramisa bhodhi rekukopa kuti rive nemazvo, uchitarisa pakurongeka kwesoftware uye yemhando yemifananidzo yepakutanga.
• Seta iyo DPI (madotsi pa inch) zvichibva pane inodiwa chaiyo yebhodhi, ine yepamusoro DPI kune yakakwirira chaiyo zvinodiwa.

Highleap yemagetsi inotevera maitiro ehungwaru e-multilayer PCB reverse engineering, kuve nechokwadi chekudzokorora chaiko kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Iwo akadzama nhanho, kubva pakugadzirira kusvika kugadziriso chaiyo, inovimbisa kunaka uye kushanda kwePCB yakakopwa, kusangana nemhando yepamusoro yevatengi vedu.

PCB Reverse Engineering Techniques

PCB reverse engineering inosanganisira maitiro ekufumura chimiro chemukati uye mabatanidzwa eyakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi (PCB) kuburikidza dzingave dzisiri dzekuparadza kana dzinoparadza nzira. Idzi nzira dzakakosha pakunzwisisa dhizaini uye kushanda kwePCB iripo nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana sekugadzirisa, kudzokorora, kana kuongorora. Pano, tichaongorora nzira dzese dzisiri dzekuparadza uye dzinoparadza.

Isingaparadzi PCB Reverse Engineering Technique

Nzira dzisina kuparadza dziri kuwana mukurumbira nekuda kwemitengo yakaderera, nguva pfupi, uye kukwanisa kuona zvikanganiso. Imwe yenzira dzakajairika dzisingaparadzi ndeye X-ray tomography, iyo inobvumira kufungidzira kwePCB yese pasina kunonoka.

X-ray tomography inzira isiri-invasive imaging iyo inopa ruzivo rwakadzama nezve PCB yemukati chimiro, kusanganisira kubatana, kuburikidza nemaburi, uye maronda, pasina kukuvadza PCB. Iyi nzira inobata ese PCB maseru (kumberi, mukati, uye kumashure) muchikamu chimwe chekufungidzira.

Iyo tomography process inosanganisira kuwana dzakatevedzana dze2D X-ray mifananidzo kubva kumakona akasiyana uye kushandisa masvomhu algorithms kugadzira patsva mufananidzo we3D wePCB. Maparamendi akadai sesimba rekubva, detector chinangwa, kusefa, uye nguva yekuratidzwa kwakakosha pakugadzirisa mhando yemufananidzo.

Mushure mekugadzira patsva mufananidzo we3D, kuongororwa kwemukati uye kunze chimiro kunogoneka, zvichibvumira kuongororwa kwakadzama kwezvikamu zvePCB uye zvinongedzo.

Inoparadza PCB Reverse Engineering Techniques

Maitiro ekuparadza anosanganisira kunonoka kwemuviri PCB kufumura machira emukati. Iyi nzira inowanzo shandiswa kune akawanda maPCB uye inosanganisira matanho matatu makuru: solder mask kubvisa, kunonoka, uye kufungidzira.

1. Solder Mask Kubviswa: Iyo solder mask inobviswa kuburitsa pachena mitsetse yemhangura paPCB yepamusoro nepasi. Iyi nhanho yakakosha pakuwana maonero akajeka ematehwe emhangura.
2. Kunonoka: Kunonoka ndiyo maitiro ekuwana mukati memhangura zvidimbu zve multilayer PCB. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nenyama, nzira dzinoparadza mushure mekubvisa zvese zvikamu kubva kuPCB.
3. kuri: Kana zvikamu zvemukati zvave pachena, mapikicha ega ega ega ega anowanikwa pachishandiswa nzira dzisingaparadzi dzekufungidzira dzakadai seX-ray kana Computerized Tomography (CT) scanning.

Aya matekiniki anopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukugadzira nekushanda kwePCB, zvichibvumira kudzokorora kana kuongorora. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti nzira dzinoparadza dzinogona kukanganisa PCB, zvichiita kuti isakodzere kushandiswazve. Nokudaro, kusarudzwa pakati pemaitiro anoparadza uye asina kukanganisa kunoenderana nezvinodiwa zveprojekti.

mhedziso

PCB reverse engineering inzira yakakosha iyo inokutendera iwe kuvakazve yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi kubva kune yayo yekutanga dhizaini. Kunyangwe kuwedzera kuomarara kwemaPCB emazuva ano, reverse engineering inogona kuitwa zvinobudirira neyakajeka seti yezvirongwa uye hunyanzvi hwakakodzera.

Nyanzvi reverse mainjiniya anogona kubatsira kukwirisa ako emagetsi ekugadzira masevhisi nekubata zvakanyanya kuomarara maficha ekuita. Unyanzvi hwavo uye ruzivo vanovimbisa kuti reverse engineering process inoitwa nemazvo uye nemazvo, zvichitungamira kune yemhando yepamusoro mhedzisiro.

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa paPCB Reverse Engineering

1.Chii chinangwa chikuru chePCB vias?

PCB vias inopa conductive nzira kuti magetsi masaini kupfuura akasiyana akaturikidzana PCB. Izvo zvakakosha pakufambisa masaini uye simba pakati pezvikamu muPCB yakawanda.

2.Chii chinonzi Reverse Engineering?

Reverse engineering inzira inoshandiswa kubereka, kudzokorora, kana kuvandudza machipisi nemasisitimu nekuongorora yekutanga mudziyo kana sisitimu. Mumagetsi masisitimu, reverse engineering inogona kuitwa pachip, board, uye system mazinga, anosanganisira kuongororwa kwematanho akati wandei kuti unzwisise chimiro chemukati uye kubatana.

3.What musiyano pakati PCB uye PCBA?

A PCB (Printed Circuit Board) ibhodhi rinoshandiswa kubatanidza nemagetsi uye nemuchina kutsigira zvikamu, nepo PCBA (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) iri PCB ine zvinhu zvinotengeswa pairi.

4.Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pedhiyagiramu yechirongwa uye dhizaini yePCB?

Dhiyagiramu yedhizaini idhayagiramu yewaya inoratidza zvikamu uye kuti zvakabatanidzwa sei, nepo PCB dhizaini iri kumiririra kwechimiro chechirongwa, ichitsanangura kuiswa kwezvikamu uye kufambiswa kwematanho pabhodhi chairo.

5.Sei zvakakosha kugadzira mafaira eGerber?

Mafaira eGerber anodiwa pakugadzirwa kwePCB, sezvo ane ruzivo rwejometri inodiwa kugadzira dunhu pabhodhi. Iwo anogadzirwa kubva ku3D X-ray mifananidzo yakawanikwa panguva yekudzokera kumashure engineering process.

6.Ndeipi nzira yekubatanidza zvidimbu panguva yePCB reverse engineering?

Kubatanidza zvidimbu muPCB yakapetwa kaviri, unotsvaga mambure anoenderana pane yega yega uye woabatanidza uchishandisa vias. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti zvese zvinongedzo pakati pematanho zvinoverengerwa mune yekupedzisira netlist.

7. Ndingagadzira sei netlist kana ndichiita reverse engineering PCB?

Kuti ugadzire netlist, iwe unotsvaga zvikamu uye mapedhi pane imwe neimwe layer, uye wobva wagadzira zvinongedzo pakati pazvo zvichienderana nekubatana kwavo kwemagetsi. Ruzivo urwu runoshandiswa kugadzira runyoro rwemambure ega ega.

8.Chii kukosha kweBOM panguva reverse engineering PCB?

Bhiri reZvinhu (BOM) rakakosha pakuona zvese zvinodikanwa kugadzira PCB. Iyo inova nechokwadi chekuti izvo zvakaringana zvikamu zvinoshandiswa uye inopa zvinyorwa zvePCB gungano maitiro.

9.Can I reverse engineer chero PCB?

Iko kugona kweinjiniya yekudzosera PCB kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita sekuoma kwehunyanzvi, hupfumi, uye kuwanikwa kwedata. MaPCB ane kushandiswa kwakakura uye yakakwira per-uniti mutengo vari nani kukwikwidza reverse engineering.

10.Ndiani ane kodzero dzepfuma yeruzivo rwePCB reverse engineered schematic?

Mugadziri we reverse engineered schematic ane kodzero dzepfuma yehungwaru kune iyoyo chaiyo schematic. Nekudaro, kodzero dzepatent yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira kana system inogona kubatwa nemumwe munhu.

11.Ndoupi musiyano pakati pekaviri layer PCB uye Multilayer PCB?

Iyo yakapetwa kaviri PCB ine maviri conductive akaturikidzana, achibvumira nzira yekutevera pakati pematanho. A multilayer PCB ine anopfuura maviri conductive akaturikidzana, achigonesa yakakwirira yedunhu density uye kuoma.

12.What musiyano pakati PCB uye PCBA?

A PCB (Printed Circuit Board) ibhodhi rinoshandiswa kubatanidza nemagetsi uye nemuchina kutsigira zvikamu, nepo PCBA (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) iri PCB ine zvinhu zvinotengeswa pairi.

13.Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pedhiyagiramu yechirongwa uye dhizaini yePCB?

Dhiyagiramu yedhizaini idhayagiramu yewaya inoratidza zvikamu uye kuti zvakabatanidzwa sei, nepo PCB dhizaini iri kumiririra kwechimiro chechirongwa, ichitsanangura kuiswa kwezvikamu uye kufambiswa kwematanho pabhodhi chairo.

14.Chii chinonzi Reverse Engineering?

Reverse engineering inzira inoshandiswa kubereka, kudzokorora, kana kuvandudza machipisi nemasisitimu nekuongorora yekutanga mudziyo kana sisitimu. Mumagetsi masisitimu, reverse engineering inogona kuitwa pachip, board, uye system mazinga, anosanganisira kuongororwa kwematanho akati wandei kuti unzwisise chimiro chemukati uye kubatana.

15.Ko Computerized Tomography ine painogumira?

Computerized Tomography (CT) ine painogumira maererano nemunda wesaizi yekuona, iyo inogona kukanganisa kunaka uye kugadziriswa kwemifananidzo yakawanikwa. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvingada kugadzirwa uye kusonanidzwa pamwechete kuti zvigadzirise PCB yese.