Chii chinonzi RoHS Circuit Board: Tsanangudzo, Nhoroondo uye Details

Chii chinonzi RoHS Circuit Board?

A RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) bhodhi redunhu rinoenderana nemirairo yeRoHS, chiyero chakatarwa neEuropean Union kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi mumidziyo yemagetsi nemagetsi. RoHS-inoenderana nematunhu mabhodhi anogadzirwa pasina kushandisa lead, mecury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), uye mana akasiyana phthalates. Uku kutevedzera kwakakosha mukuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwevashandisi.

Nhoroondo yeRoHS

Mavambo uye Kwekutanga Implementation

Iyo RoHS dhairekitori yakatanga muEuropean Union, yakaunzwa sechikamu chekunetseka kwepasirese pamusoro pekuchengetedzeka kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano hweveruzhinji. Inozivikanwa zviri pamutemo seDirective 2002/95/EC, yakagamuchirwa muna Kukadzi 2003 ikatanga kushanda musi waChikunguru 1, 2006. Chinangwa chikuru chaive chekurambidza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitanhatu zvine njodzi zvinowanikwa mumidziyo yemagetsi nemagetsi. Ichi chirongwa chaive chemhinduro kune kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemarara emagetsi, izvo zvaive zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwevhu nemvura nekuda kwekudonha kwezvinhu zvine chepfu.

Kuwedzera uye Ongororo

Kwemakore, iro RoHS rairo rakadzokororwa akati wandei kuti riwedzere chiyero chayo uye kuwedzera kushanda kwayo. Kudzokororwa kwakanyanya kwakauya neRoHS 2 (Directive 2011/65/EU), yakagamuchirwa muna 2011, iyo yakawedzera kuvharika kune ese emagetsi midziyo, tambo, uye masipiresi. RoHS 2 yakaunzawo mucherechedzo weEC, zvichiita kuti kutevedza kuve chinhu chinosungirwa cheEC yekumaka maitiro. Pamusoro pezvo, yakaisa nhungamiro dzakajeka dzekuteedzera uye zvinyorwa.

Kubatanidzwa kweZvinhu Zvakawanda

Imwe ongororo huru kwaive kuunzwa kweRoHS 3 (Directive 2015/863), iyo yakawedzera mana phthalates kune runyorwa rwezvinhu zvinorambidzwa. Shanduko iyi, inoshanda kubva muna Chikunguru 2019, yairatidza kuenderera mberi kwechirevo ichi kusanganisa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvine njodzi. Izvi zvakawedzerwa zvakabva paumbowo hwesainzi uye kubvunzana, zvichiratidza kuzvipira kweEU kuramba ichivandudza mutemo unoenderana nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye tsvakiridzo yezvakatipoteredza.

Global Kufurira uye Kugamuchirwa

Iyo RoHS dhairekitori yakave nesimba rakakura pasi rose, kumisa chiyero icho nyika zhinji dziri kunze kweEU dzakasarudza kutevedzera. Nyika dzepasirese dzakaita mirau yakafanana, kugadzirisa masimboti eRoHS kune avo nharaunda uye hutano hwekuchengetedza nzira. Uku kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kunosimbisa chirevo chakakosha pamaitiro epasi rose emagetsi nekugadzira magetsi.

Kutyaira Shanduko muIndasitiri Yemagetsi

Kuunzwa uye kushanduka kweiyo RoHS kuraira kwave kwakakosha mukufambisa shanduko mukati meindasitiri yemagetsi. Yakasundidzira vagadziri kuti vagadzirise uye vawane zvakachengeteka, zvakatsiga zvinhu uye maitiro. Kurudziro yekuraira inodarika kuteedzera, sezvo yakakurudzira ruzivo rwakakura rwemutoro wezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzeka kwevatengi muchikamu chemagetsi.

Zvinhu Zvinorambidzwa pasi peRoHS Mirayiridzo

Pakutanga Seti Yezvinhu Zvinorambidzwa

• Tungamira (Pb): Kana yangoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutengesa uye zvemagetsi zvikamu, lead inogona kukonzera akawanda hutano nyaya, kusanganisira neurological kukuvara.
• Mercury (Hg): Inoshandiswa mune mamwe marudzi emabhatiri uye mwenje, mercury ine chepfu kune tsinga system uye itsvo.
• Cadmium (Cd): Inowanikwa mune mamwe semiconductors uye resistors, cadmium icarcinogen uye inokuvadza kune nharaunda.
• Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)): Inoshandiswa kudzivirira ngura uye mu pigment, hexavalent chromium inozivikanwa ne carcinogenic properties.
• Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB): Yaimboshandiswa semurazvo wemoto mumapurasitiki, PBBs inogona kukanganisa endocrine mabasa uye inopfuurira munharaunda.
• Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE): Iyo inoshandiswawo kudzoreredza moto mumapurasitiki, maPBDE anogona kuungana muvanhu nemhuka, zvichitungamira kune nyaya dzetsinga uye thyroid.

Zvimwe Zvinhu Zvinorambidzwa muKudzokororwa Kwakazotevera

• Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): Yakajairika plasticizer muPVC, DEHP inogona kukanganisa kubereka kwevanhu uye inokuvadza kuhupenyu hwemvura.
• Butyl Benzyl phthalate (BBP): Inoshandiswa mumapurasitiki nemanamira, BBP muchetura wekubereka uye unogona kukonzera nyaya dzebudiriro muvana.
• Dibutyl phthalate (DBP): Inowanikwa mune mamwe magetsi seplasticizer, DBP ichetura inobereka uye inogona kukanganisa itsvo uye chiropa.
• Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP): Zvakafanana neDBP, DIBP inoshandiswa mumapurasitiki akasiyana-siyana uye zvigadzirwa zverabha uye inoisa njodzi dzehutano dzakafanana.

Kuenderera mberi Kuongorora uye Kuongorora

Rondedzero yezvinhu zvinorambidzwa pasi peiyo RoHS nhungamiro iri pasi pekuenderera mberi nekuongororwa uye kuongororwa. Sezvo kunzwisisa kwesainzi uye kuziva kwezvakatipoteredza kunoshanduka, zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kutariswa kuti zvirambidzwe kuitira kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda kubva kune njodzi tsvina yemagetsi.

RoHS Zvinodiwa muPCB Kugadzira

Kutora Lead-Yemahara Solder

Imwe yeshanduko huru mukugadzirwa kwePCB nekuda kweRoHS kuchinja kuenda kune solder isina lead. Solder yechinyakare yetin-lead inotsiviwa nedzimwe nzira dzakadai setin-silver-copper (SAC) alloys. Kuchinja uku kunoda kugadziriswa mukuita kwe soldering, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzakanyanya kunyunguduka, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa ma profiles ekupisa panguva yePCB assembly.

Inotungamira-Yemahara Yepamusoro Inopedzisa

RoHS kutevedzera zvakare kunoreva kushandisa lead-isina pamusoro pekupedzisira paPCBs. Dzimwe nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira Immersion Silver (Ag), Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG), uye Organic Solderability Preservatives (OSP). Imwe neimwe yeiyi inopedzisa inopa mabhenefiti akasiyana uye matambudziko, uye sarudzo inoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita semutengo, hupenyu hwesherufu, uye chinangwa chekushandiswa kwePCB.

Kubvisa Zvimwe Zvinhu Zvinokuvadza

Kupfuura mutobvu, RoHS inorambidza zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semercury, cadmium, uye hexavalent chromium. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chiripo mune chero chikamu chinoshandiswa muPCBs, zvinosanganisira laminates, connectors, uye waya. Izvi zvinowanzoda kuyedzwa kwakakwana uye chitupa kubva kune vanopa chikamu.

Component Sourcing uye Verification

Kuve nechokwadi chekutevedzera RoHS kunoda kunyatsotariswa kwezvikamu. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kushanda padhuze nevashambadziri kuti vawane RoHS-inoenderana zvikamu uye zvinhu. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza kuyedzwa kwakasimba uye zvinyorwa kuratidza kutevedza. Pamusoro pezvo, vagadziri vanofanirwa kumisikidza traceability masisitimu ekutevera mamiriro ekuteerera echimwe nechimwe chinhu chinoshandiswa mumaPCB avo.

Compliance Certification uye Labeling

Vagadziri havafanire kungotevedzera zviyero zveRoHS chete asiwo kuratidza kutevedzera kuburikidza nemagwaro akakodzera uye kunyora. MaPCB anosangana nezvinodiwa neRoHS anowanzo kunyorwa neRoHS chiratidzo chekuteerera. Pamusoro pezvo, vagadziri vanofanirwa kuchengetedza marekodhi uye kupa zvinyorwa, seDeclaration of Conformity, kuratidza kutevedza panguva yekuongorora kana kuongororwa.

Kuenderera Kuongorora uye Kuchinja

Iyo RoHS dhairekitori inoiswa pasi pekuvandudzwa uye kudzokororwa, uye vagadziri vanofanirwa kugara vaine ruzivo nezve shanduko idzi kuti varambe vachiteerana. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufambirana nezvinhu zvitsva zvinorambidzwa, shanduko mumiganho yetsika, uye chero mitsva yekuregererwa. Kuenderera mberi nekutarisa uye kuchinjika kune iyi mirau kwakakosha kuti PCB vagadziri varambe vachitevedzera uye vachikwikwidza mumusika wepasi rose.

Kuzivikanwa kweRoHS Boards

RoHS Kutevedza Zvicherechedzo

Imwe yedzakanyanya nzira dzekuziva RoHS-inoenderana nedunhu mabhodhi ndeyekuburikidza nemakaki chaiwo. Izvi zvinowanzo sanganisira chiratidzo che "RoHS Compliant" kana chiratidzo cheRoHS, chine denderedzwa regirinhi rine cheki. Aya mamaki anowanzo kuwanikwa paPCB pachayo kana dzimwe nguva papakeji. Ivo vanoshanda sekukurumidza kuona simbiso yekuti bhodhi rinotevedzera RoHS zviyero.

Zvinyorwa uye Zvitupa zvekutevedzera

Vagadziri vanowanzopa zvinyorwa zvinosimbisa kutevedza kweRoHS. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira Chiziviso cheKuenderana, zvitupa kubva kune vechitatu-bato rekuyedza agency, kana akadzama ezvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Mapepa akadai akakosha pakuongororwa uye kumabhizinesi anoda kuona kuti ketani yavo yese yekugovera inoenderana neRoHS.

Supplier Declarations

Kune zvikamu zvakatorwa kubva kune vekunze, zviziviso kana zvitupa zvekutevedzera RoHS zvakakosha. Izvi zviziviso chikamu chezvinyorwa zvekutengesa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvese zvinoshandiswa muPCB zvinoenderana neRoHS zviyero.

Material Kuvhenekwa Analysis

Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kutevedzera mamaki kana zvinyorwa zvisipo, kuyedzwa kwezvinhu kunogona kuitwa. Tekinoroji dzakaita seX-ray fluorescence (XRF) ongororo inogona kuona kuvepo kwezvinhu zvinorambidzwa senge lead kana mercury muPCB zvinhu. Maedzo akadai anowanzo shandiswa nevagadziri pakutonga kwemukati uye nevechitatu mapato nezvinangwa zvekuongorora.

RoHS Inopindirana Chikamu Sourcing

Kuzivikanwa kunosanganisirawo kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvese zvinotengeswa pabhodhi zvinoenderana neRoHS. Izvi zvinosanganisira maseketi akabatanidzwa, resistors, capacitors, uye chero zvimwe zvinhu zvemagetsi. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuwana zvikamu izvi kubva kune vanovimbika vatengesi vanovimbisa kutevedzera RoHS.

Traceability Systems

Masevhisi ekutsvaga akakosha pakuona nekuonesa kutevedza kweRoHS. Vagadziri vanowanzo shandisa masisitimu ekutevera anoisa mamiriro ekuteerera echikamu chimwe nechimwe uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumaPCB avo. Kuteedzera uku hakungobatsiri mukuteedzera manejimendi chete asiwo mukupindura kubvunza kwevatengi uye zvinodiwa nemutemo.