I-PCB Design Specifications Yokushintsha Izimpahla Zamandla

Ukuklama i-switching power supply (SPS) PCB kudinga ukunakwa okucophelela emininingwaneni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuzinzile nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI). Ukusuka kuhlelo ukuya kusakhiwo, zonke izinyathelo zibalulekile. Lo mhlahlandlela ophelele uhlola ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile nezindlela ezihamba phambili zokuklama i-SPS PCB esebenza kahle nethembekile.

I-Schematic to PCB Design Flow

Ukuguquka kusuka ekwakhiweni kwe-schematic kuya ku-PCB kuhilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile:

1. Sungula Amapharamitha Engxenye: Chaza imininingwane yengxenye ngayinye, ucabangele izidingo ze-voltage, zamanje, kanye nemvamisa.
2. Faka Uhlu Lwenethiwekhi Lwezinhlelo: Dlulisela isikimu kufomethi ye-netlist engasetshenziselwa isakhiwo se-PCB.
3. Izilungiselelo zepharamitha yokudizayina: Lungiselela isofthiwe yedizayini ye-PCB namapharamitha adingekayo, okuhlanganisa nobubanzi bokulandelela, ukucaciswa, nezindlalelo.
4. Isakhiwo Semanuwali: Hlela izingxenye ku-PCB ngokuvumelana nezidingo zohlelo kanye nomklamo.
5. Ukuhambisa Mathupha: Hambisa imikhondo phakathi kwezingxenye, uqinisekise isikhala esifanele futhi ugweme ukuphazamiseka.
6. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwedizayini: Qinisekisa idizayini yobuqotho bukagesi nemishini, okuhlanganisa ubuqotho besignali nokucatshangelwa kokushisa.
7. Buyekeza: Yenza ukubuyekezwa okuphelele komklamo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo.
8. Okukhiphayo kwe-CAM: Khiqiza amafayela wokugcina wokukhiqiza.

Izinhlaka Zesakhiwo Sebhodi Lesifunda Zokushintsha Izimpahla Zamandla

Ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho obuphelele bamandla ekushintsheni imiklamo yokuphakelwa kwamandla (SPS), ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kufanele kunikezwe ukwakheka kwebhodi lesifunda. Amapharamitha alandelayo abalulekile ekuklameni inethiwekhi yokulethwa kwamandla aqinile (i-PDN) enganikeza amandla ahlanzekile nangenaziphazamiso kuzo zonke izingxenye kuyilapho kuncishiswa ukuphazamiseka:

1. Ukucushwa Kwesendlalelo Sebhodi kanye Nesitaki: Qala ngohlelo olukhomba zonke izinsiza zikagesi ebhodini. Lungiselela isitaki sesendlalelo ukuze uthuthukise isignali nobuqotho bamandla. Misa amandla nezindiza eziphansi ukuze uthole izindlela ezilungile zokubuya kwesignali, umzila olawulwayo we-impedance, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kokunikezwa kwamandla.
2. Imithetho Yokuklama Nezingqinamba: Misa imithetho yobubanzi bokulandelela, isikhala, kanye nezimfanelo zokuthela ithusi. Cabangela ukusebenzisa amakilasi engqikithi ukuze uphathe le mithetho kahle. Amathuluzi omklamo we-PCB athuthukile, njenge-PCB Editor ye-Cadence Allegro, anikezela ngamakhono okusekela izidingo zomzila ze-PDN.
3. Imihlahlandlela yokubeka kanye nemizila: Landela le mihlahlandlela yokushintsha izinsiza zikagesi:
   • Ukubekwa Kwengxenye: Beka izingxenye ukuze unciphise ubude bokulandelela futhi uthuthukise izindlela zesignali. Gcina izingxenye zamanje eziphezulu ziseduze nama-capacitor awo ahlukanisiwe ukuze unciphise i-inductance.
   • Ukuhamba: Ukulandelela amandla omzila ngokubanzi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukumelana nokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Sebenzisa ama-via amaningi emigwaqweni yamanje ukuze unciphise ukumelana nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokushisayo. Gcina izihibe zamanje zimfushane futhi zihlangene ukuze unciphise i-EMI.
   • I-Decoupling Capacitors: Beka ama-decoupling capacitor eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kumaphini wamandla wezingxenye abazihlukanisayo ukuze unikeze indlela yokuvimbela okuphansi yomsindo we-high-frequency.
   • Kuyashuba: Sebenzisa indiza yaphansi eqinile ukuze unikeze indlela yokubuya ye-impedance ephansi yamaza. Sebenzisa ukuthunga nge-vias ukuxhuma izendlalelo zomhlabathi ezihlukene futhi unciphise amaluphu aphansi.
   • Ubuqotho Besiginali: Sebenzisa i-impedance routing elawulwayo yamasignali anesivinini esiphezulu ukuze unciphise ukubonakaliswa kwesignali nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho besignali.

Ngokucabanga ngokucophelela ngalezi zinhlaka kanye neziqondiso, ungakha ukwakheka kwe-PCB okwandisa ubuqotho bamandla futhi kunciphise ukuphazamiseka ekushintsheni izinhlelo zokusebenza zokunikezwa kwamandla.

Ukushintsha Isakhiwo Sengxenye Yempahla Yamandla

Lapho ubeka izingxenye, cabangela usayizi we-PCB njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. I-PCB enkulu kakhulu ingaholela ebudeni bokulandela umkhondo obude, i-impedance eyengeziwe, ikhono elincishisiwe lokulwa nomsindo, nezindleko eziphezulu. Ngokuphambene, i-PCB engaphansi ingase ihlupheke ngenxa yokungashisi kahle ukushisa kanye nokuphazamiseka okukhulayo. Umumo ofanele we-PCB ungunxande, onesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi esingu-3:2 noma 4:3. Izingxenye ezibekwe eduze konqenqema lwebhodi kufanele zibe kude okungenani no-2mm ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezingaba khona.

Ekubekweni kwengxenye, beka phambili ukucatshangelwa kokudayiswa kwesikhathi esizayo futhi ugweme ukuhlela okuminyene ngokweqile okungase kuthikameze izinqubo zokudayiswa. Hlela izingxenye ngendlela efanayo, ngobunono, futhi ngokuhlangene ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko zesekethe ngayinye yokusebenza. Nciphisa futhi ufinyeze izintambo eziholayo nokuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye, futhi ubeke ama-capacitor axhumayo eduze ne-VCC yengxenye ngangokunokwenzeka.

Cabangela amapharamitha wokusabalalisa phakathi kwezingxenye, ikakhulukazi kumasekhethi asebenza kumafrikhwensi aphezulu. Izingxenye kufanele zihlelwe ngokuhambisana ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganisa nokukhiqiza ngobuningi. Hlela izikhundla zeyunithi ngayinye yesekethe esebenzayo ngokuvumelana nokugeleza kwesifunda ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukwakheka kulungele ukujikeleza kwesignali futhi kugcina ukuvumelana kwesignali. Okokugcina, qinisekisa ukushelela komzila njengomgomo oyinhloko wesakhiwo, ukunaka ukuxhunywa kwezintambo endizayo nokubeka izingxenye ezixhumene ndawonye ukuze unciphise ubude bendlela yesignali.

Ukuthuthukisa Isisekelo Sokusebenza Kokuhlinzeka Amandla Okushintsha Okuzinzile

Ukushintshanisa kwamandla kagesi kuqukethe amasignali amaza aphezulu, futhi noma yimuphi ulayini ophrintiwe ku-PCB ungasebenza njengothi. Ubude nobubanzi bomugqa ophrintiwe buthinta i-impedance yawo kanye nokusabela, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela ekuphenduleni kwemvamisa. Ngisho nemigqa ephrintiwe ephethe amasiginali e-DC ingabhangqa kumasiginali e-RF emigqeni ephrintiwe eseduze futhi ibangele izinkinga zesekethe (noma iphinde iveze amasiginali okuphazamisayo).

Ukunciphisa lokhu, yonke imigqa ephrintiwe ephethe i-AC kufanele yakhelwe ibe mifushane futhi ibe banzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izingxenye ezixhumene nezintambo eziphrintiwe nezinye izintambo zikagesi kufanele zibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka. Ubude bomugqa ophrintiwe bulingana nokungeniswa kwawo kanye nokuvinjwa kwawo, kuyilapho ububanzi buhambisana ngokuphambene ne-inductance kanye ne-impedance. Uma ubude bubude, buyancipha i-frequency lapho ulayini ophrintiwe ungadlulisela futhi wamukele amagagasi kagesi, kanye namandla e-RF engeziwe ongakhipha kuwo.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukubekwa kwentambo yaphansi esakhiweni ukuze ugweme ukuxutshwa kwezizathu ezihlukahlukene, okungaholela ekusebenzeni kokuphakelwa kwamandla okungazinzile. Ukubeka phansi kudlala indima ebalulekile njengendawo eyireferensi evamile yamaluphu amane amanje okunikezwa kwamandla okushintshwayo futhi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokulawula ukuphazamiseka. Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwaqaphele ekwakhiweni komhlaba:

1. Khetha isisekelo sephoyinti elilodwa: Itheminali evamile ye-capacitor yesihlungi kufanele kube ukuphela kokuxhumeka endaweni evamile ehlanganiswe nomhlabathi omkhulu we-AC wamanje. Amaphuzu aphansi wesifunda sezinga elifanayo kufanele abe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi i-capacitor yokuhlunga yesifunda esikhulu kufanele futhi ixhunywe endaweni ephansi yezinga.
2. Khulisa intambo yaphansi: Qinisekisa ukuthi itheminali ngayinye ye-current enkulu isebenzisa intambo ephrintiwe emfushane futhi ebanzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ububanzi bamandla kanye nemigqa yaphansi kufanele banwetshwe ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi intambo yaphansi ibe banzi kunentambo yamandla. Ubudlelwano phakathi kobubanzi bazo kufanele bube: umugqa ophansi > ulayini wamandla > ulayini wesignali. Uma kungenzeka, ububanzi bocingo lwaphansi kufanele bube bukhulu kuno-3mm.
3. Izimiso zomhlaba jikelele zomzila: Landela le migomo lapho uqhuba umzila womhlaba:
   • Isiqondiso somzila: Gcina umumo wezingxenye uhambisana nomdwebo wohlelo, futhi isiqondiso somzila kufanele sihambisane nomdwebo wesifunda.
   • Nciphisa inani lokujika emzileni, gwema izinguquko ezingazelelwe kububanzi bomugqa, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amakhona entambo angu-≥90 degrees.
   • Gwema ukuwela amasekhethi kusekethe ephrintiwe. Sebenzisa izindlela ezinjengokuthi “drill” noma “loop” ukuze uxazulule izinkinga ezingaba khona zokuwela.
4. Okokufaka nokukhiphayo: Kugesi oshintshwayo we-DC-DC ene-voltage ephansi, zombili izinhlangothi zesekethe kufanele zibe nendawo yereferensi efanayo. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa ithusi izinhlangothi zombili zocingo oluphansi, kufanele zixhunywe ndawonye ukuze zenze indawo efanayo.

Ukuhlola Okubalulekile Kokufakwa Kwezintambo Nokumiswa Ku-PCB Design

Ngemuva kokuthi umklamo wezintambo usuqediwe, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngokucophelela ukuthi umklamo wezintambo uyahambisana yini nemithetho esungulwe umklami, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi imithetho emisiwe ihlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza ye-PCB. Ngokuvamile, hlola ukuthi amabanga phakathi kwemigqa nemigqa, imigqa namaphedi ezingxenye, imigqa kanye nezimbobo, amaphedi ezingxenye kanye nezimbobo, naphakathi kwezimbobo zinengqondo futhi ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza.

Hlola ukuthi ububanzi bamandla kanye nemigqa yaphansi bufanelekile yini, futhi uma zikhona izindawo ku-PCB lapho imigqa yaphansi inganwetshwa. Qaphela: Amanye amaphutha angazitshwa, njengengxenye yohlaka lwezinye izixhumi ezibekwe ngaphandle kohlaka lwebhodi, okungabangela amaphutha ekuhloleni isikhala; futhi, ngemva kokuguqulwa ngakunye ku-wiring kanye nezimbobo zokudlula, ithusi kufanele lifakwe kabusha.

Amasheke Wokugcina Womklamo

Hlola kabusha “Uhlu Lokuhlola Lwe-PCB” oluhlanganisa imithetho yokuklama, izincazelo zesendlalelo, ukulandelela ububanzi, izikhala, amaphedi nangezilungiselelo. Ukwengeza, gxila ekubuyekezeni ukufaneleka kokubekwa kwengxenye, umzila wamandla namanethiwekhi aphansi, umzila wamanethiwekhi wewashi anesivinini esikhulu, ukuvikela, ukubekwa kanye nokuxhumeka kwama-capacitor e-decoupling, njll.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuphuma kwedizayini kokuphuma kwefayela le-photomask:

A. Izendlalelo eziphumayo zifaka ungqimba lwezintambo (ungqimba olungezansi), ungqimba lwesikrini sikasilika (okuhlanganisa ungqimba olungaphezulu nesikrini sikasilika sesendlalelo esingezansi), isendlalelo semaski esidayisiwe (ungqimba lwemaski edayiswa ephansi), ungqimba lokubhoboza (ungqimba olungezansi), kanye namafayela okumba (nc drilling ) nazo ziyakhiqizwa.

B. Lapho usetha inani lezendlalelo zesikrini sikasilika, ungakhethi uhlobo lwengxenye; khetha uhlaka, umbhalo, kanye nemigqa yangaphezulu (phansi) nezendlalelo zesikrini sikasilika.

C. Lapho uhlela izendlalelo zesendlalelo ngasinye, khetha uhlaka lwebhodi; lapho usetha inani lezendlalelo zesendlalelo sesikrini sikasilika, ungakhethi uhlobo lwengxenye; khetha uhlaka, umbhalo, kanye nemigqa yangaphezulu (phansi) nezendlalelo zesikrini sikasilika.

D. Lapho ukhiqiza amafayela okumba, sebenzisa izilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo ze-PowerPCB ngaphandle kokwenza izinguquko.

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