Zvinodiwa zvePCB zveKugadzira Magadzirirwo Akakosha
Mifananidzo yekugadzira PCB haifanirwe kutaurirana zvakawanda kupfuura magadzirirwo ebhodhi nemifananidzo yemhangura kana dhizaini yacho iine minwe yegoridhe yakasarudzwa, nzvimbo dzakadzika dzakadzorwa, makomba akakuyiwa, kuputira mupendero, kudhirowa kumashure kana mavhisi akazadzwa. Ruzivo rwekuita rusina kushaikwa runogona kunonotsa kutaurwa, kukonzera mibvunzo yeinjiniya kana kutungamira kufungidziro yekugadzira inokanganisa kukodzera uye mashandiro. Gwaro iri rinotsanangura kuti ndeapi macallouts ekudhirowa, mafaira anotsigira uye zvinodiwa zvekubvumidza izvo vatengi nemainjiniya vanofanira kugadzirira vasati vaburitsa PCB yekugadzira yakakosha.
Pa Peji Ino
Kugona kugadzirwa uye huwandu hwemashoko anowanikwa zvichienderana nedhizaini yakapihwa uye zvinodiwa.
Zvinodiwa zvePCB zveKugadzira Magadzirirwo Akakosha
Mafaira eGerber anotsanangura mifananidzo yemhangura, mask yekusolder uye mamwe machira emifananidzo akatsanangurwa, nepo data rekuboorera reNC richitaurira nzvimbo dzine maburi neruzivo rwekuboorera. Mafaira aya anogona kusatsanangura zvizere nzira yekugadzira inotarisirwa, kudzika kwemachina, nzvimbo yekuisa plating, datum references kana zvinodiwa zvekuongorora. Dhirowa yekugadzira inodzorwa inobatanidza zvinodiwa izvozvo nezvinhu zvakati wandei pabhodhi rakapedzwa.
Kune PCB ine zvinhu zvakakosha, pasuru yekugadzira inofanira kuratidza kugadziriswa kwebhodhi, saizi dzakapedzwa, kuvakwa kwezvikamu, zvinodiwa nezvinhu, kupedzwa kwepamusoro, tsananguro dzemaburi uye zvinodiwa zvekugamuchira. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chakakosha chinofanira kuve neruzivo rwakajeka nezvenzvimbo yacho uye mirairo yakakodzera yekugadzira. Kana dhirowa ikapesana neGerber yakapihwa, data rekuboorera kana stackup yakatenderwa, musiyano wacho unofanirwa kugadziriswa usati waburitswa kugadzirwa.
Kuzivikanwa kwebhodhi uye saizi
Nhamba yechikamu, kudzokorora, mayuniti, chidimbu chakapedzwa, mareferensi edhatamu, ukobvu hwebhodhi uye kushivirira kwemativi.
Kugadzirwa kwezvikamu nezvinhu
Grade yeLaminate, zvinotsiviwa zvakatenderwa, huwandu hwema layer, kuvakwa kwe dielectric, zvinodiwa nemhangura, mask yekusolder uye kupedzisa kwe surface.
Mirayiridzo yakakosha yekuita
Kuisa mapurasitiki panzvimbo, kudzika kwenzvimbo kana kuti gomba, kuburikidza nekubatanidza, zvinodiwa zvekuzadza nekuvhara, geometry yemucheto uye ruzivo rwekuongorora.
Kudzora kugamuchira nekudzokorora
Muyero unoshanda uye kugadziriswa, kirasi yekugamuchirwa payakatsanangurwa, bvunzo yemagetsi, zvinodiwa zvekupindira, mishumo yekuongorora uye mvumo yekuchinja.
Dhirowa yemaitiro akakosha inozadzisa runyorwa rwakakura rwePCB rwekugadzira , iyo inotarisa zvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira nekugadzirira kugadzirwa. Izvi zviviri zvine zvinangwa zvakasiyana: kuongororwa kwakajairika kweDFM kunobatsira kuona zvinetso zvekugadzira, nepo zvirevo zvakadzama zvekugadzira zvichitsanangura zvinotarisirwa kuvaka nekusimbisa fekitari.
Hunhu hunodiwa hunoenderana nekugadzirwa. Bhodhi remazuva ano rine zvidimbu zvakawanda rinogona kungoda pasuru yakagadzirwa uye zvirevo zvakajeka. Bhodhi rine nzvimbo dzisina kujeka, nzvimbo yekubata kana kugadzira zvinhu zvakadzika zvakanyanya rinowanzoda mamwe maonero, saizi uye mirairo inoenderana nemaitiro acho.
Maitiro Akakosha ePCB uye Kudanwa Kunodiwa
Matrix inotevera inopfupisa ruzivo runowanzo dikanwa kuti uongorore kugadzirwa kwePCB kwakagadzirwa nenzira chaiyo. Shandisa mitsara inoshanda pakugadzira chaiko. Miganhu yenhamba, zvinhu, kuwanikwa kwemaitiro uye nzira dzekuongorora dzinofanirwa kuiswa pachirongwa chaicho pane kungofungidzirwa kubva pamuenzaniso wakajairika.
| Maitiro kana chimiro | Zvinodiwa pakudhirowa uye data | Zvinhu zvekusimbisa usati wagadzira |
|---|---|---|
| Zvigunwe zvegoridhe rakasimba zvinosarudzwa | Ziva nzvimbo yekubata, saizi yeminwe, chidimbu chepuratifomu uye ukobvu, kona yebevel uye divi rakakanganiswa. | Nzira yekuisa platifomu, miganhu yenzvimbo yekubata, nzvimbo yekubvisa bevel uye zvinodiwa zvekugamuchira. |
| Zvigunwe zvegoridhe zvakasanganiswa kana kuti zvakapatsanurwa | Kureba kweminwe nezvikamu, tara miganhu yeplating uye ziva chinobatana chinobatana. | Kubatana kwekubatana, kuramba uchiisa maplate, zvinodiwa pakusarudza mapatani uye kushivirirana kwemativi. |
| Nzvimbo isina kujeka kana kuti yakadzama | Taura nezve geometry yeslot, divi remachining, kudzika kana ukobvu hwezvinhu zvasara, tolerance uye reference datum. | Kupinda kwezvishandiso, laminate yakasara, kuyera kudzika uye nzira yekuongorora. |
| Homwe yakakuyiwa kana kuti homwe | Tsanangura nzvimbo yeXY nehukuru hwayo, kudzika kana ukobvu hwepasi, dhatamu uye chero zvirambidzo pamhangura yakafumurwa. | Kugona kugayiwa, kubviswa kwechikamu chasara, ukobvu hwenzvimbo yacho uye zvinodiwa pakudzora marara. |
| Edge plating | Maka mipendero yebhodhi rakagadzirwa nesimbi, kupedzisa kunodiwa, saizi dzakakodzera uye nzvimbo dzinofanira kumira kuputirwa. | Kurongwa kwepuratifomu nekufambisa zvinhu, kufukidzwa kwemhangura, nzvimbo dzakavharirwa mumucheto uye zvinodiwa kuti zvigamuchirwe. |
| Makomba ane maburi | Tsvaga nzvimbo dzine hafu yegomba, chimiro chegomba rapera, zvinodiwa pakuputira uye mupendero webhodhi rekupedzisira. | Kunyoresa kubva pagomba kusvika pamucheto, mhangura yakachengetwa, kutevedzana kwekugadzirwa kwayo uye zvinodiwa pakuongorora. |
| Backdrilling | Taura divi rekupinda, dhayamita yekuboorera, dhayamita yekumisa kana yekunomira, mareferensi akakodzera uye muganho wepasi pechinhu chinosara. | Kudzika kwezvikamu, kunyoreswa kwechibooreso, mhangura yasara uye nzira inoshandiswa kusimbisa zvinodiwa. |
| Mapofu, akavigwa uye microvia | Tsvaga mapeya akabatana, saizi dzezvibooreso nemapedhi, zvinodiwa pakuzadza kana kuti chivharo, uye rongedza kana kutatamuka kuburikidza nechimiro kana zvichibvira. | Zvinodiwa zvekuisa lamination muzvikamu zvakasiyana, kunyoresa, zvirambidzo zveaspect-ratio uye ongororo yekuvimbika. |
| Yakazadzwa ne-via-in-pad (VIPPO) | Tsvaga uchishandisa nzvimbo, zvinhu zvakazara kana nzira, chivharo chemhangura, planarity uye zvinodiwa pakupedzisa zvinogoneka. | Maitiro ekuzadza akatenderwa, kuvakwa kwechivharo, mamiriro epamusoro uye zvinodiwa zvekugamuchirwa. |
| Maburi ekubatanidza anoiswa nepress-fit | Tsanangura dhayamita yegomba rapera uye kushivirira, zvinodiwa pakuputira, nzvimbo yekuisa uye nhamba yechikamu chekubatanidza. | Kugona kukura kwegomba, kutsanangurwa kwezvikamu, kuenderana kwekupedzisira uye mutoro wekuisa nekusimbisa. |
| Kuvakwa kwemhangura ine huremu hwakawanda | Taura huremu hwemhangura hwakapedzwa kana ukobvu nerukoko, kana zvichidikanwa, pamwe chete nezvinodiwa pakugadzira magetsi nekupisa. | Kubhadhara matombo ekucheka, kuvaka mapurasitiki, zvinodiwa pakubvisa matombo uye kugona kugadzira zvinhu. |
| Zvinhu zvine mitsetse mitsetse uye nzvimbo dzakatetepa | Tsvaga zvinodiwa zvishoma pamutsetse/nzvimbo, nzvimbo dzakacheneswa, nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa uye chero chimiro chegeometry chinodzorwa. | Kukwanisa kudhirowa mifananidzo nekutema, ukobvu hwemhangura, muripo uye kufunga nezvegoho. |
| Multiple surface finishes | Isa gwaro rega rega panzvimbo yaro yakatarwa, tsanangura zvinodiwa pakupedzisa uye tsanangura zvakajeka mamiriro ekufukidza kana muganhu. | Kuenderana kwemaitiro-kutevedzana, kutonga miganhu uye kukodzera kwemaitiro ekubatana kana ekubatanidza. |
| Kuponi dzekudzivirira-kudzorwa uye kuyedzwa | Taura mambure ekutarisa kana ma layer, zvinangwa zvine magumo rimwe chete kana zvakasiyana, kushivirira uye mishumo yebvunzo inodiwa. | Kurongwa kwekuunganidza zvinhu, kuenzanisa magadzirirwo ezvimedu, dhizaini yemakuponi uye nzira yekuyera nekugamuchira yakabvumiranwa. |
Kusiyana kwakakosha kwezvinhu zvemakanika
Nzvimbo isina chinhu, pocket yakakuyiwa uye nzvimbo isina kuputirwa inotsanangura zvinodiwa zvakasiyana. Sarudza mhando yechinhu chacho zvakajeka uye shandisa maonero echikamu ane kudzika kwakajeka pese painochekwa isingapfuure nepakati pehukobvu hwebhodhi rose. Chinyorwa chinongoratidza nzvimbo yacho chete hachina kukwana kana kudzika kwacho kusingatsanangurike.
Pakugadziriswa kwemhando yepamusoro, mufananidzo unofanirwa kusiyanisa nzvimbo dzakaoma dzekubata negoridhe kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemhangura dzakapedzwa. Chinyorwa chakazara pamusoro pechinhu hachirevi kuti plating, ukobvu kana bevel zvinodiwa munzvimbo yacho zvinodiwa. Saizvozvowo, kuchera kumashure kunoda kutaridzwa zvakajeka kurutivi rwekupinda nedanho rechinangwa pane murairo wekubvisa usina kushandiswa uchishandisa mabara.
Usafungidzira kuti chinhu chese chepamberi chinogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa nzira imwecheteyo yemaitiro. Simbisa nzira yekuvaka yakakurudzirwa uye yekugamuchira nemugadziri wePCB, kunyanya kana maitiro akasiyana-siyana achipindirana mudhizaini imwe chete.
Kusawirirana Kwakajairika Kwekudhirowa kwePCB uye Kuongorora Kusati Kwaburitswa
Kunonoka kugadzira kunowanzotanga nemirairo inopikisana pane kushaya mabasa eunyanzvi. Nyaya dzinotevera dzakakodzera kugadziriswa usati watumira pasuru yekugadzira kuti itengeswe mutengo kana kuburitswa kwekugadzirwa.
Geometry yeslot inoratidzwa, asi kudzika hakupo
Mugadziri haagone kuona kana chinhu chacho chakachekwa-chekwa kana kuti chisina kunyatsojeka. Wedzera divi remachining, kudzika kwehudzamu, kushivirira uye kuona chikamu kana zvichidikanwa.
Goridhe rakaomarara uye kupedzisa kwepamusoro-soro hazviwirirani
Dhirowa inogona kuratidza goridhe rakaoma ukuwo pepa rekupedzisa richiisa ENIG pabhodhi kazhinji. Maka nzvimbo yekubatana uye taura zvinodiwa pakupedzisa zvakasiyana.
Mafaira ekugadzira nekugadzira anoshandisa mazita akasiyana-siyana ezvikamu
Nzira yekubatanidza, nzira yekutarisa kana nzira yekubatanidza inogona kutsanangurwa nechikamu chemhangura chisina kunaka. Gadzirisa mazita echikamu pakati pezvikamu, mifananidzo, matafura ekudhirowa uye kudhirowa.
Kushivirira kunotsanangurwa pasina dhatamu isina kujeka
Chinodiwa pakuongorora hudzamu kana kuti chimiro chingave chakaoma kuyera zvinoenderana pasina tarisiro yakatsanangurwa. Ziva dhatamu uye nzira yekuyera yaunoda.
Muenzaniso weManotsi Ekugadzira Ongororo yeUinjiniya
Mienzaniso inotevera inoratidza maitiro ekuratidza chinangwa chekugadzira. Tsiva chibatiso chega chega nemutengo wepurojekiti wakatenderwa, uye simbisa kuti maitiro akasarudzwa anogona kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvakatarwa usati waburitsa dhizaini.
Zvifananidzo zvekufananidzira — kwete zvinotsanangurwa zvekugadzira zvepasi rose
1. Nzvimbo yakadzama inodzorwa: Nzira kubva [kurutivi]; Hudzamu hwechinangwa [kukosha] ± [KUGUMIRA], ICHINOTARISIRWA KUNA [DATUM SURFACE]; KUKOSHA KWEZVINHU ZVASARA [KUKOSHA]. ONA CHIKAMU [REFERENCE].
2. Zvigunwe zvegoridhe: Isa [KUPEDZISIRA KWEKUNYORWA KWAKATENDERWA] KUNZVIMBO YEKUNYORWA CHETE; KUKOMBA KWEKUPURURA [ZVINOKOSHA]; BEVEL [ANGLE] ± [TOLERANCE], PANOSHANDA.
3. Mavhisi Akazadzwa: VIA BOKA [REFERENCE] KUSHANDISA [PROVED FILL AND CAPPING PROCESS]; ZVINODIWA PAKUGADZIRIRA NEKUGADZIRIRA PAMWE NEPAMWE [PAMWE NEPAMWE PEKUGADZIRIRA].
4. Kuboorera kumashure: Rutivi rwekupinda [Rutivi]; Chidimbu cheTarget/Stop [Rutivi]; Chidimbu cheMaximum Residual [Value]; Nzira yekusimbisa [Nzira].
5. Kuchinja kweinjiniya: Chero kutsauka kupi zvako kunokanganisa zvinhu, kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu, geometri kana maitiro akakosha kunoda mvumo yemutengi usati watanga kushanda.
Zviyero zvese, kushivirira, zvinhu uye zvinodiwa zvekugamuchirwa zvinofanirwa kubva pane zvakatarwa pachirongwa chakatenderwa uye maitiro ekugadzira akasimbiswa. Mienzaniso iri pamusoro apa ingori yekunyora mareferensi chete; haifanirwe kutsanangurwa semiganhu yakajairwa yedhizaini yega yega yePCB.
Rondedzero Yekutarisa Kudhirowa Kwekugadzira Kusati Kwaburitswa
- Nhamba yechikamu uye kugadziriswa kunoenderana nedata reGerber kana ODB++, mafaira ekudhirowa eNC uye dhizaini yemakanika.
- Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chakakosha chine nzvimbo yakatarwa, chimiro chayo, zvinodiwa pakuita uye chiyero chekushivirira kana kugamuchira chinoshanda.
- Zvinhu zvakadzika zvakadzorwa zvinoratidza divi remuchina, dhatamu uye kudzika kana kuti ukobvu hwasara.
- Maburi kana mipata yakaputirwa neisina kuputika anonyatsoonekwa, kusanganisira kuputirwa kwemucheto uye zvinhu zvakaputirwa.
- Magadzirirwo enzvimbo akanyorwa kuti aenderane nenzvimbo dzaanoda, uye magadzirirwo egoridhe akagadzirwa negoridhe anosiyaniswa neakagadzirwa pamusoro.
- Kuverengwa kwezvikamu, kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu, kuburikidza nezvikamu, zvinodiwa zve impedance uye matafura ekuboorera zvinoshandisa tsananguro dzakafanana dzezvikamu.
- Zvitupa zvinodiwa, zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, mishumo ye impedance uye mwero wekugamuchirwa zvinoonekwa kana zvichidikanwa.
- Zvinodiwa zvekubvumidzwa zvinotsanangurwa pakutsiviwa kwezvinhu, shanduko dzema stackup uye kutsauka kwakakosha kwemaitiro.
- Ruzivo rwekudhirowa nekugadzira rwakatenderwa rune zvigadziriso zvinoenderana, uye mapurojekiti ePCBA anosanganisira mafaira eBOM neakabatanidzwa anodiwa.
Bvisa dhizaini yekugadzira segwaro rinodzorwa mukati mepakeji yedata rekugadzira. Kutenga, mainjiniya uye kugadzira zvinofanirwa kushanda kubva pakugadziriswa kwakafanana kwakatenderwa. Dhizaini pfupi inogadzirisa zvisarudzo zvakakosha zvekugadzira inobatsira kupfuura gwaro refu rinosiya zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvichivhurika kuti zvidudzirwe.
Ongororo yePCB neUinjiniya hweKugadzira
Pakeji yakakwana yekugadzira inofanira kuratidza kuvakwa kwePCB chaiyo uye chero zvinodiwa zvekubatanidza pasi. Kuverengwa kwezvikamu chete hakuone kana bhodhi iri HDI, uye kwete PCB yega yega ine zvikamu zvitanhatu inoda microvias kana sequential lamination. Magwaro anodiwa anoenderana nekuvakwa kwakasarudzwa, zvirambidzo zvemagetsi uye maitiro akakosha.
Zvinodiwa zveLayer Stackup uye HDI-Specific
Pabhodhi rine ma multilayer kana HDI, tsanangurai kutevedzana kwe copper-layer, kuvakwa kwe dielectric, ukobvu hwakapedzwa uye via connections zvakajeka. Kana dhizaini ikashandisa ma blind kana kuti akavigwa, sarudzai ma connections ari maviri pane kushandisa generic via label. Magadzirirwo ane sequential lamination anofanirawo kuratidza chimiro chaunoda kuvaka uye zvinodiwa zvinoda mvumo.
Magadzirirwo eimpedance anodzorwa anoda hukama hwakaenzana pakati peimpedance yakatarwa, trace geometry, reference plane, dielectric construction uye copper thickness. Taura chinangwa uye tolerance, ratidza mambure akabatwa kana layers, uye ratidza kana kuponi dzeimpedance nemishumo yekuyera zvichidikanwa. Chinodiwa chemagetsi chinofanira kuramba chakajeka apo stackup inokurudzirwa yekugadzira ichiongororwa uye ichibvumidzwa.
Kune mapurojekiti anoshandisa zvidimbu zvitanhatu zvemhangura, hukama hwezvikamu zvitanhatu zve stackup uye impedance-control hwakakosha pakutarisa kana chivakwa chakatenderwa chichienderana nedata rekugadzira. Pakuronga kwakakura kwekutenga, zvinodiwa zvekugadzira nekubatanidza zvePCB zvine zvidimbu zvitanhatu zvinopa mamiriro akakodzera ehurongwa hwakazara hwebhodhi. Izvi zvine chekuita asi zvakasiyana: chimwe chine chekuita nekuvakwa kwezvidimbu, chimwe chine chekuita nepurojekiti yakakura yekugadzira nekugadzira.
Ruzivo rweKugadzira Rupi Rwakakodzera MuPakeji Yekugadzira?
Kana kutenga kuchisanganisira PCB assembly, madhirowa ekugadzira chete haatsananguri PCBA yese. Fine-pitch BGAs, press-fit connectors, castellated interfaces uye nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekubatana zvinogona kuda ma views e assembly, specifications yezvikamu kana mimwe mirairo yekubata. Data rekugadzira ne assembly rinofanira kurongwa pasina kufunga kuti rimwe gwaro rinotsiva rimwe.
Gadzirira BOM, data rekusarudza-uye-nzvimbo kana repakati, dhizaini yekuunganidza uye ruzivo rwakakodzera rwekugadzirisa pamwe chete nemafaira ekugadzira. BOM nedata rekuisa rinodiwa paPCBA zvinobatsira kutsanangura ruzivo runodiwa pakugadzirira kuunganidza. Kana chinongedzo kana chikamu chikaisa zvinodiwa pabhodhi-interface, iva nechokwadi chekuti magwaro emakanika neekuunganidza anobvumirana.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezvemadhirowa Ekugadzira PCB
Mafaira eGerber ega anogona here kutsanangura kuiswa kwegoridhe neminwe?
Mifananidzo yeGerber inogona kuona chimiro chekubatana, asi inogona kusatsanangura zvinodiwa zvepuratifomu, ukobvu, bevel kana kugamuchirwa. Ipa mufananidzo wakajeka wenzvimbo yekubatana uye manotsi akajeka ekupedzisa anoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvakatenderwa.
Ko nzvimbo isina chinhu kana nzvimbo yakadzika inofanira kuyera sei?
Ratidza nzvimbo yechinhu uye geometry, divi remachining, datum, kudzika kana ukobvu hwezvinhu zvasara, tolerance uye chero chinodiwa chakakosha chekubvisa layer. Kuona chikamu kunobatsira kana kudzika kwekucheka kusinganzwisiswe kubva pakuona kwepurani chete. Simbisa nzira yekuyera nemugadziri.
PCB yega yega ine mativi matanhatu inoda dhizaini yakakosha here?
Kwete. Bhodhi remazuva ano rine nhurikidzwa nhanhatu rinogona kutsanangurwa zvakakwana nepakeji yakagadzirwa uye zvirevo zvakatenderwa. Mamwe manzwi ekugadzirisa zvinhu anodiwa kana mifananidzo yenhurikidzwa, data rekuboorera uye zvinyorwa zvakajairwa zvisingataure zvizere mamiriro ekuvaka kana kugamuchirwa anodiwa.
Chii chinofanira kuitika kana mufananidzo nemafaira eGerber zvichipesana?
Gadzirisa musiyano usati waburitswa mukugadzirwa pane kusiya fekitari kuti isarudze murairo wekutevera. Ongororo yeDFM yepurojekiti usati waburitswa mukugadzirwa inogona kubatsira kuona mibvunzo yekugadzirwa uye kunyora nyaya dzinoda kujekeswa. Chero shanduko inokanganisa dhizaini yakatenderwa inofanira kutevedzera maitiro emutengi ekuchinja-chinja.
Kumbira Kugadzirwa kwePCB kana Mutengo wePCBA
Goverana zvakagamuchirwa pakugadziriswa kwekudhirowa, data rekugadzira, kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu, huwandu hweodha uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa zvinhu. Kana uchidawo kuunganidza, isa maBOM nemafaira ekuisa kuitira kuti chiyero chepurojekiti chikwanise kuongororwa pamwe chete.
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Nzira yekuwana sei quote yePCBs
Ngatiite ongororo yeDFM/DFA kwauri tobva tadzoka kwauri nemushumo. Unogona kurodha mafaira ako zvakachengeteka kuburikidza newebhusaiti yedu. Tinoda ruzivo runotevera kuti tikupe mutengo:
-
- Gerber, ODB++, kana .pcb, spec.
- BOM rondedzero kana iwe uchida kusangana
- uwandu
- Kuchinja nguva
Kune masevhisi ePCBA, ndapota ipa BOM yako (Bhiri reZvinhu) uye chero mirairo yegungano. Isu tinopawo DFM/DFA ongororo yekukwidziridza zvigadziriso zvako zvekugadzira uye kusangana, kuve nechokwadi chekuita kwakatsetseka kwekugadzira.