Imithetho Eyisisekelo Eyi-13 Yokuhlelwa Kwe-PCB (kanye Nokwehluleka Okukuvimbelayo)

Isimiso sifakazela ukuthi umqondo ungasebenza; ukwakheka kwe-PCB kunquma ukuthi ngabe kusebenza ngempela uma sekwakhiwe. Uhlu olufanayo lwe-net lungakhiqiza ibhodi elithule, elikhiqizwayo noma elikhipha ukukhanya, elihluleka ngesivinini, elisebenza kahle, futhi eliqoqa amaphutha okuhlanganisa — umehluko usekubekweni nasekuqondisweni ngokuphelele. Imithetho eyishumi nantathu engezansi yileyo onjiniyela bethu abayibona inganakwa kakhulu emiklamo engenayo, ehlelwe ngokulandelana obekungabekwa ibhodi ngempela, futhi eshiwo ngezinombolo eziqondile ezenza zisetshenziswe. Ayikho engavamile; ndawonye, ​​ukwakheka kwe-PCB okuzwakalayo kanye nokwakheka kuvimbela iningi elikhulu lokujikeleza kabusha okungagwenywa.

Okulandelayo kukhombisa lokho ithimba lethu le-DFM kwa-Highleap Electronics elikufunayo lapho libuyekeza ukwakheka komklamo ngaphambi kokwenziwa.

1. Kungani Ukuhlelwa kwe-PCB Kubaluleke Kakhulu Kunohlelo

Inethi ngayinye ebhodini iyisakhiwo esibonakalayo esinokumelana, i-inductance, kanye ne-capacitance, kanye nomsinga wokubuya okumele ufike ekhaya. I-schematic iyakufihla konke lokho; ukwakheka kuyakuveza. Ukuziphatha kwe-electromagnetic, ubuqotho besignali yesivinini esikhulu, ukusebenza kokushisa, ngisho nokukhiqiza kunqunywa ukuthi izingxenye zihlala kuphi nokuthi ithusi lizixhumanisa kanjani - yingakho unjiniyela onolwazi angasindisa umklamo ongaphansi kokwakheka kanti ongenandaba angonakalisa i-schematic enhle. Ukuphatha imikhuba emihle yokwakheka kwe-PCB njengemithetho kunokukhetha yikho okwenza ibhodi libikezelwe kuyo yonke imikhiqizo.

2. Imithetho Yokuhlelwa kwe-PCB 1–7: Uhlelo Lwephansi, Ukusekela, kanye Nogesi

Izinqumo zokuqala — ngaphambi komkhondo owodwa — zabeka umkhawulo wokuthi ibhodi lingaba lihle kangakanani.

Umthetho 1 — Uhlelo lwephansi ngaphambi komzila wakho

Beka izixhumi, izimbobo zokufaka, kanye namabhulokhi asebenzayo ayinhloko kuqala, uqoqe izingxenye ngomsebenzi ukuze amasignali ageleze ohlangothini olulodwa ebhodini. Uhlelo lwephansi oluhleliwe lufinyeza amanethi abalulekile futhi luvimbele umzila ohlangene ophoqa ukuthi uhlehlise kamuva.

Umthetho 2 — Gcina izihibe zamanje zincane

Yonke indlela yesignali kanye namandla yakha iluphu ngokubuya kwayo, futhi indawo yeluphu yiyo ekhipha ukukhanya futhi ethola umsindo. Beka izingxenye kanye nomzila ukuze iluphu ngayinye - ikakhulukazi amasignali asheshayo kanye ne-switching-regulator hot loops - ihlale incane ngangokunokwenzeka; isikali sokukhishwa kwe-radiated nge-lup area.

Umthetho 3 — Nikeza ibhodi indawo eqinile phansi

Indiza eqhubekayo yomhlabathi iyithuluzi elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu lokwakha. Inikeza ukubuyiselwa kwe-impedance ephansi ngqo ngaphansi kwesignali ngayinye, futhi akumelwe uyifake noma uyihlukanise ngaphansi kwemigqa yesivinini esikhulu, ngoba isignali ewela igebe ilahlekelwa yindlela yayo yokubuya, i-impedance yayo iyagxuma, bese ikhipha ukukhanya.

Umthetho 4 — Hlukanisa iphinikhodi

Beka i-capacitor yokuhlukanisa (ngokuvamile engu-0.1 µF, enosayizi wedivayisi) khona kanye ephinini lamandla le-IC ngayinye, ngendlela emfushane, ebanzi eya emandleni kagesi nasemhlabeni, bese uyibuyisela emuva nge-bulk capacitance yebhodi. I-capacitor ebekwe kude, noma exhunywe nge-trace ende encane, yengeza i-inductance futhi ayikwazi ukunikeza ugesi wesikhashana osheshayo odingwa yi-chip.

Umthetho 5 — I-analog ehlukile, idijithali, kanye namandla

Gcina izingxenye zamandla edijithali nezishintshayo zikude ne-analog ebucayi kanye ne-RF, bese uqondisa imisinga yazo yokubuya ukuze umsindo wedijithali ungagelezi emhlabathini we-analog. Hlukanisa ngomsebenzi ohlelweni lwephansi, bese uhlanganisa izindawo endaweni eyodwa, ehlosiwe lapho izingxenye zesignali ezixubile zidinga khona.

Umthetho 6 — Hlela inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amandla

Nikeza isitimela ngasinye indlela yokuvimbela okuphansi: imikhondo ebanzi noma izindiza ezizinikele, ukuxhumanisa okuqinile kwamandla kuya phansi ukuze kube namandla okusebenza phakathi kwendiza, kanye nethusi elanele ukuthi isitimela singagugi ngaphansi komthwalo wesikhashana. Inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amandla ebuthakathaka ibonakala njengeziphazamiso ezibonakala njengeziphazamiso ze-logic.

Umthetho 7 — Sebenzisa izendlalelo ezanele ukwenza imithetho 3–6

Uma ungakwazi ukunikeza ungqimba ngalunye lwesignali indiza yokubhekisela eseduze futhi uphathe izinsimbi zakho ngendlela ehlanzekile, engeza ungqimba lwezingqimba. Ibhodi elinezingqimba ezine elinezingqimba ezifanele livame ukusebenza kangcono kunebhodi elincane elinezingqimba ezimbili, futhi ukwengeza ithusi kushibhile kunezindleko zokuthembeka ze-stackup ethintekile.

3. Imithetho Yokuhlelwa kwe-PCB 8–13: Umzila, Ukuvinjelwa, kanye Nokukhiqiza

Njengoba uhlelo lwephansi kanye nezinhlelo sezilungisiwe, umzila uguqula uhlelo lube yithusi ngaphandle kokulihlehlisa.

Umthetho 8 — Izinkomba zosayizi zamanje nokushisa

Ububanzi be-trace kanye nesisindo sethusi kusetha ukuthi ithwala ugesi ongakanani ukuze kukhuphuke izinga lokushisa elithile, ngokwe- IPC-2152 (kanye ne-IPC-2221 endala). Amandla osayizi kanye nokulandela phansi ngamabomu kunokusebenzisa ububanzi besignali ezenzakalelayo, bese uwandisa lapho ugesi uphezulu khona.

Umthetho 9 — Gcina amanethi asheshayo amafushane, abhekiselwe kuwo, futhi ahambisanayo

Dlulisa izimpawu ezisheshayo zibe mfushane futhi ziqonde, njalo phezu kwendiza yokubhekisela eqhubekayo, bese uchaza i-impedance elawulwayo kuzo ku-stackup (ngokuvamile i-50 Ω eyodwa, umehluko we-90–100 Ω). Amaqembu abalulekile okulinganisa isikhathi kanye nama-differential pair, futhi agcine amawashi nemigqa yesivinini esiphezulu kude nemiphetho yebhodi kanye namanethi azwelayo.

Umthetho 10 — Lawula imiphetho yokukhuluma kanye neyokukhuluma

Sebenzisa umthetho we-3W — isikhala esiphakathi nendawo okungenani ububanzi obuthathu bokulandelela — ukuze unciphise ukuxoxa phakathi kwezindlela ezibucayi ezihambisanayo, kanye nomthetho we -20H wokudonsa izindiza emuva kusuka onqenqemeni lwebhodi ukuze unciphise imisebe yonqenqema. Lezi zindlela ezishibhile zokulawula ukuguquguquka zivimbela ukumangala kwe-EMC okubizayo.

Umthetho 11 — Indlela ene-geometry ehlanzekile

Sebenzisa ukugoba okungu-45° kunokujika okungazelelwe, futhi ugweme ama-engeli abukhali, angabamba i-etchant ngesikhathi sokwenziwa. Gcina ama-vias kude nama-pad ngaphandle kokuthi agcwalisiwe futhi afakwe i-plated, futhi unciphise izinguquko zesendlalelo kuma-fast nets, ngoba i-via ngayinye inezela i-stub kanye ne-discontinuity. Thela futhi uthunge ithusi ngokuhlakanipha — amanothi ethu ekuthungeni kwethusi kanye nasekuthungeni vala ama-vias okuthunga kokubili ukuvikela kanye nokusabalalisa ukushisa.

Umthetho 12 — Phatha indlela yokushisa kanye nomklamo wokuhlanganisa

Nikeza izingxenye ezishisayo ithusi ukuze zisakaze ukushisa, ama-vias okushisa ngaphansi kwama-power pad, kanye nokuxhumeka kokunciphisa ukushisa ezindizeni ukuze ama-pad aqhubeke ehlanganiswa kahle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hlonipha amagceke nesikhala sezingxenye, qondisa izingxenye ezifanayo njalo ukuze kusheshiswe ukuhlolwa, futhi ushiye isikhala sokusebenza kabusha ezingxenyeni ezincane nezixhumi - ukwakheka kuqhuba kokubili ukuthembeka kanye nokukhiqiza kokuhlanganiswa.

Umthetho 13 — Engeza ukufinyelela kokuhlola kanye nomklamo ekhonweni elihle kakhulu

Nikeza izinto eziqinisekisayo zemishini yokubeka, izindawo zokuhlola zokuhlola okungaphakathi kwesekethe noma okusebenzayo, kanye nokugcinwa kwemishini kwezixhumi kanye nezindawo zokuvala — bese uhlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo/isikhala esincane somkhiqizi wakho, indandatho ye-annular, usayizi wokubhoboza, kanye nemikhawulo yokubala ungqimba. Ibhodi elifanele ngokwembono elidlula ikhono lobuciko alinakwenziwa, futhi ukufinyelela kokuhlola okungeziwe kamuva kuvame ukuphoqa ukujikijela kabusha.

4. Amaphutha Okuvamile Okuhlelwa Kwe-PCB Okufanele Uwagweme

Imithetho engenhla ihambisana ngqo nokwehluleka esikubona kakhulu, futhi kusiza ukuqaphela ngayinye ngezimpawu zayo hhayi nje imbangela yayo.

• Ukwehluleka kokukhishwa kwegesi okukhishwe yimisebe ekuhlolweni kwe-EMC ngokuvamile ilandelana iye endaweni ehlukanisiwe noma enezikhala ngaphansi kwezibonakaliso ezisheshayo, noma izindiza ezingadonswanga emuva kusukela onqenqemeni.
• Amaphutha angahleliwe anyamalalayo uma uphenya ngokuvamile ziyi-power-integrity: ukuhlukanisa kude kakhulu ne-chip, noma i-rail egoba ngaphansi komthwalo wesikhashana.
• Ukushisa ngokweqile noma ukwehla kwamandla kagesi esitimeleni kuvela emikhondweni yamandla enobubanzi obuzenzakalelayo engakaze ilinganiswe nomthamo wayo wamanje.
• Isixhumanisi sesivinini esikhulu esingeke sikhiyeke ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi i-impedance ichazwe ngemuva kokusebenzisa i-routing, noma i-differential pair ayikaze ifane ngobude.
• Ibhodi elingenakuvivinywa noma elingenakubekwa ngokunembile kusho ukuthi amaphuzu okuqinisekisa noma okuhlola ashiywe ngaphandle — atholakale sekwephuzile kakhulu ukuthi angalungiswa ngaphandle kokujika.
• I-"asikwazi ukwakha lokhu" yamuva evela kobuhle ikhomba ama-engeli abukhali, isikhala esincane kakhulu, noma isilinganiso se-drill esingenakwenzeka.

Iphethini kuzo zonke iyafana: izindleko zokulandela umthetho ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa zincane, kuyilapho izindleko zokuwuphula ziwukuphinda ujikele, ukwehluleka kwensimu, noma inqwaba elahliwe. Isiyalo sizikhokhela okokuqala lapho sisindisa ukujika kwebhodi.

5. Ukuhlelwa kwe-PCB kanye nokubuyekezwa kwe-DFM e-Highleap

Ngisho nokuhlelwa ngokucophelela kuzuza ngesethi yesibili yamehlo eyazi imingcele yefektri. Uma uthumela umklamo ku-Highleap, onjiniyela bethu baqhuba isibuyekezo samahhala se-DFM ngokumelene nemithetho engenhla kanye nekhono lethu langempela - ukuhlola umkhondo nendawo, indandatho ye-annular, ubukhulu bokubhoboza, i-stackup kanye ne-impedance, ukukhululeka kokushisa, isikhala se-voltage, kanye nokufinyelela kokuhlola - ngaphambi kokuba noma yini yenziwe. Iphuzu akukhona ukuklama kabusha ibhodi lakho kodwa ukubamba izinkinga ezimbalwa ebezizovela njengenkinga yokujikeleza kabusha noma yokukhipha.

Thumela i-Gerbers noma i-ODB++ yakho futhi sizokubuyisela impendulo ethile, esebenzisekayo, bese sihlela futhi sihlanganise isakhiwo obusihlosile. Ukubamba indiza enezikhala noma isikhala esingakhiwe esikrinini akubizi lutho; ukuyithola ngemva kokwakha kokuqala akubizi ithuba.

Thola Isibuyekezo Samahhala se-DFM Sokwakheka Kwakho

6. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Yokuhlelwa Kwe-PCB

Yimuphi umthetho obaluleke kakhulu wokuhlelwa kwe-PCB?

Nikeza ibhodi indawo eqinile, eqhubekayo futhi ungalokothi uliphule ngaphansi kwezibonakaliso zesivinini esikhulu. Ihlinzeka ngendlela yokubuya ene-impedance ephansi ngqo ngaphansi kwayo yonke iminonjana, elawula i-impedance futhi inciphise i-EMI — i-lever eyodwa enkulu kunazo zonke ekwakhiweni.

Kufanele aye kuphi ama-capacitor ahlukanisayo?

Khona kanye ephinini lamandla le-IC ngayinye, enoxhumano olufushane nolubanzi kumandla kanye nezindiza zomhlabathi, olusekelwe yi-bulk capacitance yebhodi. I-capacitor ebekwe kude noma exhunywe nge-trace ende encane yengeza i-inductance futhi ayikwazi ukunikeza i-fast transient current ye-chip.

Kufanele kube banzi kangakanani umkhondo we-PCB?

Ububanzi obanele ukuthwala umsinga wawo ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lokushisa okwamukelekayo, ngokusekelwe esisindweni sethusi, ngokwe-IPC-2152 noma i-IPC-2221. Izimpawu zesignali zingaba zincane, kodwa izimpawu zamandla nomhlabathi kufanele zilinganiswe ngamabomu futhi zinwetshwe lapho umsinga uphezulu khona.

Yimiphi imithetho ye-3W kanye ne-20H?

Umthetho we-3W ubeka izikhala zemikhondo ezwelayo ehambisanayo okungenani ububanzi bemikhondo emithathu, phakathi nendawo, ukuze kuncishiswe ukuxoxa. Umthetho we-20H udonsa amandla nezindiza zomhlabathi emuva kusukela onqenqemeni lwebhodi cishe ngokuphindwe kabili kobukhulu be-dielectric ukuze kuncishiswe imisebe yonqenqema.

Ingabe amakhona okulandela umkhondo angama-degree angu-90 ayinkinga ngempela?

Umphumela we-electromagnetic wamakhona angu-90° mncane kakhulu ngesivinini esikhulu, kodwa ama-engeli abukhali kufanele agwenywe ngoba angabamba i-etchant ngesikhathi sokwenziwa. Umzila onama-bend angu-45° kuyindlela ejwayelekile nehlanzekile.

Kungani ngidinga ama-fiducials kanye namaphuzu okuhlola?

Ama-fiducial avumela imishini yokubeka ukuthi ithole ibhodi ngokunembile, futhi amaphuzu okuhlola avumela ukuhlolwa kwe-in-circuit noma okusebenzayo. Zombili cishe zikhululekile ukuzingeza ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kodwa zivame ukuphoqa ukuthi ziphinde zijikelezwe uma zishiywa ngaphandle futhi zidingeka kamuva.

Zingaki izendlalelo engizidingayo ukuze ngibe nomklamo omuhle?

Kwanele ukunikeza ungqimba ngalunye lwesignali indiza yokubhekisela eseduze nokuthwala iziteshi zakho zamandla. Imiklamo elula isebenza ezingqimbeni ezimbili noma ezine; imiklamo eqinile noma yesivinini esikhulu idinga okungu-6 noma ngaphezulu ukuze imithetho yokumisa kanye neyokuvimbela ingafezwa.