I-Audio DSP: Indlela Esebenza Ngayo, Lokho Ekwenzayo, kanye Nendlela I-PCB Engemuva Kwayo Eyakhiwa Ngayo

Ama-headphone aqeda umsindo enza indlu yendiza inyamalale, insiza yokuzwa engahlukanisa izwi nomsindo wangemuva endaweni yokudlela egcwele abantu, isamukeli semidlalo yasekhaya esihlanganisa iziteshi zomsindo ezinhlanu nezikhulumi eziyishumi nanye ekamelweni esingakaze silizwe ngaphambili - konke lokhu kuyi-DSP yomsindo esebenza. Ukucubungula amasignali edijithali yomsindo bekulokhu kukhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, kodwa okushintshile yilapho kuvela khona. Okwakuvinjelwe kuma-studio okurekhoda ochwepheshe kanye nezindawo zokusakaza manje kusebenza kuma-chips abiza amadola ambalwa, imikhiqizo yangaphakathi esetshenziswa izigidi zabantu nsuku zonke. Amandla okucubungula kanye nobuchwepheshe bama-algorithms kukhule kakhulu; ama-PCB aphethe la ma-chips akhule ngokufanele futhi adinga ukuklama nokwakha. Lesi sihloko siyisiqondiso esiphelele se-DSP yomsindo kusukela ezingeni le-algorithm kuya endaweni yokukhiqiza.

Lokho Okwenziwa Yi-Audio DSP Ngempela

Kalula nje, i-DSP yomsindo iphakathi kweketanga lesignali yomsindo. I-converter ye-analog-to-digital (ADC) ihlola umsindo ongenayo — ngokuvamile ku-44.1 kHz, 48 kHz, 96 kHz, noma 192 kHz kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza — iguqula i-waveform eqhubekayo ibe umfudlana wezinombolo. I-DSP ithola lezo zinombolo, yenza imisebenzi yezibalo kuzo, futhi ikhiqize umfudlana omusha wezinombolo ezimele umsindo ocutshunguliwe. I-converter yedijithali-to-analog (DAC) iguqula lezo zinombolo zibe isignali ye-analog yokukhulisa nokukhiqiza kabusha. Ukuze kukhiqizwe ibhodi lesekethe lesistimu ye-karaoke , okokufaka kwemakrofoni, umzila we-DSP kanye nezixhumi ze-amplifier zidinga ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kokufakwa phansi kanye nokuhlanganiswa.

Isisho esiyinhloko yisikhathi sangempela . Ngokungafani nokucutshungulwa komsindo okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi — okunikeza umphumela ku-DAW, isibonelo — i-DSP yomsindo kumele icubungule isampula ngayinye ngaphakathi kwefasitela lesikhathi esinqunyiwe: isikhathi esisodwa sokusampula. Ku-48 kHz lokho kungaba cishe ama-microsecond angu-20.8 ngesampula ngayinye. Umsebenzi we-DSP core ukuqedela wonke ama-algorithms ayo azo zonke iziteshi ngaphakathi kwalelo fasitela, kusampula ngayinye, unomphela, ngaphandle kokuphuthelwa yisikhathi esibekiwe. Lo mkhawulo wesikhathi sangempela yingakho ama-DSP omsindo enezici zokwakha — ihadiwe ezinikele yokuqoqana, ama-loop angaphezulu kwe-zero, i-I/O ehleliwe yehadiwe — ezenza zisebenze kahle kakhulu kulo msebenzi othile kune-CPU ejwayelekile.

Okushiwo "ukucubungula" empeleni kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa:

• Kuhlelo lwe-loudspeaker, i-DSP ihlukanisa umsindo ube amabhendi emvamisa bese ihambisa ibhendi ngayinye kumshayeli ofanele, isebenzise ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi ukuze ivumelanise ingaphambili le-wavefront yomshayeli ngamunye, futhi ikhawulele ukuphuma ukuze ivikele abashayeli ekudluleni ngokweqile.
• Ku-headphone esusa umsindo, i-DSP ithatha isignali yemakrofoni ngaphandle kwe-earcup, iyiguqule futhi iyibambezele, bese iyifaka esignalini yomsindo ukuze ikhansele umsindo ozungezile nge-acoustic.
• Ku-hearing aid, i-DSP icindezela ububanzi obuguquguqukayo ukuze imisindo ethambile izwakale ngaphandle kwemisindo ephezulu engakhululeki, isebenzise ukuhlunga okuqondisiwe ukuze kugcizelelwe isignali phambi komuntu oyigqokile, futhi ivimbele impendulo phakathi kwemakrofoni nomamukeli.
• Ku-console yesitudiyo sokuqopha, i-DSP isebenzisa ukulingana kwe-parametric esiteshini ngasinye, isebenzisa ukucindezela nokukhawulela ama-band amaningi, yengeza imiphumela ye-reverb kanye ne-delayer, futhi ihambisa amasignali kumabhasi amaningi okukhiphayo - ngasikhathi sinye, eziteshini eziningi.

Ngayinye yalezi ziyisethi ehlukile yama-algorithms, kodwa zonke zabelana ngesakhiwo esifanayo esiyisisekelo: i-DSP core, okokufaka kwe-ADC, okuphumayo kwe-DAC, kanye nesidingo sokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Imiphumela yokuklama kwe-PCB yalesi sakhiwo iyisihloko sezingxenye zakamuva zalesi sihloko.

Ama-algorithm e-Core Audio DSP

Audio DSP algorithms fall into a few practical groups: shaping sound, controlling speaker behavior, improving voice clarity, and creating spatial effects. Together, they define how much processing power an audio I-chip ye-DSP izidingo.

Amaqembu E-Algorithm Ayisihluthulelo

• Ukubumba umsindo: Izihlungi ze-FIR ne-IIR, i-parametric EQ, i-graphic EQ, kanye nokulungiswa kwegumbi kulungisa ibhalansi yemvamisa, ukuziphatha kwesigaba, kanye nokunemba kwethoni.
• Ukulawula isipikha: Ama-crossover edijithali, ukubambezeleka, ukukhawulela, kanye ne-EQ yomshayeli ngamunye kusiza ukuhambisa umsindo kumshayeli wesipikha ofanele ngenkathi kuvikela uhlelo.
• Ukulawula ileveli: Ama-compressor, ama-limiter, ama-expander, kanye namasango omsindo aphatha umsindo futhi avimbele ukuphazamiseka noma ukulayisha ngokweqile.
• Ukucubungula izwi: Ukukhanselwa kwe-echo kanye nokunciphisa umsindo kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yocingo ngokunciphisa impendulo, umsindo wegumbi, kanye nomsindo wangemuva ongafuneki.
• Ukucutshungulwa kwendawo: I-HRTF, i-Dolby Atmos, i-DTS:X, kanye nokulungiswa kwegumbi okuthuthukisiwe kudala umuzwa onamandla wesikhala, isiqondiso, kanye nokucwiliswa.

Empeleni, le misebenzi ivame ukusebenza ndawonye. Isipikha esihlakaniphile, isibonelo, singasebenzisa i-EQ, ukuhlunga okuhambayo, ukukhawulela, ukukhansela i-echo, kanye nokunciphisa umsindo ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Indlela Lawa Ma-algorithm Athinta Ngayo Ukukhethwa Kwe-Chip

Iphuzu eliyinhloko elibalulekile lilula: uma ukucubungula umsindo kuguquguquka kakhudlwana, kusebenzisa iziteshi eziningi, noma indawo, kulapho i-chip ye-DSP kumele ibe namandla kakhudlwana khona.

Izicelo ze-Audio DSP Kuzo Zonke Izimboni

Ama-DSP omsindo asetshenziswa noma kuphi lapho umsindo udinga ukuhlanzwa, ukulolongwa, ukuvikelwa, noma ukulawulwa kwendawo. Umthwalo womsebenzi uyahlukahluka ngohlobo lomkhiqizo: amanye amadivayisi abeka phambili amandla aphansi kanye nosayizi omncane, kuyilapho amanye edinga ukubalwa kweziteshi okuphezulu, ukubambezeleka okuphansi, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwesikhathi sangempela okuthuthukisiwe.

Izindawo Zokusebenza Eziyinhloko

Umklamo we-Audio DSP PCB: Inselele Yesignali Exubile

I-PCB ye-DSP yomsindo ngokwemvelo iyidizayini yesignali exubile: iqukethe kokubili i-analog circuitry ephezulu (izigaba zokufaka ze-ADC, izihlungi zokukhipha ze-DAC, ama-amplifiers okufaka umsindo) anquma isilinganiso sesignali kuya komsindo sesistimu, kanye ne-digital switching circuitry (i-DSP core, iwashi, i-memory interfaces) ekhiqiza umsindo kuma-harmonics emvamisa yewashi. Inselele eyisisekelo yokuklama ukuvimbela umsindo wedijithali ukuthi ungafinyeleli esigabeni se-analog - ngoba ukwehla kwephansi lomsindo i-oscilloscope engase ingakubonisi ngokucacile kuzwakala kumongo womsindo. Ukuzwa komuntu kungabona izinto zobuciko ezingama-90–120 dB ngaphansi kwezinga lesignali; lokhu akuyona indawo ethethelelayo yokuklama nge-elekthronikhi.

Ukuhlela phansi: isinqumo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu sokuhlelwa

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunciphisa umsindo ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba. Uma i-ADC, i-DAC, ama-amplifier okufaka i-analog, kanye nezimpawu zesignali yomsindo zibekwe endaweni eyodwa ebhodini - indawo ye-analog - futhi i-chip ye-DSP, inkumbulo yedijithali, i-oscillator yewashi, kanye ne-switching regulator zibekwe endaweni ehlukile - indawo yedijithali - imisinga yomhlaba evela ekushintsheni kwedijithali ihlala ngokwemvelo endaweni yedijithali ngaphandle kokugeleza endleleni yomhlaba yesigaba se-analog. Uma uhlelo lwephansi selulungile, yonke eminye inqubo yokunciphisa umsindo isebenza kangcono ngoba ayinakho okuningi okufanele ikwenze. Ukuguqula lesi sinqumo - ukubeka i-chip ye-DSP eduze kwesigaba sokufaka se-ADC, isibonelo - kwenza ukusebenza komsindo weketanga lesignali ye-analog kube nzima kakhulu ukulubuyisela kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yonke ingxenye yokwakheka yenziwe ngokucophelela kangakanani.

Imithetho yokuhlela phansi yama-PCB e-DSP alalelwayo:

• Beka ingxenye yokufaka ye-analog — isixhumi, isihlungi sokufaka, noma iyiphi i-preamp, kanye ne-ADC — ndawonye, ​​kude ne-chip ye-DSP kanye ne-circuitry yewashi.
• Beka i-DAC kanye nesihlungi sokukhipha ndawonye ohlangothini lwe-analog, uqondise ukuphuma kwe-analog kude ne-DSP ngaphambi kokufinyelela kunoma yisiphi isixhumi noma i-amplifier yokukhipha.
• I-chip ye-DSP, ama-capacitor ayo okuhlukanisa, i-oscillator yewashi, nanoma iyiphi i-SPI flash noma i-EEPROM ehambisanayo iya endaweni yedijithali.
• Ingxenye yokunikezwa kwamandla — ikakhulukazi noma yimuphi umlawuli wokushintsha — iya emngceleni webhodi, kude nemizila yesignali ye-analog neyedijithali, ene-inductor yayo kanye ne-switch node eqondiswe ukuze i-magnetic flux ingahlangani nezimpawu eziseduze.
• Uma isikhombikubona somsindo sedijithali se-I²S noma se-TDM sixhuma i-DSP kwi-codec yangaphandle, hambisa leyo sixhumanisi endaweni engathathi hlangothi phakathi kwezingxenye ze-analog nezedijithali kunokuba udlule kunoma yisiphi isigaba.

Imithetho yokuqondisa isignali yamabhodi e-DSP omsindo

Izimpawu zomsindo we-analog ziyizibonakaliso ezibaluleke kakhulu okufanele zivikelwe. Kufanele zibe zimfushane, ziqondiswe kude newashi kanye nama-harmonics alo, futhi zingasondeli eduze kwezimpawu zokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu. Izimpawu zewashi ledijithali — okuhlanganisa izimpawu ze-MCLK kanye ne-BCLK ze-interfaces ze-I²S — zikhanya ngemvamisa yazo eyisisekelo kanye nama-harmonics futhi kufanele ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo ne-crystal oscillator: zimfushane, ziqashwe, futhi zisesendlalelo sangaphakathi esine-reference plane ngaphezulu nangaphansi lapho kungenzeka khona. Uhlu olujwayelekile lwezindlela zokuqondisa amabhodi e-DSP omsindo: gcina izindlela zomsindo we-analog zimfushane ngangokunokwenzeka; gcina imigqa yewashi kude nezindlela ze-analog; ukuxhumeka kokunikezwa kwamandla emzileni sekwephuzile ngangokunokwenzeka (ngemuva kokuthi konke ukuqondisa kwesignali sekuqediwe).

Ukumisa, Amapulani, kanye Nokuhlukanisa Ama-PCB e-Audio DSP

Ngomklamo we-PCB we-DSP yomsindo, indlela ephephile ngokuvamile iwuhlelo olulodwa oluqhubekayo lomhlaba olunezindawo ezicacile ze-analog kanye nezindawo zedijithali. Lokhu kugwema ingozi ye-EMI edalwa yizindiza zomhlaba ezihlukanisiwe ngenkathi kusalawulwa amaza okubuya.

Izimiso Zokuhlela

• Sebenzisa indiza eyodwa yomhlabathi eqinile: Inikeza isignali ngayinye indlela emfushane, ephansi yokubuya kwe-impedance.
• Hlukanisa ngokubeka, hhayi ngokusika ithusi: Gcina amasekethe e-analog endaweni ye-analog kanye namasekethe edijithali endaweni yedijithali.
• Gwema umzila onqamula izikhala zendiza: Ukuhlukana noma i-slot kungaphoqa ugesi wokubuyela emuva ku-loop enkulu futhi kwandise i-EMI.
• Lawula izindawo zokuwela: Izimpawu ezifana ne-I²S kufanele ziwele phakathi kwezindawo endaweni eyodwa echaziwe.
• Engeza ngokuthunga lapho kudingeka khona: Ama-vias angaphansi komhlaba angasiza ekulawuleni umsindo futhi athuthukise ukuvikela ezingxenyeni ezibucayi ze-analog.

Umklamo Wokunikezwa Kwamandla Kwamabhodi E-DSP Omsindo Ophansi

Ibhodi le-DSP lomsindo lidinga kokubili amandla edijithali asebenzayo kanye namandla e-analog ahlanzekile. Ukwakheka kwamandla kufanele kuqhubeke nokushintsha umsindo kude nama-ADC, ama-DAC, amawashi, kanye nemizila yomsindo we-analog.

Isifinyezo Somklamo Wamandla

Isakhiwo se-ADC ne-DAC kuma-Audio DSP PCB

I-ADC ne-DAC ziyizixhumanisi phakathi kwezwe lomsindo we-analog kanye nesizinda sedijithali se-DSP. Ukubekwa kwazo, ukwakheka kokuhlinzeka, kanye nokuhanjiswa kwezimpawu zokufaka nezokukhipha kunomthelela oqondile esilinganisweni sesignali kuya komsindo sesistimu yomsindo, ububanzi obuguqukayo, kanye nokusebenza kokuphazamiseka.

Ukubekwa kanye nokuhanjiswa kwesihlungi esilwa nokungahloniphi

Ngaphambi kokufaka kwe-ADC, isihlungi esilwa nokungahlanganisi - isihlungi esidlula kancane esisusa noma yikuphi okuqukethwe kwesignali okungaphezu kwemvamisa ye-Nyquist (isigamu sesilinganiso sesampula) - siyadingeka ukuvimbela izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokungahlanganisi. Ngesilinganiso sesampula esingu-48 kHz, isihlungi esilwa nokungahlanganisi kumele sinciphise kakhulu amasignali angaphezu kuka-24 kHz. Izingxenye zesihlungi (ama-resistor nama-capacitor esihlungi se-RC, noma i-op-amp kanye nezingxenye ezingasebenzi ze-topology esebenzayo ye-Sallen-Key noma i-MFB) zihlala ngokushesha ngaphambi kwephini yokufaka ye-analog ye-ADC futhi kufanele ziqondiswe ngezimpawu ezimfushane ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthathwa kokuphazamiseka kwemvamisa ephezulu. Uma isignali yokufaka ivela ekugijimeni okude kwe-trace kusuka kusixhumi, leyo trace isebenza njenge-antenna; ukubeka isihlungi se-RC eduze kokufaka kwesixhumi kunciphisa amandla afinyelela ku-ADC.

Isihlungi sokukhipha se-DAC kanye nesigaba sokukhipha

Umphumela we-DAC uwuhlobo lwegagasi oluhamba kancane — lushintsha ngokugxuma okuhlukile ngesilinganiso sesampula, futhi luqukethe izinto zobuciko zesithombe kuma-harmonics esilinganiso sesampula okumele sisuswe yisihlungi sokwakha kabusha ngaphambi kokuba isignali ifinyelele ku-amplifier noma isixhumi. Isihlungi sokwakha kabusha (ngokuvamile i-RC engasebenzi noma isihlungi se-op-amp esisebenzayo) sihlala ngokushesha ngemva kwephini lokukhipha le-DAC, endaweni ye-analog. I-amplifier yokukhipha — i-op-amp buffer noma umshayeli we-class-D — iyasilandela. Ukuhambisa umphumela we-DAC kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yendawo yedijithali phakathi kwe-DAC nesihlungi kudala ithuba lokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwemvamisa yewashi kufakwe kusignali ye-analog; lokhu kumele kugwenywe ngokugcina yonke indlela yokukhipha ye-DAC endaweni ye-analog kusukela kuphini le-DAC kuya kusixhumi sokukhipha.

Izindlela zesignali ezihlukile zama-ADC nama-DAC asebenza kahle kakhulu

Ama-ADC omsindo asebenza kahle kakhulu nama-DAC asebenzisa izindlela zesignali ezihlukile — izimpawu ezimbili ezihambisanayo ezithwala umsindo, kunesignali enesiphetho esisodwa ebhekiselwe emhlabathini. Ukubonisana okuhlukile kunikeza ukwenqatshwa komsindo wemodi evamile: noma yimuphi umsindo ohlanganiswe ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izindlela uyasuswa ekufakweni okwamukelwayo. Yingakho izixhumi zomsindo zobungcweti zisebenzisa ukuxhumana okulinganiselayo (i-XLR, i-TRS ene-tip-ring-sleeve), nokuthi kungani umzila we-PCB trace wendlela yesignali ye-analog ebhodini le-DSP lomsindo eliphezulu uhambisa isignali njenge-differential pair kusukela kusixhumi sokufaka kuya ekufakweni kwe-ADC, kanye nokusuka kokukhipha kwe-DAC kuya kusixhumi sokukhipha. Ukugcina ubude obulinganayo, ububanzi bokulandelela obulinganayo, kanye ne-geometry yomzila obulinganayo phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili ku-differential pair kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwenqatshwa kwemodi evamile — kubaluleke njengakuma-differential pair edijithali asheshayo, kodwa ngezizathu eziphambene (ukungavikeleki komsindo kunobuqotho besignali).

Iwashi nokujikijela: kungani ukusebenza kwe-ADC yomsindo ne-DAC kuncike kwikhwalithi yewashi le-PCB

Iwashi lesampula elilawula lapho i-ADC isampula okokufaka kwe-analog nalapho i-DAC ibuyekeza ukuphuma kwayo kumele lizinze kakhulu. Ukujikijela kwewashi — ukushintshashintsha kwesikhathi semiphetho yewashi — kuguquka ngqo kube umsindo kusignali eguquliwe yindlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-aperture jitter. Ku-DAC engama-24-bit esebenza kusignali engu-20 kHz egcwele, ukujikijela kwe-aperture okudingekayo ukugcina umsindo we-jitter ungaphansi kwephansi lomsindo we-quantization kungaphansi kwe-1 ps RMS. Lokhu kungenzeka nge-VCXO noma i-TCXO oscillator enhle kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-PCB okucophelelayo — ama-trace amafushane ewashi, ukutholakala okuhlanzekile kwe-oscillator, akukho umzila eduze kwezilawuli zokushintsha — kodwa kulula ukuwohloka ngokukhetha okungalungile kwesakhiwo. Ama-converter esilinganiso sesampula angavumelani (ama-ASRC) asetshenziswa kweminye imiklamo ngokuqondile ukuze aphinde ashintshe idatha yomsindo kusuka kuwashi lendawo elijikijela kancane, asuse ukuncika kwikhwalithi ye-jitter yewashi engenayo.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlanganiswa Kwe-Audio DSP PCB e-Highleap Electronics

I-Highleap Electronics iyifektri yokukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa i-PCB. Amabhodi e-Audio DSP amelela isigaba esiwakha njalo — kusukela kumabhodi okulawula isandisi-zwi esisebenzayo esincane kanye nama-PCB ezinsimbi zokuzwa ngokusebenzisa amamojula e-DSP omsindo wezimoto kanye namakhadi okuxhumana omsindo ochwepheshe ngevolumu. Izidingo zokukhiqiza zamabhodi e-Audio DSP zinezici ezithile ezingadingi ukukhiqizwa kwe-PCB okujwayelekile ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa okucacile.

Izidingo zokwenziwa eziqondene namabhodi e-DSP alalelwayo

Imfuneko yokulawulwa kwe-impedance kumabhodi e-audio DSP ihlukile kumklamo wedijithali kuphela. Ngenkathi ibhodi ledijithali lidinga kakhulu i-impedance elawulwayo yezixhumi zalo zedijithali ezisheshayo (i-DDR, i-PCIe), ibhodi lomsindo linesidingo esengeziwe se-impedance ye-analog: ukulandelwa komsindo we-analog kusuka kuzixhumi zokufaka kuya ku-ADC, kanye nokusuka ku-DAC kuya kuzixhumi zokukhipha, kudingeka kugcinwe ukuvinjelwa komthombo ocacisiwe kanye nomthwalo ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukahluka kwempendulo yemvamisa okuzwakalayo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-stack-up kumele kubhekele kokubili izidingo ze-analog kanye ne-digital impedance - okungase kudinge ububanzi obuhlukene be-trace ezingqimbeni ezahlukene. Sinikeza izibalo ze-stack-up eziqinisekisiwe sisebenzisa amanani angempela e-laminate Dk avela enkambisweni yethu yokukhiqiza kuyo yonke idizayini ye-impedance elawulwayo, kufaka phakathi amabhodi e-audio DSP.

Ikhwalithi yendiza yomhlaba ibaluleke kakhulu emabhodini omsindo. Noma yikuphi ukususwa kwethusi okungajwayelekile, okuvulekile, noma okungajwayelekile kusuka kungqimba yendiza yomhlaba ngaphansi kwesigaba sesignali ye-analog - okubangelwa ukuvuleka, ukuhlela phansi okungekuhle, noma ukuphathwa kokuthululwa kwethusi ngokunganaki - kuphazamisa indlela yamanje yokubuya kwesignali ye-analog ebucayi futhi kuphakamisa umsindo phansi. Ukubuyekezwa kwethu kwangaphambi kokwenziwa kwe-DFM kuhlola ukuqhubeka kwendiza yomhlaba esigabeni se-analog njengento ethile yokuhlola yemiklamo yomsindo, hhayi ukuhlolwa kokugcwalisa indiza okujwayelekile.

Kumabhodi e-DSP omsindo wezimoto, imininingwane yokwenziwa kumele ibhekane nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Izinto ze-laminate ezinokushisa okuphezulu ezifanelana nezidingo zomjikelezo wokushisa womkhiqizo (ISOLA 370HR noma okulingana nakho lapho i-FR-4 ejwayelekile inganele).
• Ukuhambisana kwengubo ehlanganisiwe — amabhodi ezimoto avame ukumbozwa ngendlela efanayo ngemva kokuhlanganiswa, okudinga ukuqedwa okufanele kwendawo kanye nemininingwane yokususwa kwezingxenye.
• Ukuphela kobuso obusezingeni lokushisa elide — I-ENIG (i-Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) ikhethwa kakhulu kune-HASL ekusetshenzisweni kwezimoto lapho ukushintshwa kwe-solder kumele kuhlale kufana phakathi nokuphila komkhiqizo.

Izinto okufanele uzicabangele ekuhlanganiseni amabhodi e-DSP alalelwayo

I-ADAU1701 kuphakheji yayo engu-48-LQFP iyisakhi se-SMT esifinyeleleka kalula — umzimba ongu-7 mm × 7 mm one-lead pitch engu-0.5 mm, ngaphakathi kwamandla emishini ejwayelekile ye-SMT engenazo izidingo ezikhethekile zenqubo. I-ADAU1452 kuphakheji yayo engu-144-TQFP kanye nezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-BGA zomndeni we-SHARC zidinga ukunemba kokubekwa okuhle futhi, kuma-BGA, ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray ngemuva kokugeleza kabusha njengokujwayelekile — isiyalo esifanayo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-BGA esichazwe esihlokweni sethu se-DSP Chip PCB siyasebenza lapha.

Izingxenye ezingasebenzi zesigaba se-analog zifanelwe ukunakekelwa esigabeni sokuhlanganiswa. Ama-capacitor esihlungi alwa nokungahlanganisi, ama-capacitor esihlungi esiphumayo se-DAC, kanye ne-supply dracoupling ceramics ze-ADC ne-DAC kufanele ziqinisekiswe ukuze kutholakale ukuqondiswa okulungile (lapho i-polarity ibalulekile khona) kanye nokubekezelelana kwenani - i-capacitor engu-1% endaweni ebalulekile yesihlungi somsindo ekhiqiza iphutha lempendulo yemvamisa ingenye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu zokusebenza kwebhodi lomsindo ezidlula ukuhlolwa kukagesi okulula kokungahambi kodwa zikhiqiza imibala ezwakalayo. Ukuhlolwa kwethu kokukhiqiza kwamabhodi e-audio DSP kufaka phakathi ukuqinisekiswa kukagesi kwe-at-frequency kweketanga lesignali ye-analog lapho ikhasimende linikeza ama-test vectors kanye nezindlela zokupasa/zokwehluleka, hhayi nje kuphela ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kanye nokuba khona kwezingxenye.

Kumabhodi e-DSP okusiza ukuzwa kanye nawomsindo ogqokwayo — lapho i-PCB ingaba umklamo oqinile noma omncane kakhulu onezingxenye ze-0201 kanye ne-01005 — inqubo yokuhlanganisa idinga imishini kanye nesiyalo somsebenzisi esihlukile ekuhlanganisweni okujwayelekile kwama-elekthronikhi kwabathengi. Siphatha lezi zakhiwo njengezinhlelo ezikhethekile ezinenqubo ezinikele yokusetha kanye nokuhlolwa kwesihloko sokuqala ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwenani lokukhiqiza.

Ukuthola izingxenye zezinhlelo ze-DSP zomsindo

Izinhlelo ze-Audio DSP zincike ezingxenyeni ezibhekana nezingqinamba zokuhlinzeka ngezinye izikhathi: I-ADAU1701 kanye ne-ADAU1452 ziye zabhekana nezikhathi zokuhola zamasonto angu-20-52 ngesikhathi sokufunwa kakhulu; ama-crystal oscillator kanye nama-capacitor omsindo anembile (izinhlobo zefilimu kanye ne-NP0/C0G) ngokufanayo aqina ekuhlinzekeni ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwesidingo. Insizakalo yethu yokuthola izingxenye ithola ama-chip e-DSP kanye nezingxenye ze-analog ezihlobene ngeziteshi zokusabalalisa ezigunyaziwe. Ngezinhlelo ezinezibopho zokukhiqiza ezinde, seluleka ngamasu esitokwe sokuphepha ukuze kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa kuqhubeka phakathi nokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzeka.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wakha uhlobo lokuqala lwesikhulumi esisebenzayo esine-ADAU1701 enkabeni yaso, ukhulisa i-earphone ye-Bluetooth DSP ukuze ikhiqize ivolumu, noma uletha imodyuli yokucubungula umsindo wezimoto efektri okokuqala, indlela yokuklama-kuya-ekukhiqizeni iqala ngokubuyekezwa kwe-DFM okuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhodi liyakhiqizwa nokuthi uhlelo lwephansi lwesignali exubile lulungile ngaphambi kokuba ibhodi lokuqala lenziwe. Lokho kubuyekezwa kumahhala, futhi kuyingxenye engabizi kakhulu yenqubo yokukhiqiza.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Nge-Audio DSP

Iyiphi i-chip ye-DSP yomsindo ethandwa kakhulu yamaphrojekthi e-DIY kanye nawafakiwe?

Amadivayisi e-Analog ADAU1701 iyi-DSP yomsindo esetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe kanye nokukhetha okuthandwayo kwamaphrojekthi ezipikha ezisebenzayo ze-DIY. Ihlanganisa i-core ye-DSP engu-28/56-bit, ama-ADC amabili, ama-DAC amane, kanye nezixhumi ze-I²S/SPI ku-chip eyodwa, isebenza yodwa kusuka ku-EEPROM yangaphandle, futhi ihlelwe ngemidwebo kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yamahhala ye-SigmaStudio ye-Analog Devices ngaphandle kokubhala ikhodi. I-ADAU1452 iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuklama edinga amandla amaningi okucubungula noma iziteshi eziningi ze-I/O.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-audio DSP ne-amplifier evamile?

I-amplifier ishintsha izinga lesignali yomsindo — iyenza ibe nomsindo omkhulu noma iyifanise ne-load impedance. I-DSP yomsindo icubungula isignali ngokwezibalo: ingashintsha okuqukethwe kwayo kwemvamisa (ukulinganisa), ishintshe ububanzi bayo obuguquguqukayo (ukucindezela/ukukhawulela), iyihlukanise ibe amabhendi emvamisa (ukweqa), ilinganise futhi ikhansele umsindo (i-ANC), yengeze imiphumela yendawo, futhi isebenzise ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi. Izinhlelo eziningi zomsindo zanamuhla zisebenzisa kokubili: i-DSP ukucubungula isignali kanye ne-amplifier ukushayela izikhulumi. Imikhiqizo eminingi yomsindo ehlanganisiwe ihlangana kokubili ku-PCB efanayo.

Kuyini ukukhanselwa komsindo okusebenzayo futhi i-DSP ikwenza kanjani lokhu?

Ukukhanselwa komsindo okusebenzayo (i-ANC) kusebenzisa imakrofoni ukusampula umsindo ngaphambi kokuba ufike endlebeni yomlaleli, kuguqula isigaba salowo msindo othathwe isampula (ukuphindaphinda isampula ngayinye ngo-−1), bese kunezela isignali eguquliwe kumphumela womsindo. Lapho umsindo oguquliwe ufika endlebeni ngesikhathi esisodwa nomsindo wokuqala ofika emoyeni, laba ababili bayakhansela - kunciphisa izinga lomsindo elibonwayo ngo-25-40 dB kokuqukethwe okunemvamisa ephansi. I-DSP iphatha ukuguqulwa, ukulungiswa kokulibaziseka (ukuze isignali eguquliwe ifike ngesikhathi esifanele), kanye nama-algorithms aguquguqukayo abuyekeza isignali yokukhansela njengoba indawo yomsindo ishintsha. Konke lokhu kusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela ngesilinganiso sokuthola isampula yomsindo; kusebenza kuphela ku-DSP core ezinikele ngoba i-CPU yenhloso ejwayelekile ingadla amandla amaningi kakhulu empilweni yebhethri edingwa yi-headphone.