Iyini i-Communication Network PCB?

Ingqikithi Yamanethiwekhi Okuxhumana

Emkhakheni wokuguquguquka kwenhlangano, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana athatha indima enkulu. Lawa manethiwekhi ahlanganisa ukucutshungulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinqubo namasu asetshenziswa amalungu enhlangano ukuze kube lula ukudluliswa kolwazi olubalulekile ezindaweni ezimisiwe zenhlangano. Zisebenza njengomgogodla lapho ukucobelelana ngolwazi kuncike khona, zinikeza isisekelo esiqinisekisayo nesibalulekile.

Emgogodleni wawo, umqondo wenethiwekhi yokuxhumana uchaza izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho ulwazi lugeleza kahle ngaphakathi kwenhlangano ethile. Ihlanganisa indlela ehlelwe ngokucophelela ekhuthaza ukuxhumana okuvumelanayo nokusebenzayo phakathi kwamalungu abasebenzi noma ithimba.

Ekuphishekeleni izinhloso zabo, amabhizinisi azithola enqamula inqwaba yezindlela zokuxhumana, ngayinye iklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze ivumelane nezinhloso ezihlukile, zonke zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwebhizinisi kanye nokwenza inzuzo. Eminye imilayezo ayidingi lutho ngaphandle kwezimemezelo ezisheshayo nezimfushane ezivela kubaphathi abaphezulu, kuyilapho eminye, njengokuxazulula izinkinga ngokubambisana nokucela imibono yabasebenzi, ifuna indlela yokusebenzisana kakhulu nokubamba iqhaza.

Ungakwazi yini ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukusebenza endaweni yenhlangano edidwe ukungaqondakali nokuguquguquka kwezokuxhumana? Wake wacabanga nge-mosaic eyinkimbinkimbi yezindlela zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa ibhizinisi lakho? Umsuka wanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elithuthukayo usekukwazini kwalo ukusungula uhlaka oluqinile noluthembekile lokudlulisa izinqumo kanye nokusabalalisa ulwazi olubalulekile.

Indlela abasebenzi abahlanganyela ngayo ezingxoxweni ngaphakathi kwenhlangano ihlanganiswe negama elithi “inethiwekhi yokuxhumana.” Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo zikhona, ngayinye iklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze ivumelane namandla athile enhlangano. Phakathi kwazo kukhona inethiwekhi yamasondo, inethiwekhi yombuthano, inethiwekhi yamaketanga, kanye nenethiwekhi yeziteshi zonke, ngayinye yethula izinzuzo nezinselelo ezihlukile ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nokusebenzisana.

Izinhlobo zamanethiwekhi okuxhumana

Amanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene okuxhumana avame ukutholakala ezinhlanganweni ezahlukene, ngayinye isebenzela izinjongo ezithile futhi ikhuthaza izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana. Nazi ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zamanethiwekhi okuxhumana:

Inethiwekhi Emile

Incazelo: Le nethiwekhi ingabhekwa njengesakhiwo sokuxhumana esisemthethweni, esilungele ukuxhumana kwabasebenzi kuwo wonke amazinga ahlukahlukene e-hierarchical. Isibonelo, kusiza ukuxhumana phakathi komphathi osesikhundleni esiphezulu nesisebenzi esisezingeni eliphansi.

Izici: Ivumela ukuxhumana okubili ngempendulo esheshayo ngenxa yokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabasebenzi nabaphathi babo. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okungaxhumani kahle.

Inethiwekhi Yesifunda

Incazelo: Kulolu hlobo lwenethiwekhi, abantu ababili noma ama-node baxhumana ngokuqhubekayo. I-node eyodwa ithumela imilayezo, kuyilapho enye iphendula, idala isifunda esiqhubekayo noma iluphu yokuxhumana.

Izici: Ukuxhumana kuhlanganisa abantu ababili abathumelelana imilayezo nempendulo, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kweleveli ye-hierarchical efanayo. Ngokungafani ne-Vertical Network, evumela ukuxhumana okubili nempendulo.

Inethiwekhi ye-Spoke ne-Wheel

Incazelo: Kufana nokuxhumana okuqondile, kodwa kuhilela abantu abaningi abaxhumana nomuntu oyedwa omaphakathi noma umuntu oyedwa. Kule nethiwekhi, isiphathimandla esimaphakathi sidlulisela iziqondiso nemiyalo kubasebenzi abambalwa abangaphansi.

Izici: Lokhu kudala umugqa oqondile wokuxhumana phakathi kweziphathimandla eziphezulu nabasebenzi, okuthuthukisa ukuxhumana uma kuqhathaniswa nochungechunge lomyalo. Kodwa-ke, kungaholela ekuphathweni okuncane ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bokuxhumana.

Inethiwekhi Yomjikelezo

Incazelo: Inethiwekhi yombuthano ibonakala ngezingxoxo ezivulekile kanye nethuba labo bonke ababambiqhaza ukuveza ukukhathazeka nemibono yabo. Ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana kanye nendawo yokubambisana, bonke ababambiqhaza banokuma okulinganayo.

Izici: Ngokuvamile, bonke ababambiqhaza basezingeni elifanayo noma elifanayo le-hierarchical, okuholela ekuxhumaneni okuvundlile. Amanethiwekhi wombuthano avame ukutholakala ezinhlanganweni ezifana namakilabhu abafundi, amaqembu amavolontiya, amabhendi, namakilabhu ezincwadi, lapho amalungu enezibopho ezilinganayo noma ahlangana ukuze axoxe ngezihloko ezithile.

Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo zenethiwekhi yokuxhumana inikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile futhi ifanele izakhiwo ezithile zenhlangano nezidingo zokuxhumana. Ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi kuncike ezintweni ezifana nesiko lenhlangano, imigomo, kanye nemvelo yolwazi oludluliswayo.

Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Zokuxhumana

Izintambo Ezihleliwe

Incazelo: Ukufakwa kwezintambo ezihlelekile kusebenza njengengxenye eyisisekelo yamanethiwekhi okuxhumana. Kuhilela ukuhlela nokusebenzisa ingqalasizinda yezintambo ejwayelekile esekela ukudluliswa kwedatha, umsindo, kanye nezimpawu zevidiyo. Le ngqalasizinda ihlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amaphaneli e-patch, izintambo, ama-rack, nama-jack, konke kusebenza ndawonye ukusungula ingqalasizinda yokuxhumana ethembekile.

Ukubaluleka: Ukufakwa kwezintambo okuhlelekile kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokusebenza kwamadivayisi enethiwekhi kanye nezixazululo zohlelo lokusebenza. Ukubaluleka kwayo akunakuphikiswa, njengoba kusekela ukusebenza kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana anamuhla.

Amanethiwekhi Ezikhungweni Zedatha

Incazelo: Izikhungo zedatha ziyizindawo eziyinhloko zokugcina, ukuphatha, kanye nokucubungula idatha eningi. Amanethiwekhi asebenza kahle abalulekile ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zedatha ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okuphephile nokuthembekile, ikakhulukazi lapho kuphathwa ithrafikhi enkulu. Ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yesikhungo sedatha kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo eziqinile zezinhlelo zokusebenza nezinsizakalo zesimanje, njenge-cloud computing, i-virtualization, kanye ne-big data analytics.

Izinzuzo: Amanethiwekhi esikhungo sedatha asezingeni eliphezulu anika amandla amabhizinisi ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo, asheshise izinqubo zebhizinisi, futhi aqalise ngempumelelo izinguquko. Lawa manethiwekhi akhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezinqumo eziqhutshwa idatha, asekela imisebenzi ebalulekile yebhizinisi, futhi athuthukise umkhiqizo jikelele ngokunika amandla ukudluliswa kwedatha okusheshayo nokuphephile.

Ukubhekwa Kwenethiwekhi

Incazelo: Ukuqapha inethiwekhi okuphumelelayo kuqala ngenethiwekhi eklanywe kahle futhi kuthuthukiswa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izixazululo zesofthiwe yokuqapha ezikhethwe ngokucophelela nezikhethekile. Ukuphathwa nokulawulwa kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi kubalulekile ekusingatheni izinkinga ezingathinta imisebenzi yenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa ukutholakala, ukuphepha, kanye nokubekezelela amaphutha.

Ukubaluleka: Ukuqapha inethiwekhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni impilo nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana. Kwenza izinhlangano zikwazi ukuhlonza nokuxazulula izinkinga ngendlela efanele, ziqinisekise ukutholakala, ukuthembeka, kanye nokuphepha kwenethiwekhi.

Lezi zici zigcizelela indima ebalulekile yengqalasizinda, izikhungo zedatha, nokugadwa ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana. Isistimu yekhebula eyakhiwe kahle, inethiwekhi yesikhungo sedatha eqinile, nokugadwa kwenethiwekhi okusebenzayo kuyizici ezibalulekile ekusekeleni izidingo zokuxhumana zesimanje kanye nokusebenza kwebhizinisi.

Ukusebenza Kwenethiwekhi Yokuxhumana

Ama-PCB adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kahle kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana. Nansi eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile yama-PCB kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana:

Ukuhambisa Nokudlulisa Izimpawu: Ama-PCB ahlinzeka ngeplatifomu yokuhambisa nokudlulisa izimpawu ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana. Aqukethe imikhondo yethusi eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezindlela zokuhambisa ezixhumanisa izingxenye ezahlukene futhi zivumele ukuhamba kahle kwezimpawu phakathi kwezinto ezahlukene zenethiwekhi. Umklamo we-PCB uhlanganisa izindlela zesignali ezilungiselelwe, ukuvimbela okulawulwayo , kanye namasu okunciphisa umsindo ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi yesignali futhi kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwesignali ngesikhathi sokudlulisa.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezingxenye: Ama-PCB asebenza njengesisekelo sokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukene ze-elekthronikhi ezibalulekile kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana. Lezi zingxenye zifaka ama-microprocessor, ama-memory chip, ama-transceivers, ama-amplifier, namanye ama-chip akhethekile. Ama-PCB ahlinzeka ngokuxhumeka kukagesi okudingekayo kanye nokusekelwa kwemishini ukufaka lezi zingxenye ngokuphephile, ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kanye nokucutshungulwa kwedatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.

Ukusatshalaliswa Nokuphathwa Kwamandla: Amanethiwekhi okuxhumana adinga ukunikezwa kwamandla okuzinzile nokuthembekile ukuze asebenze kahle. Ama-PCB afaka amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa amandla aletha ama-voltage nama-current adingekayo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zenethiwekhi. Afaka nezici zokuphathwa kwamandla njengezilawuli zama-voltage kanye nezihlungi ukuqinisekisa ukulungiswa kwamandla okufanele kanye nokuvikelwa ekushintsheni noma ekukhuphukeni okungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi.

Ukwengeza, ama-PCB kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana enza kube lula ukulinganisa kanye ne-modularity. Avumela ukunwetshwa okulula kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngokuhlinzeka ngezindawo zokusebenzelana ezijwayelekile nezixhumi ezivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezintsha noma amamojula kungqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ekhona. Ama-PCB aphinde anikele ekuthembekeni kukonke kanye nokuqina kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana ngokuhlinzeka ngosekelo lwemishini, ukuvikela ezicini zemvelo, kanye nokulahlwa kokushisa okuphumelelayo.

Kafushane, ama-PCB kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana adlala indima ebalulekile emzileni wesiginali, ukuhlanganiswa kwengxenye, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, kanye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi kukonke. Anika amandla ukudluliswa kwedatha okungenazihibe, enze lula ukukala kwesistimu, futhi athuthukise ukwethembeka nokusebenza kahle kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana.

Isiphetho

Ama-PCB enethiwekhi yokuxhumana aguqule indlela abantu abaxhuma ngayo futhi bashintshisane ngolwazi emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba ithrafikhi yedatha iqhubeka nokukhula ngamandla eqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi kufanele ikhule ngokufanele ngomklamo we-PCB othuthukisiwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusebenzisana kwe-serial enesivinini esikhulu, ukubekwa kwezingxenye eziminyene kusetshenziswa amabhodi anezendlalelo eziningi, ama-IC enziwe ngokwezifiso edijithali/esiginali exubile, kanye nezakhiwo ezijwayelekile ezisiza ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo. Imizamo yokumisa isiza ukusebenzisana ngenkathi izixazululo ezenziwe ngezifiso zibhekana nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza lwe-niche. Sekukonke, idizayini eqinile ye-PCB eqondaniswe namathrendi ezakhiwo zenethiwekhi isiza ukunqoba umkhawulokudonsa kanye nezinselele zokuxhuma. Ngeqhaza eliyisisekelo elidlalwa ama-PCB enethiwekhi yokuxhumana ehlukahlukene, abantu emhlabeni wonke bangafinyelela ngokuthembekile indawo yedijithali ehlala ikhula.

Uma sibheka phambili, abathuthukisi be-PCB yenethiwekhi yokuxhumana bazoqhubeka nezixazululo zobunjiniyela ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokukhula kwethrafikhi okungapheli. Amabhodi esizukulwane esilandelayo angase asebenzise ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-optics eshumekiwe, ukuhlanganisa okuhlukile, kanye nokupakishwa kweleveli ye-wafer ukuze kukhuliswe ukuphuma. Ukusebenza okuthembekile kokuphatha kude kusiza opharetha ukuthi bagcine ukuqina kwenethiwekhi. Njengoba ukuxhumana kuya ngokuya kusekela izimboni ezibalulekile nengqalasizinda, izimfuno eziqinile zokuthembeka zizogqugquzela inqubekelaphambili kuma-PCB anokhahlo aqeqeshelwe imvelo. Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha ezihlanganyelwe, isizinda senethiwekhi yezokuxhumana se-PCB sihlala simi ngomumo ukwakha amanethiwekhi omhlaba athembekile ekusasa elixhumene kakhulu.