I-PCB EMI, i-EMS, kanye ne-EMC: Izincazelo kanye namathiphu okuklama

Ekuklanyweni kwe-PCB, i-EMC (ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic) iwumgomo webhodi elingakhiphi ukuphazamiseka okukhulu noma elingaphazanyiswa kakhulu yindawo elikuyo; i-EMI ukuphazamiseka okungafuneki ngokwayo, kanti i-EMS iwukuthambekela kwebhodi ekuphazamisekeni kwangaphandle. Ukufeza i-EMC ikakhulukazi kuyinkinga yokwakheka, izindiza zomhlabathi eziqinile, izihibe zamandla amancane, izindlela zokubuya eziqhubekayo, ukuhlukanisa okuhle, kanye nokuhlunga okunengqondo. Lo mhlahlandlela uxazulula la magama amathathu, uchaza ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kuvela kuphi, futhi ubeka amasu okuklama i-PCB kanye nokuhlolwa okugcina umkhiqizo uhambisana futhi uhambisana.

I-EMI, i-EMS, kanye ne-EMC: Izincazelo kanye nomehluko

La magama amathathu ahlobene kodwa ahlukile, futhi ukuwadida kuholela ezidingweni ezididayo.

Kalula nje, i-EMC itholakala lapho ibhodi likhipha i-EMI encane futhi libekezelela i-EMI elizungezile (ukungavikeleki okuhle, i-EMS ephansi). Izingxenye ezimbili, ezingakhiphi futhi ezingaphazanyiswa, kumele zaneliseke zombili. Ibhodi elithule kodwa elibuthakathaka, noma eliqinile kodwa elinomsindo, alihambisani nogesi.

Yini Ebangela I-EMI ku-PCB

Ukuphazamiseka kudalwa ukushintsha kwemisinga kanye nama-voltage, ngakho-ke izimpawu ezisheshayo nezibukhali kakhulu ziyimithombo emikhulu.

• Imiphetho yokushintsha okusheshayo. Ukuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi okusheshayo kanye nokwamanje kuqukethe amandla aphuma ngesivinini esiphezulu.
• Ama-loop amanje. Noma iyiphi iluphu yamandla isebenza njenge-antenna; lapho iluphu inkulu, ikhipha ukukhanya okwengeziwe futhi iphakama kakhulu.
• Amawashi nama-harmonics. Izimpawu zewashi ezivamile zikhiqiza amandla aqinile ngemvamisa yewashi kanye nama-harmonics alo.
• Ukushintsha izinsiza zikagesi. Izilawuli zokushintsha ziyimithombo enamandla yendawo yomsindo okhishwayo kanye nomsindo oqhutshwayo.

Isihloko esiphindaphindayo yiluphu yamanje. Izinkinga eziningi zokukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokuzwela ziyancipha ziye endaweni yeluphu: iluphu encane iyisithumeli esibi futhi ayimukeli kahle ukuphazamiseka. Yingakho ukwakheka okuningi kwe-EMC kumayelana nokulawula ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanje okubuyayo kuphi, okuyinkinga ehlanganyelwe nomklamo wesivinini esikhulu.

Ukukhishwa kwegesi emkhathini vs Ukungavikeleki: Izinhlangothi Ezimbili ze-EMC

Ukuthobela imithetho kunezinhlangothi ezimbili, futhi umklamo kumele ubhekane nakho kokubili.

Emkhathini

Ukukhishwa kwegesi kuyi-EMI umkhiqizo oyithumelayo, elinganiswa njengokukhishwa kwegesi okukhishwe yimisebe (emkhathini) kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okuqhutshwayo (emakhebulini nasezintanjeni zikagesi). Imithethonqubo inquma ukuthi umkhiqizo ungakhipha malini ukuze ungaphazamisi eminye imishini.

amasosha omzimba

Ukungavikeleki komzimba kuyisici esiphambene: umkhiqizo kumele uqhubeke usebenza lapho ubhekene nokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle njengokukhishwa kwe-electrostatic, ama-fast transients, kanye namasimu anemisebe. Ukungavikeleki okuhle kusho ukungakwazi ukusebenza kahle. Izinketho eziningi zokwakheka okufanayo, inhlabathi eqinile kanye nezihibe ezincane, zithuthukisa kokubili ukukhishwa komoya kanye nokungavikeleki komzimba ngesikhathi esisodwa, yingakho kuyisisekelo somklamo we-EMC kunokuba kube yimicabango yangemva kwalokho.

Amasu Okuhlelwa kwe-PCB Okunciphisa I-EMI

I-EMC inqotshwa noma ilahleke kakhulu. Amasu ambalwa enza umsebenzi omningi.

Indima yendlela yokuqoqa nokubuyisa

Ithuluzi elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu indiza yokubhekisela eqhubekayo eduze kwengqimba ngayinye yesiginali, ngakho-ke ukubuya kwamandla kagesi kugeleza ngqo ngaphansi kwesiginali ku-loop encane kakhulu. Ukuhlukanisa leyo ndiza, noma ukuhambisa isiginali ku-gap, kuphoqa amandla kagesi okubuyela emuva ukuthi aphenduke, kudala i-loop enkulu ekhipha ukukhanya. Ama-capacitor ahlukanisayo abekwe eduze kwe-IC ngayinye enza umsebenzi ofanayo we-loop yokulethwa kwamandla. Lezi zinketho zihlala ku-layout kanye ne-stackup, ebekwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza i-PCB , futhi yilokho kanye okuhlolwa yi -design review.

Amaphutha Okuklama E-EMC Avamile

Amaphutha ambalwa okuhlelwa aphindaphindayo abangela ukwehluleka okuningi kwe-EMC, futhi ngalinye linokulungiswa okucacile.

Qaphela ukuthi yonke isixazululo ibuyela ezisekelweni ezifanayo: gcina ugesi wokubuya usesimweni esincane, esiqhubekayo, uhlukanise endaweni, bese uvikela umhlabathi ngendlela efanele. Ukugwema la maphutha ekwakhiweni kushibhile kakhulu kunokujaha ukukhishwa kwegesi elebhu yokuthobela imithetho.

Ukuvikela Nokuhlunga i-PCB

Uma ukwakheka kukodwa kunganele, ukuvikela nokuhlunga kunezela olunye ungqimba lokulawula.

• Izihlangu ezisezingeni lebhodi. Amathini ensimbi angaphezulu kwengxenye enomsindo noma ebucayi aqukethe noma avimba amasimu.
• Ukuhlunga. Izihlungi ezintanjeni ze-I/O kanye nebhulokhi yokungena kagesi zenza umsindo wokungena noma ukuphuma.
• Impedance elawulwayo kanye nezinto ezilahlekelwa kakhulu. Izimpawu ezihlanzekile nezihambisana kahle zikhipha ukukhanya okuncane, okuyilapho amabhodi okulahlekelwa okuphansi futhi kufanelekile high-frequency materials usizo ngemiklamo esheshayo.

Ukuvikela kuyindaba ejulile ngokwayo, kodwa isimiso silula: hlanganisa amandla ongeke ukwazi ukuwasusa bese uhlunga izindlela obekuzothathwa ngazo. Izivikelo nezihlungi zihambisana nokwakheka okuhle; azikuthathi indawo.

Izindinganiso ze-EMC kanye Nokuhambisana (FCC, CISPR, CE)

Imikhiqizo eminingi kumele ihlangabezane nemithetho ye-EMC ngaphambi kokuba ithengiswe, futhi indinganiso esebenzayo incike emakethe kanye nohlobo lomkhiqizo.

Imikhawulo eqondile kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ziyahlukahluka, kodwa isakhiwo siyavumelana: sinquma lokho okukhiphayo, kanye namazinga amancane okuphazamiseka okumele uwabekezelele. Ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izindinganiso ezisebenzayo kusenesikhathi kwakheka umklamo, njengoba ukulungisa kabusha i-EMC ngemva kokuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho okuhlulekile kuhamba kancane futhi kuyabiza.

Izindlela Zokuhlola ze-EMC

Ukuthobela imithetho kuqinisekiswa ngokuhlola, okubonisa izinhlangothi ezimbili ze-EMC.

• Ukukhishwa kwegesi okubangelwa imisebe. Ilinganisa amandla umkhiqizo owakhipha esikhaleni kububanzi bemvamisa.
• Ukukhishwa kwegesi okuqhutshwayo. Ilinganisa umsindo umkhiqizo owuthumela emuva emigqeni yawo yamandla kanye nezimpawu.
• Ukuhlolwa kokuzivikela komzimba. Faka umkhiqizo ekukhishweni kwe-electrostatic, ukuqhuma okusheshayo kwesikhashana, ukukhuphuka, kanye namasimu akhishwa imisebe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uyaqhubeka nokusebenza.

Ibhodi elihlulekayo livame ukulungiswa ngokubhekana nezisekelo ezingenhla, ukuqinisa indlela yokubuya, ukwengeza ukuhlukanisa, ukuvala igebe lendiza, noma ukufaka isivikelo noma isihlungi. Ukubamba lokhu ekwakhiweni kushibhile kakhulu kunangemva kokuhlolwa okuhlulekile, yingakho i-EMC iphathwa kangcono njengokufakwa komklamo, hhayi isithiyo sokugcina.

Indlela Yokuklama i-PCB ye-EMC

Indlela ethembeke kakhulu yokudlulisa i-EMC ukuyiklama kusukela esinqumweni sokuqala sokwakheka.

• Hlela i-stackup ngakho-ke isignali ngayinye inendiza yokubhekisela eseduze, eqhubekayo.
• Gcina izihibe zincane ngamawashi, ama-node okushintsha, kanye nezimpawu zesivinini esikhulu.
• Hlukanisa yonke i-IC ngama-capacitor abekwe eduze kwezikhonkwane zamandla.
• Hlukanisa ibhodi ngakho-ke izingxenye ezinomsindo (izishintshi, imisakazo) zihlukaniswe kwezinozwelo.
• Ukuhlunga kwe-I/O yohlelo kanye nanoma yiziphi izihlangu ngaphambi kokuba ukwakheka kuqandiswe.

Lezi zinqumo azibizi mali ngalutho ngesikhathi sokuklama futhi ziningi kakhulu ukuzilungisa. Uma seziqediwe ngaphambili, zithwala ukwenziwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB okuthembekile kanye nokwakhiwa kwevolumu. Kumabhodi anokushisa okukhulu kanye nezidingo ze-EMC, isisekelo esifana nokuhlanganiswa kwensimbi ne-core singase sibe nomthelela.

I-EMC isho ibhodi elithule futhi eliqinile; ufika lapho ngokulawula izihibe zamanje ngezindiza eziqinile, ukuhlukanisa, izindlela zokubuya eziqhubekayo, kanye nokuvikela nokuhlunga okunengqondo, bese uqinisekisa ngokukhishwa komoya kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzivikela komzimba. Ukuyiklama kusukela ekuqaleni bese kulandela ukuhambisana. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Highleap Electronics kanye namakhono ethu okukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-EMI, i-EMS, ne-EMC?

I-EMC (ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic) umgomo ojwayelekile: idivayisi esebenza endaweni yayo ngaphandle kokubanga noma ukubhekana nokuphazamiseka okungabekezeleleki. I-EMI ukuphazamiseka okungafuneki okukhishwa yidivayisi, kanti i-EMS ukuthambekela kwayo ekuphazamisekeni kwangaphandle. Umkhiqizo ohambisanayo ukhipha i-EMI encane futhi une-immune enhle (i-EMS ephansi).

Yini ebangela i-EMI ku-PCB?

Ukushintsha kwemisinga kanye nama-voltage: imiphetho yokushintsha okusheshayo, izimpawu zewashi kanye nama-harmonics azo, izinsiza zamandla okushintsha, futhi ikakhulukazi ama-current loops, asebenza njenge-antenna. Uma i-loop inkulu, kulapho ikhipha khona ukukhanya nokukhuphuka okukhulu. Izinkinga eziningi ze-EMI zehlela ekulawuleni indawo ye-loop kanye nezindlela zamandla okubuya.

Iyiphi indlela eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yokuklama i-EMC?

Indiza eqhubekayo yokubhekisela (ephansi) eduze kwengqimba ngayinye yesignali, ngakho-ke ukubuya kwamandla kagesi kugeleza ngqo ngaphansi kwesignali ku-loop encane kakhulu. Ukuhlukanisa leyo ndiza noma ukuqondisa igebe kuphoqa i-loop enkulu yokubuya ekhipha ukukhanya. Izindiza eziqinile kanye nendawo encane ye-loop kusekela cishe konke okunye.

Ingabe ama-capacitor ahlukanisayo ayasiza nge-EMC?

Yebo. Ama-capacitor okususa (adlulayo) abekwe eduze kwezikhonkwane zamandla ze-IC ngayinye ahlinzeka ngogesi wesikhashana endaweni, anciphisa iluphu yokulethwa kwamandla nomsindo obekuyokhipha ngaphandle kwalokho. Aphinde azinzise ukunikezwa, athuthukise kokubili ukukhishwa kanye nokuvikeleka. Ukubekwa eduze kwezikhonkwane kubaluleke kakhulu njengenani.

Ingabe ukuvikela kuyadingeka kwi-EMC, noma ingabe ukwakheka kukodwa kungakwenza lokho?

Ukuhlelwa okuhle, imigqa eqinile, izihibe ezincane, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nokulawulwa kwe-impedance, kuxazulula izinkinga eziningi ze-EMC ngaphandle kokuvikela. Izivikelo nezihlungi zengeza ukulawula lapho ukuhlelwa kodwa kunganele, isibonelo engxenyeni yomsakazo enomsindo noma emigqeni ye-I/O. Zihambisana nokuhlelwa okuhle kunokukufaka esikhundleni.

Yiziphi izindinganiso ze-EMC okudingeka ngizihlangabezane nazo?

Kuncike emakethe kanye nomkhiqizo: I-FCC Ingxenye 15 ilawula ukukhishwa kwegesi e-US, i-EU EMC Directive (CE) ihlanganisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokungavikeleki eYurophu, i-CISPR inikeza imikhawulo yokukhishwa kwegesi esetshenziswa kabanzi, kanti uchungechunge lwe-IEC 61000 luchaza ukuhlolwa kokungavikeleki. Thola izindinganiso ezisebenzayo kusenesikhathi, njengoba zibumba umklamo.

I-EMC iqinisekiswa kanjani?

Ngokuhlola izinhlangothi zombili: ukukhishwa kwegesi okukhishwe ngemisebe nokuqhutshwayo kulinganisa lokho okuthunyelwa ngumkhiqizo, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa kokuzivikela komzimba kusebenzisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okuqinile, ukuhamba okusheshayo, ukukhuphuka, kanye nezinkundla ezikhishwe ngemisebe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyaqhubeka isebenza. Ukwehluleka kuvame ukulungiswa ngokuqinisa izindlela zokubuya, ukwengeza ukuhlukana, ukuvala izikhala zendiza, noma ukwengeza isivikelo noma ukuhlunga.

Kungani igebe endizeni yomhlaba libangela i-EMI?

Ugesi obuyayo ugeleza ngokwemvelo ngaphansi komkhondo wawo wesignali, kodwa isikhala noma ukuhlukana endizeni yokubhekisela kuvimbela leyo ndlela futhi kuphoqe ugesi ukuthi ujikeleze igebe. Ugesi obuyayo udala iluphu enkulu yamandla ekhipha imisebe kahle futhi esengozini enkulu yokubanjwa. Ukugcina indiza yokubhekisela iqhubeka ngaphansi kwesignali, okuwumkhuba oyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB ngesivinini esikhulu, kuyakugwema lokho.