Ukuqonda Izikhulisamsindo Eziphansi (LNAs) kanye Nomthelela Wazo Kumklamo we-PCB

Ezweni elisheshayo lezinhlelo zokuxhumana, ubuqotho besignali bubalulekile. Kubakhiqizi nabaklami bama-PCB (Amabhodi Esifunda Aphrintiwe), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu ezibuthakathaka zikhuliswa kahle ngaphandle kokwethula umsindo kuyinselele enkulu. Kulapho kuqala khona ama-Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs). Ama-LNA ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ezikhulisa amasiginali abuthakathaka ngenkathi yethula umsindo omncane ongeziwe, okuwenza abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle ezifana namanethiwekhi eselula, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi, i-GPS, nokuningi.

Njengoba isidingo sedatha esheshayo kanye nokuxhumana okuthembekile kuqhubeka nokukhula, ukuklama nokuhlanganisa ama-LNA kuma-PCB kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza ne-LTE, 5G, noma ukuxhumana kwesathelayithi, ama-LNA aqinisekisa ukuthi amadivayisi okugcina angagcina amasignali ekhwalithi ephezulu ezindaweni eziyinselele. Kubakhiqizi be-PCB abafana ne- Highleap Electronics , ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okunembile kwalezi zingxenye kubalulekile ekugcineni ukucaca kwesignali nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kohlelo lonke.

Ukuqonda Izikhulisi Zomsindo Ophansi: Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile Kwabaklami Be-PCB

I-Low Noise Amplifiers isebenza ngokukhuphula amandla amasiginali angenayo abuthaka, ngokuvamile ebangeni lefrikhwensi yerediyo (RF), enomthelela omncane womsindo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana lapho ngisho nenani elincane lokuphazamiseka lingehlisa izinga lokusebenza.

Ekuklanyweni kwe-PCB , ukubekwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwama-LNA kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukufaka umsindo ohlelweni. Izinto ezifana ne-trace impedance, ukuhlukanisa ugesi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI) kumele ziphathwe ngokucophelela ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza okuphezulu kwama-LNA. Uma zihlanganiswe kahle kwi-PCB, ama-LNA asiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuthembeka kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamadivayisi okuxhumana, njengezingcingo eziphathwayo, ama-router angenantambo, kanye nezinhlelo ze-GPS.

I-LTE3401L: I-Case Study ye-LNA yezicelo ze-LTE

Isibonelo esisodwa esiphawulekayo emkhakheni we-Low Noise Amplifiers yi-LTE3401L, i-SiGe:C-based LNA ene-bypass switch edidiyelwe, eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile izinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-LTE. Ithuthukiswe yi-NXP, i-LTE3401L iletha ukusebenza okuvelele ezimeni lapho amandla esignali ebuthakathaka, eguquguqukayo, noma esengozini yokuphazamiseka.

Imifanekiso ye-LTE3401L

• Umfanekiso Womsindo Ophansi (NF): Inciphisa umsindo owengeziwe, igcine ukwamukelwa kwesignali okucacile nokunembile.
• I-Bypass Switch: Inika amandla ukushintsha okuguquguqukayo phakathi kwemodi yokukhulisa okusebenzayo kanye ne-bypass, ithuthukisa kokubili ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.
• Umugqa ophezulu: Iqinisekisa ukukhuliswa kwesignali okungaguquki ezindaweni ze-RF eziguquguqukayo noma eziminyene.

I-LTE3401L ifaneleke kahle ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi eselula, amamojula angenawaya, nengqalasizinda yezokuxhumana ye-LTE. Uma ihlanganiswe kahle kumiklamo ye-PCB, ithuthukisa ukwamukela kwesignali, inciphisa ukuyeka, futhi isekela ukudluliswa kwedatha okuzinzile—ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu noma ezinekhava eliphansi.

Amanye ama-LNA aphawulekayo kanye nezicelo zawo

Ngokungeziwe ku-LTE3401L, abanye abakhiqizi abaningana banikela nge-Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) esebenza kakhulu, ngayinye yakhelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile zokuxhumana. Ngezansi amanye ama-LNA adume kakhulu avela kumikhiqizo ehamba phambili nezici zawo ezibalulekile:

Ama-Semiconductors eNXP

I-NXP ingumnikezeli ovelele wama-LNAs, enikeza izixazululo ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinhlelo zokuxhumana, kusukela kumanethiwekhi omakhalekhukhwini kuya kwisathelayithi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-GPS.

• I-GPS1502L
  Idizayinelwe amasistimu e-GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, kanye ne-COMPASS, i-GPS1502L iyi-SiGe:C LNA ekhulisa amasiginali wesathelayithi abuthaka ukuze uthole ukunemba okuthuthukisiwe kokuma. Isibalo sayo somsindo ophansi siyenza ilungele ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuzulazula ezinembayo lapho ukuzwela okuphezulu nokuphazamiseka okuphansi kubalulekile.
• I-BGS8U5
  I-BGS8U5 iyi-LNA ene-bypass switch elungiselelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-LTE ne-5G NR (New Radio). Le divayisi yakhelwe ukuphatha ukudluliswa kwedatha ngesivinini esiphezulu esinomsindo omncane, okuyenza ifaneleke kumadivayisi eselula zokuxhumana kanye neziteshi eziyisisekelo lapho umkhawulokudonsa kanye nobuqotho besignali kubalulekile.

Amadivayisi we-Analog

I-Analog Devices inikezela ngephothifoliyo ebanzi ye-LNAs, ikakhulukazi efaneleka kahle i-RF nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenantambo.

• I-ADL5530
  I-ADL5530 iyi-amplifier ye-SiGe esebenza kahle kakhulu elungiselelwe ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi, irada yezempi, nezinhlelo zokuxhumana. Inikeza umsindo ophansi kanye nomugqa ophezulu, okuyenza ifaneleke kumasistimu lapho ukucaca kwesignali kubaluleke kakhulu.
• I-HMC581
  I-HMC581 iyi-LNA enenzuzo ephezulu eyenzelwe i-LTE, i-Wi-Fi, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Bluetooth. Ngomsindo wayo ophansi kanye nomugqa ophezulu, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kumishini yokuxhumana engenazintambo enesivinini esikhulu, iqinisekisa amasignali aqinile, athembekile ngisho nasezindaweni eziminyene noma ezinokuphazamiseka okuphezulu.

Texas Instruments

I-Texas Instruments yaziwa kakhulu ngama-LNA ayo asekela izinhlobonhlobo zokuxhumana okungenantambo kanye nezicelo ze-radar.

• I-LMV1031
  I-LMV1031 iyisikhulisi somsindo ophansi esithuthukiselwe i-GPS nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana okungenantambo. Iletha isibalo somsindo ophansi kanye nokulandelana okuhle kakhulu, okuyenza ifaneleke kumadivayisi adinga ukuzwela okuphezulu nokukhulisa isignali ukunemba, njengezamukeli ze-GPS eziphathwa ngesandla.
• OPA857
  I-OPA857 iwumsindo ophansi, isikhulisi se-wideband esidizayinelwe imvamisa ephezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-RF, okuhlanganisa i-5G, i-Wi-Fi, kanye namadivayisi we-IoT. Ihlinzeka ngomsindo ophansi kanye nomugqa ophezulu phezu kwebanga elibanzi lefrikhwensi, iyenze ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-broadband.

Qorvo

Ama-LNA ka-Qorvo avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, okuhlanganisa i-5G namanethiwekhi wesathelayithi.

• TQL9020
  I-TQL9020 iyi-amplifier enomsindo ophansi elungiselelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-5G ne-Wi-Fi. Inikeza inhlanganisela yomugqa ophezulu kanye nesibalo somsindo ophansi, iqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwesignali ecacile nokwamukela ngisho nasezindaweni zesignali eziminyene.
• I-TGA2926-SM
  I-TGA2926-SM iyi-LNA esebenza kahle kakhulu eyenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-5G ne-LTE. Inikeza inzuzo enhle kakhulu nomsindo ophansi, okuyenza ilungele iziteshi eziyisisekelo, amaseli amancane, nezinye izingxenye zengqalasizinda ezidinga ukwamukelwa kwesignali engaguquki, yekhwalithi ephezulu.

Skyworks Solutions

I-Skyworks yaziwa ngokukhiqiza ama-LNA anikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokusebenza kohlu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingenantambo.

• I-SKY65027-360LF
  I-SKY65027-360LF iwumugqa ophezulu we-LNA oklanyelwe i-Wi-Fi nezinhlelo ze-Bluetooth. Inikeza inani elinomsindo ophansi futhi ilungiselelwe ukuxhumana okungenantambo kwesivinini esikhulu, okuyenza ifaneleke kubathengi bama-electronics namanye amadivaysi aphathwayo angenawaya.
• I-SKY65021-360LF
  I-SKY65021-360LF iyi-LNA eyenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-LTE ne-5G NR. Ihlinzeka ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu komsindo kanye nomugqa ophezulu, okwenza kube yisixazululo esithembekile sokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yesignali ezinhlelweni zesimanje zokuxhumana zeselula.

Ibhrendi ngayinye inikezela ngohlu oluhlukile lwe-Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs), enezixazululo ezihambisana nezidingo zokuxhumana ezithile ezifana ne-LTE, 5G, GPS, ne-Wi-Fi. Ngokukhetha i-LNA efanele yohlelo oluthile, onjiniyela bangathuthukisa ukusebenza kwesistimu, banciphise ukuwohloka kwesignali, futhi baqinisekise ukuxhumana okuthembekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ukukhetha i-LNA efanele akuthuthukisi ikhwalithi yesiginali kuphela kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi isebenza kahle futhi inokuphazamiseka okuncane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-NXP, Amadivayisi we-Analog, i-Texas Instruments, i-Qorvo, noma i-Skyworks, umkhiqizi ngamunye uhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezikhethekile ze-LNA ezihlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo zokuxhumana zesimanje.

Ukucatshangelwa kwe-PCB Design yama-LNAs

Lapho uhlanganisa Izikhulisamsindo Eziphansi (LNAs) ekwakhiweni kwakho kwe-PCB, izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele zibhekwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwazo. Ama-LNA ayizingxenye ezizwelayo ezidinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela phakathi nenqubo yesakhiwo se-PCB ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zisebenza kahle kuyilapho kunciphisa ukuwohloka kwesignali. Ngezansi izinto eziyinhloko okufanele uzicabangele lapho uklama ama-PCB ahlanganisa ama-LNA.

1. Ukwehlukanisa Ukunikezwa kwamandla

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni i-LNA ekwakhiweni kwakho kwe-PCB ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla okuhlanzekile nokuzinzile. Ama-LNA azwela kakhulu ekushintshashintsheni kwamandla, okungangenisa umsindo kusignali. Ukubhekana nalokhu, ama-decoupling capacitor kufanele abekwe eduze nezikhonkwane zamandla ze-LNA. Lawa ma-capacitor ahlunga noma yimuphi umsindo we-high-frequency evela kumandla kagesi, aqinisekisa ukuthi i-LNA ithola umthombo kagesi ohlanzekile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma uklama izinhlelo zokusebenza zemvamisa ephezulu, lapho umsindo ovela kumandla kagesi ungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-LNA.

2. Ukufanisa Impedan

Ukumatanisa kokuphazamiseka phakathi kwe-LNA ne-PCB traces kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukubonakaliswa kwesignali, okungaholela ekonakaleni kokusebenza. I-PCB trace ethwala isiginali iye ku-LNA kufanele ibe ne-impedance efana nomthombo kanye ne-impedance yokulayisha. Lokhu kusiza ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukuboniswa okungafuneki okungahle kuhlanekezele isignali ekhuliswayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukufana okufanele kwe-impedance kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-RF (ifrikhwensi yomsakazo), lapho ubuqotho besignali bubaluleke kakhulu.

• Imigqa ye-Microstrip noma ukulandelelwa kwe-stripline kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumiklamo yefrikhwensi ephezulu, futhi ububanzi bayo kufanele bukhethwe ngokucophelela ukuze bufane nokuvikeleka okufunayo.
• Amathuluzi okulingisa angasiza ekunqumeni ububanzi bokulandelela obulungile kanye nomzila ukuze kuzuzwe i-impedance engaguquki.

3. Ukunciphisa Ukuphazamiseka Kwe-Electromagnetic (EMI)

Ama-LNA asengozini enkulu yokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI), okungonakalisa ikhwalithi yesignali futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kwesistimu iyonke. Ukuze unciphise i-EMI, kubalulekile ukuklama ukwakheka kwe-PCB ngamasu okuvikela nokusekela afanele. Indiza eqinile yomhlabathi ibalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho besignali nokunciphisa umsindo. Ihlinzeka ngendlela yokumelana okuphansi kogesi futhi inciphisa amathuba okuhlangana kwe-EMI nesekethe ye-LNA.

• Ukuvikela i-LNA emithonjeni ye-EMI yangaphandle ngokusebenzisa ukuthululwa kwethusi noma izivalo zensimbi kungathuthukisa kakhulu isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-noise (SNR).
• Amasu afanele okumisa phansi, njengokuxhuma izikhonkwane zomhlabathi zezingxenye endizeni eqhubekayo ephansi, aqinisekisa ukuthi i-EMI ihlezi ingekho.

4. Ukuphathwa Okushisayo

Ama-LNA avame ukusebenza kumaza aphezulu, angadala ukushisa. Ukushisa okudlulele kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwazo futhi kuholele ekwehleni kokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, ukuphatha okushisayo kuyisici esibalulekile somklamo we-PCB lapho kuhlanganiswa ama-LNA. Ukuqinisekisa ukunqanyulwa kokushisa okufanele kuzosiza ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-amplifier nokuhlala isikhathi eside.

• I-Thermal vias namasinki okushisa angasetshenziswa ukuqondisa ukushisa kude ne-LNA.
• Amaphedi ashisayo nezinye izinto zokukhipha ukushisa zingase zifakwe ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zamandla aphezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa.

5. I-PCB Isakhiwo Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu

Ngaphandle kwezinto eziwumongo zedizayini ezishiwo ngenhla, izinqubo ezimbalwa zesakhiwo ezingcono kakhulu zingasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-LNA isebenza kahle kakhulu:

• Izindlela Ezimfushane Zesiginali: Ukunciphisa ubude bokulandelela isignali kunciphisa inductance ne-capacitance ye-parasitic, okungahle kuhlanekezele isignali.
• Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindiza Eziphansi: Indiza yaphansi eqinile, eqhubekayo isiza ukugcina indlela ephansi ye-impedance, ebalulekile kumiklamo yefrikhwensi ephezulu kanye nokunciphisa umsindo.
• I-Strategic Via Placement: I-Vias kufanele incishiswe kumzila wesignali wemvamisa ephezulu ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwesignali kanye nemiphumela ye-parasitic. Lapho kusetshenziswa ama-vias, kufanele abekwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuwohloka kwesignali okungadingekile.

Ngokucubungula ngokucophelela lezi zici ekwakhiweni kwakho kwe-PCB, uqinisekisa ukuthi i-LNA isebenza kahle kakhulu, ihlinzeka ngokusebenza okungcono kakhulu kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana zamafrikhwensi aphezulu.

Isiphetho

Ama-Low Noise Amplifiers abalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana zesimanje, okuvumela ukukhuliswa kwamasignali abuthakathaka anomsindo omncane. Kusukela kumanethiwekhi e-LTE kanye ne-5G kuya ku-GPS nezinhlelo zesathelayithi, ama-LNA asenhliziyweni yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yesignali nokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuthembekile. I-LTE3401L, enomsindo ophansi kanye nokushintshwa kwe-bypass, iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuthi ama-LNA angahlanganiswa kanjani nemiklamo ye-PCB ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle ezinhlelweni ze-LTE.

Kubaklami be-PCB nabakhiqizi, ukukhetha i-LNA efanele kuyisihluthulelo sokuzuza ukusebenza okufunayo ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana. Kwa-Highleap Electronics, siyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezisebenza kahle njengama-LNA emiklamo yakho. Ithimba lethu lilapha ukuze likusize ngokukhiqiza i-PCB nokuhlanganisa i-PCB ehlangabezana namazinga aphezulu kakhulu ekhwalithi nokwethembeka.

Uma ufuna ukufaka ama-LNA afana ne-LTE3401L emiklamo yakho noma udinga usizo ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB , ungangabazi ukuxhumana nathi. Sinikeza amashidi edatha anemininingwane kanye nokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi akho ayaphumelela.