Umhlahlandlela ocacile wama-PIC Microcontrollers wango-2024

Ama-Peripheral Interface Controllers, noma ama-microcontrollers e-PIC, abeyinsika kumasistimu ashumekiwe kanye nogesi wezimboni kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo ngo-1993. Ekuqaleni aklanyelwe ukulawula amadivaysi e-peripheral amakhompyutha e-PDP, ama-microcontrollers e-PIC kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abe omunye wemindeni esetshenziswa kakhulu e-microcontroller, ngenxa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kalula, ukufinyeleleka, nokuguquguquka. Amandla okusekela ukuhlelwa kwe-serial, isisekelo somsebenzisi obanzi, kanye nokuba lula kokuxhumana kuqinise ama-microcontrollers e-PIC njengesixazululo sabo bobabili abathanda ukuzilibazisa nezingcweti.

Kumaqembu okukhiqiza, ukukhetha kwe-PIC microcontroller kufanele kubuyekezwe kanye nokubuyekezwa kwesakhiwo se-PCB kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-PCB yokuqala , ngoba i-pinout, i-oscillator routing, ukufinyelela kohlelo, kanye nokuhlukanisa amandla kuvame ukunquma ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-firmware kuqala kahle yini.

Le ndatshana ihlinzeka ngohlu olubanzi lwama-microcontrollers angu-20 aziwa kakhulu e-PIC emakethe ka-2024, ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni, ukuphumelela kwezindleko, kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Yiziphi I-PIC Microcontrollers?

Izilawuli ezincane ze-PIC zingamasekethe ahlanganisiwe (ama-IC) adizayinelwe ukwenza imisebenzi efana nokucubungula idatha, ukulawula isignali, nokusebenzisana namanye amadivayisi. Ngokuvamile zifaka i-CPU, inkumbulo, izimbobo ze-input/output (I/O), nezibali-sikhathi ku-chip eyodwa. Ama-PIC MCU asekela izivumelwano zokuxhumana ezifana ne-UART, SPI, ne-CAN, azenze zivumelane nezimo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-automation, irobhothi, ugesi wabathengi, nokuningi.

Ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo esincane, okuhlanganisa okuhlukile okungu-8-bit, 16-bit, kanye no-32-bit. Isigaba ngasinye siqondise amazinga ahlukene okuba yinkimbinkimbi kumaphrojekthi, ama-PIC angu-8-bit adume kakhulu ngemisebenzi elula ngenxa yebhalansi yawo yokusebenza kahle kwamandla nokusebenza.

Ama-PIC Microcontrollers aphezulu aphezulu angama-20 ngo-2024

Izilawuli ezincane ze-PIC ziyaqhubeka nokubusa ukwakheka kwezinhlelo ezishumekiwe, zenani elikhulu ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nekhono lokuhlanganiswa kuhlelo olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Nakhu ukubuka konke kwama-microcontrollers angu-20 aphezulu e-PIC ka-2024, anemininingwane ezicini zawo kanye namacala okusebenzisa ajwayelekile.

1. I-PIC16F877A

I-PIC16F877A iyisilawuli esincane esingu-8-bit esisetshenziswa kakhulu, esinikeza amabhayithi angu-368 e-RAM, amabhayithi angu-256 e-EEPROM, kanye ne-10-bit ADC eneziteshi ezingu-8. Ifaka ukwesekwa kwe-PWM nemiyalo elula engama-35 yokwenza kube lula ukuhlela. Ngo-14KB wenkumbulo ye-Flash kanye nemvamisa yokusebenza engu-20 MHz, ilungele amathuluzi ezimboni, amasistimu ezishintshayo ekhaya, namadivayisi okuphepha. Ukuvumelana nezimo nokufinyeleleka kwayo kuyenza ibe yisisekelo samaphrojekthi adinga ukuxhumana okuningi kwe-I/O nokuguqulwa kwe-analog kuya kudijithali.

2. I-PIC18F4550

Le microcontroller iphawuleka ngesakhiwo sayo esingu-8-bit esisekelwa yi-USB 2.0, ehlanganisa inkumbulo yeFlash ethuthukisiwe engu-32KB kanye ne-13-channel 10-bit ADC. I-transceiver yayo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ye-USB iyenza ifaneleke kakhulu kumasistimu ashumekiwe asuselwa ku-USB, njengezilawuli eziseduze namaphrojekthi wokuloga idatha. Usekelo lwe-In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) luthuthukisa futhi ukusebenziseka kwayo kuhlu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.

3. I-PIC12F683

I-compact 8-bit microcontroller, i-PIC12F683 inamaphini angu-6 I/O namabhayithi angu-128 e-EEPROM. Ihlanganisa i-10-bit ADC eneziteshi ezingu-4 futhi ihlanganisa imodi yokulala yemisebenzi yokonga amandla. Lokhu kuyenza ilungele amasistimu anamandla aphansi, okuhlanganisa izinzwa ezikude nemishini yezinga elincane, lapho ukusebenza kwebhethri kuwukhiye.

4. I-PIC16F84A

Yaziwa ngobulula bayo, le 8-bit microcontroller inikeza amaphinikhodi angu-13 I/O, amabhayithi angu-68 e-RAM, namabhayithi angu-64 e-EEPROM. Isici sayo esincane sefomu kanye nemodi yokulala yokonga amandla iyenza idume kumaphrojekthi wezemfundo nezinhlelo ezincane ezishintshayo. Ngamagama angu-1024 enkumbulo ye-Flash, iwusizo ikakhulukazi ezihlosweni zokufunda neze-prototyping.

5. I-PIC32MX170F256

Isilawuli esincane esingu-32-bit esidizayinelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthuke kakhulu, sinikezela ngo-256KB wememori ye-Flash futhi sisebenza ngefrikhwensi engu-64 MHz. Lokhu kuyenza ifanelekele imisebenzi edinga amandla aphezulu okucubungula, njengamarobhothi athuthukile noma amadivayisi we-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT). Iphinde ihlanganise i-UART, SPI, kanye ne-I²C izivumelwano zokuxhumana, ziqhubeke nokwandisa ukusebenzisana kwayo ngezindlela eziningi.

Ingxenye ye-PIC6FJ24GA64

Lesi silawuli esincane esingu-16-bit sihlanganisa u-64KB wememori ye-Flash nokusekelwa kwewashi lesikhathi sangempela, kanye nesiteshi esingu-16 esingu-10-bit ADC. Isetshenziswa kaningi ezinhlelweni zokulawula izimboni, ukugawulwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqapha, lapho ukugcinwa kwesikhathi okunembile nokucubungula idatha kuyadingeka.

7. PIC18F46K22

I-microcontroller engu-8-bit eneziteshi ezingu-16 ze-10-bit ADC nezindlela zokusebenza zamandla aphansi, i-PIC18F46K22 futhi ihlanganisa u-64KB wememori ye-Flash kanye namamojula angu-5 we-PWM. Ukutholwa kwayo kwedatha namandla okulawula izimoto kuyenza ilungele amaphrojekthi asuselwa kunzwa kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezizenzakalelayo.

8. PIC18F25K22

Ngamaphinikhodi angu-28 e-I/O, angu-64KB wememori ye-Flash, kanye namashaneli angu-24 we-12-bit ADC, lesi silawuli esincane esingu-8-bit sihamba phambili ekuxhumaneni kwezinzwa kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha zesikhathi sangempela. Izindlela zayo zokulala ezinamandla aphansi ziyenza ifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizwelayo amandla, njengesilawuli semoto noma inzwa eshumekiwe.

9. I-PIC12F629

Lesi silawuli esincane esingu-8-bit sinamaphinikhodi angu-8, angu-6 awo angamaphini we-I/O alungisekayo. Ihlanganisa amabhayithi angu-128 e-EEPROM kanye nemodi yokulala enamandla aphansi, okwenza idume ezinhlelweni zezimoto nasezindaweni ezilula zokulawula izimboni. Ubukhulu bayo obuncane kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kuyenza ilingane nezinto zikagesi zabathengi ezisezingeni lokungena.

10. PIC18F87K22

Isebenza ku-64 MHz, lesi silawuli esincane esingu-8-bit sisekela iziteshi ze-analog ezingu-24 ezine-12-bit ADC futhi sisebenza ngebanga elibanzi lamandla kagesi angu-1.8 kuya ku-5.5 V. Sivame ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi anamandla ebhethri nezinhlelo zezimboni ezidinga ukonga kwamandla eduze. amakhono aphezulu okucubungula.

11. PIC32MZ2048EFH144

Lesi silawuli esincane esinamandla esingu-32-bit sinememori engu-2MB kanye nenjini ye-crypto eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokucubungula idatha evikelekile. Ifaneleka kahle izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-IoT ezisezingeni eliphezulu, amanethiwekhi avikelekile, nezinhlelo zemultimedia. Amandla ayo okucubungula athuthukile ayenza ikwazi ukuphatha amanani amakhulu edatha kanye nokuxhumana okuvikelekile.

12. PIC18F14K50

I-compact 8-bit microcontroller, i-PIC18F14K50 ihlanganisa ukusekela kwe-USB 2.0 kanye ne-9-channel 10-bit ADC, iyenze ifanelekele amapheripheral e-USB angokwezifiso, njengamadivayisi esixhumi esibonakalayo (HID) noma aloga idatha asuselwa ku-USB.

13. I-PIC16F690

Lesi silawuli esincane esingu-8-bit siza namaphinikhodi angu-20 I/O, i-10-bit ADC, nezici zokuxhumana ze-serial, okuhlanganisa nokusekelwa kwe-PWM. Ukusebenziseka kwayo kalula ekuhlanganiseni kuyenza ilungele amaphrojekthi asekelwe kunzwa kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla aphansi njenge-automation yasekhaya kanye ne-electronics encane.

14. I-PIC12F675

Isilawuli esincane esidumile esingu-8-bit esinamaphinikhodi angu-6 GPIO, i-PIC12F675 inikeza amabhayithi angu-128 e-EEPROM kanye ne-10-bit ADC. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zezimboni ezisezingeni eliphansi lapho ukwakheka kwe-RISC kuqinisekisa ukucutshungulwa okusebenzayo kwemisebenzi elula, njengokufundwa kwedatha yezinzwa nokucubungula isignali.

15. PIC18F46K80

Idizayinelwe izinhlelo zokuxhumana zezimoto, lesi silawuli esincane esingu-8-bit sisekela ukuxhumana kwe-CAN kanye nobuchwepheshe be-XLP (Amandla Aphansi Kakhulu). Ifaka u-32KB wememori ye-Flash, okuyenza ibe yinketho yezinhlelo zokusebenza zebhasi le-CAN lezimoto nezimboni lapho ukongiwa kwamandla kuyisihluthulelo.

16. I-PIC16F88

Lesi silawuli esincane se-8-bit sihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-nanoWatt obuthuthukisiwe kumaphrojekthi azwela amandla. Imemori yayo engu-7KB Flash kanye namaphinikhodi angu-16 e-I/O ayenza ibe ukukhetha okudumile kumadivayisi asebenza ngebhethri namanye amasistimu anamandla aphansi, afana nezinto ezigqokekayo nezinzwa ezikude.

17. I-PIC16F1829

Le microcontroller yakhelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezonga amandla, ezinobuchwepheshe bamandla aphansi kakhulu (i-XLP) kanye ne-oscillator yangaphakathi engu-16 MHz. Inkumbulo yayo engu-32KB ye-Flash nezici zesikhathi sangempela ziyenza ilungele i-IoT nobuchwepheshe obugqokekayo, lapho ukuphila kwebhethri okude kubalulekile.

18. I-PIC16F676

Ngamashaneli angu-8 we-10-bit ADC, 128 bytes ye-EEPROM, namaphinikhodi angu-8 I/O, i-PIC16F676 iyi-microcontroller engu-8-bit elungele kahle ugesi wabathengi, izinto zikagesi, nezinhlelo zokulawula zezimboni ezidinga ukunemba kwe-analog kuya kudijithali. ukuguqulwa.

19. I-PIC18F458

I-PIC18F458 inikezela ngo-32KB wememori ye-Flash kanye nekhono eliphezulu lamanje likasinki, kanye nosekelo oludidiyelwe lwebhasi le-CAN. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezizenzakalelayo zezimboni kanye nezimoto, lapho ukuxhumana okuqinile nokulawula izinhlelo kudingekile ekuphathweni kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuxilongwa kwesistimu.

20. PIC32MX250F128B

Lesi silawuli esincane esingu-32-bit sine-128KB yememori ye-Flash futhi sisebenza ku-40 MHz. Izivumelwano zayo zokuxhumana ze-UART, SPI, kanye ne-I²C ezihlanganisiwe ziyenza ibe ikhandidethi eliqinile lamasistimu ashumekiwe asebenza kahle kakhulu, afaka amadivayisi wezokwelapha nezilawuli zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngayinye yalezi zilawuli ezincane ze-PIC iletha izici eziyingqayizivele etafuleni, noma ngabe amandla okucubungula, ukuguquguquka kwe-I/O, noma ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Zihlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kusukela kuzilawuli zezinzwa ezilula ukuya ezinhlelweni zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuzenza zibe izingxenye eziguquguqukayo zonjiniyela nonjiniyela kuzo zonke izimboni.

I-Basic Architecture ye-PIC Microcontrollers

Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwesilawuli esincane se-PIC kubalulekile lapho ukhetha esifanele iphrojekthi yakho. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

• I-CPU (Iyunithi Yokucubungula Ephakathi) : Njengamanye ama-microcontroller, i-CPU icubungula imiyalelo futhi iphathe imisebenzi yezibalo/enengqondo. Ixhumana nezinye izingxenye zesistimu ukuze yenze imisebenzi.

• Imemori (Inkumbulo Yohlelo Nedatha) : Ama-microcontroller e-PIC anezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zememori:

  • IMemori Yohlelo igcina ikhodi esetshenziswa yi-microcontroller.
  • Imemori Yedatha (RAM) iphethe isitoreji sesikhashana seziguquko phakathi nokusetshenziswa kohlelo. I-EEPROM ingase itholakalele isitoreji sedatha esingaguquguquki.

• Amachweba e-I/O : Amachweba amaningi avumela i-microcontroller ukuthi ixhumane namadivayisi angaphandle. Inombolo kanye nohlobo lwamaphini e-I/O (njengeziguquli ze-analog-to-digital) ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwamamodeli ahlukene e-PIC.

• Ama-Timer kanye ne-ADC (i-Analog kuya ku-Digital Converter) : Ama-Timer asiza ukuphatha imisebenzi encike esikhathini, kuyilapho ama-ADC eguqula amasignali e-analog abe yidijithali, awusizo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezisekelwe ku-sensor.

• I-Oscillator : Ilawula imvamisa yewashi le-microcontroller, ichaza isivinini esebenza ngaso.

• Ama-Interface Okuxhumana : Ama-microcontroller e-PIC asekela amaphrothokholi afana ne-USART, i-SPI, ne-I²C, avumela ukuthi axhumane nezinye izingxenye zehadiwe kanye nezinzwa.

Ukukhetha I-PIC Microcontroller Elungile

Lapho ukhetha isilawuli esincane se-PIC sephrojekthi yakho, cabangela izici ezilandelayo:

1. Isizinda Sokuxhumana: Qiniseka ukuthi isilawuli esincane sisekela izimiso zokuxhumana (njenge-UART, I²C, noma i-SPI) ezidingwa ama-peripherals akho.
2. Operating Voltage: Khetha isilawuli esincane esine-voltage yokusebenza efanele ukuze sifane nezingxenye kumklamo wakho.
3. I/O Izikhonkwane: Qinisekisa ukuthi unamaphinikhodi anele okufaka/okuphumayo (GPIO) okulawula izisetshenziswa zakho zangaphandle. Uma iphrojekthi yakho ibandakanya izinjini noma izinzwa, cabangela inombolo yamaphinikhodi e-PWM kanye ne-ADC.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla: Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamandla ebhethri noma ezizwelayo kumandla, khetha izilawuli ezincane ezinobuchwepheshe bamandla aphansi kakhulu (i-XLP).
5. Cost: Qhathanisa intengo yama-microcontroller ahlukene ngokusekelwe kuzici abazinikezayo. Ama-microcontroller amaningi e-PIC ashibhile ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okwanele kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilula.

Amathuluzi Okuhlela we-PIC Microcontrollers

Lapho uthuthukiswa ngezilawuli ezincane ze-PIC, ukukhetha amathuluzi okuhlela alungile kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokuthuthukisa. Ngezansi kunamathuluzi amabili athandwa kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu okulawula ama-microcontrollers e-PIC.

1. I-MPLAB X IDE

I-MPLAB X IDE iyindawo esemthethweni yokuthuthukiswa edidiyelwe (IDE) ehlinzekwa yi-Microchip Technology yokuhlela nokulungisa amaphutha ama-microcontrollers e-PIC. Ngokusekelwe kunkundla ye-NetBeans enomthombo ovulekile, isekela izici ezihlukahlukene ukusiza onjiniyela bakhe, bakhe, futhi balungise amakhodi abo.

Izici :

• • Isakhiwo esinamawindi amaningi sokuhlela izingxenye zephrojekthi.
  • Isekela ukulungisa iphutha, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola okuguquguqukayo kwesikhathi sangempela kanye namaphoyinti okunqamula amakhodi.
  • Ukulingisa ukuziphatha kwe-microcontroller, okukuvumela ukuthi uhlole uhlelo lwakho ngaphandle kokudinga ihadiwe ephathekayo.
  • Ukuhambisana kwe-Cross-platform (isekela iWindows, i-macOS, ne-Linux).
  • Usekelo oluhlanganisiwe lwabahlanganisi abahlukahlukene, njenge-MPLAB XC8, XC16, ne-XC32, eklanyelwe imindeni ehlukene yezilawuli ezincane ze-PIC.
  • Isekela ama-plugin ezinkampani zangaphandle ukuze uthole izici ezengeziwe.

I-MPLAB X IDE ibafanelekela kahle abathuthukisi abasebenza nezilawuli ezincane ze-PIC njengoba ididiyela ngaphandle komthungo nabahleli bezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha be-Microchip kanye nezilungisi zamaphutha, ihlinzeka ngendawo yokuthuthukiswa ebumbene.

2. PICKIT4

I-PICKIT4 iyi-debugger edume kakhulu engaphakathi kwesekhethi kanye nomhleli osetshenziswa ukulayisha ikhodi kuzilawuli ezincane ze-PIC. Ixhuma kwikhompyutha nge-USB futhi ixhumane nesilawuli-micro ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane zayo zokuhlela. I-PICKIT4 ilandela i-PICKIT3 yangaphambili futhi iletha ukuthuthukiswa okuningana kokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe nolwazi lomsebenzisi.

Izici :

• • Uhlelo olusheshayo nesivinini sokususa iphutha uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini.
  • Isekela ububanzi obubanzi be-PIC microcontroller, okuhlanganisa amamodeli amasha.
  • Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlele isilawuli esincane ngokuqondile besuka ku-MPLAB X IDE.
  • I-slot yekhadi le-SD eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokugcina i-firmware namafayela ephrojekthi.
  • Idizayini ephathekayo, iyenze ibe ithuluzi eliwusizo lomsebenzi wasensimini noma ukuhlela kusayithi.

I-PICKIT4 yenza inqubo yokudawuniloda i-firmware ibe lula kusilawuli esincane futhi inikeza ukusebenza kokulungisa iphutha, okuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi baxazulule inkinga futhi balungiselele amakhodi abo ngokuqondile kuhadiwe. Kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lakho kokubili i-prototyping nezindawo zokukhiqiza.

Isiphetho

Ama-microcontrollers e-PIC ahlala eyisisekelo semakethe yezinhlelo ezishumekiwe ngo-2024, ehlinzeka ngezixazululo ezilula nezisebenza kahle ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Noma ngabe usebenza kuphrojekthi encane ye-DIY noma uthuthukisa isistimu yokulawula yezimboni eyinkimbinkimbi, izilawuli ezincane ze-PIC zinikeza ukuguquguquka, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nokuhleleka kalula, okubenza babe ukukhetha okuhlakaniphile kokubili abaqalayo kanye nonjiniyela abanolwazi.

Njengomkhiqizi oholayo we-PCB ne-PCBA, sinikezela ngezinsizakalo zikagesi zokuma okukodwa, okuhlanganisa ukuthengwa kwezingxenye kanye nezixazululo zomhlangano ezenziwe ngezifiso. Hlanganyela nathi ukuze wenze amaphrojekthi akho aphile—ukusuka ekwakhiweni kwezixazululo ezithembekile ze-IoT ukuya ekwakheni amasistimu ashumekiwe awonga amandla. Ngesilawuli esincane esilungile se-PIC kanye nezinsizakalo zethu zokukhiqiza ezingochwepheshe, iphrojekthi yakho ingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okukhulu, ukuzenzela, kanye nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezindleko okuklanyelwe izidingo zakho ezithile. Xhumana nathi ukuze uhlele uhambo lwakho olulandelayo lokuthuthuka!