Umklamo we-PCB we-EMF Meter ophathekayo: Ubuqotho besignali, ukwakheka kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-PCBA

I -PCB yemitha ye-EMF ephathekayo ayijwayelekile ngoba izinto zikagesi ezikhiqizwayo zingakhiqiza izinhlobo ezifanayo zamasimu ithuluzi elihloselwe ukuwathola. Abalawuli bokushintsha, amawashi e-MCU, amabhasi okubonisa, i-USB, imisakazo engenantambo kanye ne-LED yamandla aphezulu noma ama-buzzer loops konke kungaba imithombo yokuphazamiseka kwangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-PCB, ukwakheka kwamandla kanye nokubekwa kwenzwa yemishini kunobudlelwano obuqondile nekhwalithi yokulinganisa.

Igama elithi imitha ye-EMF lihlanganisa nezinsimbi eziningana ezahlukene. Umkhiqizo owodwa ungalinganisa insimu kagesi evamise ukuba sezingeni eliphansi, omunye ubuningi be-magnetic flux, kanye nomunye amandla kagesi e-RF. Lezo zilinganiso zidinga izinzwa ezahlukene, ama-bandwidth kanye neziphetho zangaphambili ze-analog. Ukukhiqiza kufanele kulondoloze ukwakheka okukhishwe esikhundleni sokuphatha yonke imitha ye-EMF njengebhodi lezinzwa elijwayelekile.

I-Highleap Electronics ingasekela imiklamo ephethwe ngamakhasimende ngokwenziwa kwe-PCB, ukutholakala kwezingxenye, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-SMT/THT, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlela kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza okuchazwe ngamakhasimende. Izingxenye ezingezansi zigxile ekukhetheni kokukhiqiza okusiza ithimba lobunjiniyela ukuhambisa ithuluzi elinomsindo ophansi lisuka ku-prototype liye ekukhiqizweni kwe-PCBA okuphindaphindwayo.

Amamitha Ensimu Kagesi, Insimu Kamagnetic kanye Ne-RF Adinga Iziphetho Zangaphambili Ezihlukile

Isinqumo sokuqala sokuklama inani elilinganiswayo. I-probe yensimu kagesi ingase ibeke phambili i-impedance yokufaka ephezulu kakhulu kanye ne-capacitance elawulwayo. Ithuluzi lensimu yamagnetic lingasebenzisa i-pickup coil, idivayisi ye-Hall noma enye inzwa yamagnetic. Imitha ye-RF ingasebenzisa i-antenna noma i-probe yensimu elandelwa uchungechunge lwe-broadband noma i-band-limited detector. Ngisho noma i-interface yomsebenzisi ifana, izidingo ze-PCB zingahluka ngokuphelele.

Ngakho-ke i-RFQ enenjongo kufanele isho isikhombikubona senzwa/i-probe kanye nebhendi yokulinganisa ehlosiwe. Lolo lwazi lutshela umenzi ukuthi ingxenye ebonakala incane empeleni iyisici esinembile, esivuza kancane noma esibucayi se-RF nokuthi ingabe i-PCB stack-up idinga impedance echaziwe noma nje isisekelo esihle semvamisa ephansi.

Isigaba sedijithali ngokuvamile sivamile—i-MCU, isibonisi, ukuqopha idatha, i-USB, i-Bluetooth ongayikhetha kanye nokuphathwa kwebhethri—kodwa kumele sibekwe eduze kwesigaba sokulinganisa kunokuba sivunyelwe ukulawula ukwakheka kwebhodi lonke. Lokho kulandelana kwezinto eziza kuqala kungenye yezinto ezihlukile phakathi kwe-PCB yethuluzi lokulinganisa kanye nomlawuli ojwayelekile wabathengi.

Indlela Ukuhlelwa kwe-PCB Okuthonya Ngayo Ukunemba Kokulinganisa Imitha ye-EMF

Umthombo womsindo oyingozi kakhulu uvame ukukhiqizwa nguwe. I-switching converter ingadala amandla kagesi kanye ne-magnetic aqinile eduze kwamasimu azungeze i-inductor yayo, i-hot loop kanye ne-switching node. Iwashi le-microcontroller lingakhiqiza amandla e-harmonic ngaphezu kakhulu kwemvamisa yalo eyisisekelo. Izixhumi zokubonisa zingaguqula imigqa eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi i-BLE transmitter ikhipha amandla e-RF ngamabomu. Uma isici sokuzwa siseduze ngokwanele, le mithombo ingabonakala njengokuqukethwe kokulinganisa okusebenzayo.

Beka inzwa kusukela ekulinganisweni ngaphandle

Indawo yesenzwa kufanele ihlanganiswe nendawo ebiyelwe ngaphambi kokuba ingxenye esele yebhodi ixhunywe kakhulu. Onjiniyela kudingeka babuze ukuthi i-probe ihloselwe ukubona ini nokuthi yiziphi izakhiwo zangaphakathi eziseduze nayo: ibhethri, i-copper plane, i-shield can, i-display, ikhebula, i-motor, omakethi noma ikhoyili yokushaja. I-sensor emphethweni webhodi inganciphisa ukuxhuma kusuka kuma-electronics edijithali, kodwa kuphela uma indawo ebiyelwe kanye ne-ground geometry kusekela lokho kukhetha.

Gcina izihibe zamandla ezinomsindo zincane

I-Converter current ayilandeli umdwebo ohleliwe; ilandela ukubekwa kwethusi elingokoqobo kanye nengxenye. Ama-loop aphezulu e-di/dt kufanele abe mancane futhi agcinwe kude nengxenye engaphambili. Ama-buzzer, i-vibration motor kanye ne-display backlight currents nawo adinga izindlela zokubuya ezingagelezi ngereferensi yokulinganisa esezingeni eliphansi. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza kuma-currents e-USB shield/ESD kanye nama-transients okushaja ibhethri.

Ungathumeli amasignali edijithali asheshayo ngaphansi kwama-node e-analog azwelayo

Indiza yokubhekisela eqhubekayo isiza ekuhlanganiseni amasimu avela kumathrekhi edijithali, kodwa akukho nzuzo enkulu ekubekeni iwashi lesivinini esiphezulu ngqo ngaphansi kokufakwa kwe-amplifier ye-impedance ephezulu. Umzila obucayi kufanele ube mfushane, kube nesikhala esiqondile kusuka kuma-node okushintshana kanye namabhasi edijithali. Kumabhodi anezingqimba eziningi, ukwabiwa kwezingqimba kunganikeza ukwahlukaniswa okuwusizo, kodwa ukubekwa kuhlala kungumugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela.

Umklamo Wamandla Omsindo Ophansi: I-LDO vs Umlawuli Wokushintsha

Amamitha aphathekayo adinga kokubili umsindo ophansi kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwebhethri, okudala ukuguquguquka kwangempela komklamo. I-LDO inganikeza umzila othule kanye nokuhlelwa okulula, kodwa isusa umehluko we-voltage phakathi kokufaka nokukhipha njengokushisa. Isilawuli sokushintsha sisebenza kahle kakhulu phezu kobubanzi be-voltage yebhethri kodwa sethula imvamisa yokushintsha, ama-harmonics kanye nezihibe zamandla aphezulu ezingawela ngaphakathi noma eduze kwebhendi yokulinganisa yensimbi.

Isixazululo esifanele sincike kububanzi benzwa, ikhemikhali yebhethri, isidingo samanje kanye nephansi lokulinganisa. Uma imitha ihloselwe ukubona amasimu azungeze imvamisa yokushintsha kwesiguquli, ukuhambisa leyo converter “kude kancane” kungase kunganeli. Eminye imikhiqizo ingasebenza ngokujikeleza izinhlelo ezingaphansi ezinomsindo ngesikhathi sokulinganisa; eminye ayikwazi ngoba isibonisi nokuxhumana kumele kuhlale kubukhoma. Ngakho-ke izindlela zokusebenza ze-Firmware kanye nokwakheka kwamandla e-PCB kufanele kubuyekezwe ndawonye.

Ekukhiqizeni, ukushintshaniswa komlawuli kufanele kuqashelwe. Ama-converter amabili ahambisana nephini angaba nama-switching frequency ahlukene, ukuziphatha kwe-spread-spectrum, izindlela zomthwalo olula kanye nezici zesikhashana. I-alternate eqhutshwa yizindleko ingashintsha i-spectrum yomsindo wangaphakathi wemitha noma ngabe i-voltage yokukhipha ifana.

Ibanga Lokumisa, Ukuvikela kanye Nesensor

Ukuhlelwa komsindo ophansi kuvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “izindawo ezihlukene ze-analog nezedijithali,” kodwa inkinga yangempela ukubuya kwamanje. Ukuhlukanisa indiza yomhlaba kungaphoqa izimpawu zedijithali ukuthi ziwele igebe, kwandise indawo ye-loop kanye nemisebe. Indiza eqhubekayo enokuhlukanisa ngamabomu izingxenye kanye nemizila yamanje ivame ukubikezelwa kangcono. Lapho umklamo wokubhekisela ucacisa uxhumano oluhlukanisiwe noma lwezinkanyezi, leso sakhiwo kufanele sigcinwe ngqo kunokuba sihlanganiswe sibe umthetho wawo wonke amamitha.

Ukuvikela kufanele kube nenjongo yokulinganisa

Isihlangu singanciphisa ukuxhumanisa kusuka ku-MCU, ukubonisa noma ukuguqula kube yingxenye engaphambili ye-analog, kodwa insimbi ishintsha nokusatshalaliswa kwensimu kagesi, impedance ye-RF kanye nokuphendula kwenzwa. Isihlangu phezu kwenzwa yonke singase sihlule ukulinganisa. Umklami kufanele achaze ukuthi isihlangu sihloselwe yini ukuqukatha i-emitter yangaphakathi, ukuvikela i-amplifier, ukusungula ireferensi yendawo noma ukwakha ingxenye yesakhiwo se-RF.

Ibanga lingasebenza kangcono kunobunzima

Ukuxhumanisa okuseduze kwensimu kwehla ngokushesha ngokuhlukana. Ezinsimbini eziningi eziphathwayo, ukuhambisa inzwa noma i-converter ngebanga elincane kodwa elinenjongo kunganciphisa ukuphazamiseka ngempumelelo kunokwengeza izihlungi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngemva kwalokho. Yingakho indawo ebiyelwe kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-PCB kufanele kuklanywe ngokubambisana. Uma ibhodi selivele liqandisiwe ngomshini, ithimba le-PCB lilahlekelwa elinye lamathuluzi alo anamandla okulawula umsindo.

Umhlinzeki we-PCBA angagcina uhlaka lwesihlangu olukhishwe, izindawo ze-gasket, ihadiwe yokufaka kanye namabanga ezingxenye. Akufanele asungule isihlangu njengendlela yokukhiqiza ejwayelekile. Noma yiluphi ushintsho olungathinta isihlangu lungathinta iphrofayili yokugeleza kabusha, ukufinyelela kokushintsha, ukuziphatha kwe-antenna kanye nokulinganiswa kokugcina.

Izinqumo ze-PCB kanye ne-Stack-Up ezinezingqimba ezimbili vs ezinezingqimba ezine ze-EMF Meter

I-PCB enezingqimba ezimbili ingafaneleka ithuluzi elisebenzisa imvamisa ephansi eline-analog chain elula, umsebenzi wedijithali olinganiselayo kanye nendawo eyanele ebonakalayo yokugcina izindlela zamanje zihlelekile. Izingqimba ezine zenza kube lula ukugcina indiza yomhlabathi ingaphazanyiswa, ukusabalalisa amandla nokuqondisa isibonisi noma i-MCU ngaphandle kokusika ireferensi ye-analog. Amamitha e-RF ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu angadinga izendlalelo ezengeziwe noma i-impedance elawulwayo kuye ngokuthi i-bandwidth kanye nokwakheka kwawo.

Ngakho-ke inani lezingqimba aliyona ibheji yekhwalithi. Ibhodi elinezingqimba ezine elibekwe kabi lingakhipha umsindo omningi ku-sensor yalo kunomklamo wezingqimba ezimbili ohlelwe ngokucophelela. Isizathu sokwengeza izingqimba kufanele sibe sobala: ukuqhubeka okungcono kokubhekisela, ubuningi bomzila, ukuvikela, izidingo ze-interface yesivinini esikhulu noma ukunciphisa usayizi wemishini.

I-stack-up kufanele ikhishwe ngaphambi kokuba kucashunwe i-impedance

Uma ithuluzi liqukethe ama-RF traces, i-USB noma esinye isikhombimsebenzisi esilawulwayo sokuvimba, ikhasimende kufanele linikeze i-target impedance kanye ne-stack-up ehlosiwe noma livumele umenzi ukuthi aphakamise okulingana nokukhiqiza ukuze kuvunywe. I-trace geometry ayikwazi ukuqedwa ngokuzimela kobukhulu be-dielectric kanye nokwakhiwa kwethusi. I-prototype kanye nokwakhiwa kokukhiqiza kufanele kugcine isakhiwo sikagesi esivunyiwe ngaphandle kokuthi ubunjiniyela busayina ushintsho.

I-FR-4 ejwayelekile yanele izinsimbi eziningi, kodwa amamitha e-RF avame kakhulu angadinga ukukhetha izinto ezisuselwe ekulahlekelweni nasekuzinzeni kwe-dielectric. Isigaba somkhiqizo sodwa asanele ukuthethelela i-laminate ekhethekile. I-Highleap kufanele icaphune isidingo sezinto ezikhishwe esikhundleni sokumaketha yonke ibhodi ye-EMF njenge-substrate ekhethekile ye-RF.

Amaphutha Okwakha Nokukhiqiza Ama-PCB Avamile Akhulisa Umsindo Wemitha Ye-EMF

1. Ukubeka i-converter noma ishaja eceleni kwenzwa

Lokhu kudala ukuxhumanisa kwe-electromagnetic kanye ne-thermal. Inkinga ingabonakala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokushaja i-USB ngoba umkhiqizo usebenza esimweni samandla esihlukile kwimodi yawo evamile yebhethri.

2. Ukuhambisa amawashi okubonisa noma ememori endaweni ye-analog

Amanani asheshayo adala amandla e-broadband. Ngisho newashi le-SPI "elinemvamisa ephansi" liqukethe ama-harmonics. Ukugcina la mabhasi ehlangene futhi ekude nama-node ane-impedance ephezulu kunciphisa ingozi yokuxhuma.

3. Ukuvumela izindlela zokubuya zamandla aphezulu ukuthi zabelane ngereferensi yokulinganisa

Injini yokudlidliza, i-buzzer noma i-backlight ingadala ukugxuma komhlaba. I-PCB kufanele ihlinzeke ngesakhiwo sokubuya esigcina lawo maza angaphandle kwezindlela ze-sensor kanye ne-ADC.

4. Ukuphatha yonke ingxenye elinganayo njengengashintshaniswayo

Ama-op-amps anomsindo ophansi, ama-precision passive, izinkomba kanye nabashayeli be-ADC banemingcele engaphezu kwenani elijwayelekile. Ugesi okhethayo, umsindo we-1/f, amandla okufaka, ukumuncwa kwe-dielectric kanye nokuziphatha kokushintsha kungathinta i-front end enembile. Izindlela zokuthenga ezishintshayo kufanele zihloniphe imingcele ebalulekile yomklamo.

5. Ukwengeza ama-test pad ngaphandle kokucabangela amandla kanye nokuthatha

Iphedi enkulu ye-probe ku-node ene-impedance ephezulu ingashintsha isekethe futhi ibe yi-antenna. Ukufinyelela kokuhlola kufanele kube yingxenye yomklamo, hhayi ukungezwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngumthetho wefektri.

6. Ukusebenzisa ukuxhumana okungenantambo ngesikhathi sokulinganisa ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa

I-Bluetooth ingaba usizo ekulogeni kodwa futhi iyi-RF emitter ehlosiwe. Umkhiqizo kufanele uchaze ukuthi umsebenzi womsakazo uvunyelwe njalo, uhlelwe phakathi kokulinganisa noma ukhutshaziwe ngezindlela ezibucayi. Ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza kufanele kusebenzise izimo zokusebenza ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa ekuqinisekiseni.

I-EMF Meter PCBA ephathekayo: Izingxenye Eziqondile, Ukuhlanzeka Nokuhlolwa Komhlangano

I-PCBA ingafaka ama-amplifier anomsindo ophansi, ama-ADC, ama-resistors/ama-capacitor anembile, izixhumi zezinzwa, i-MCU, i-RF module, isixhumi sokubonisa kanye neshaja. Ikhwalithi yokubeka ibalulekile, kodwa nalokho okwenzekayo ngemva kokubeka ibalulekile. Izinsalela ze-Flux kanye nokungcola kungabalulekile eduze kwama-node ane-impedance ephezulu, futhi ukuhlanza okunamandla kungahambisani namanye ama-sensor, amaswishi noma izibonisi. Imininingwane yomhlangano ekhishwe kufanele ichaze inqubo eyamukelekayo.

I-AOI ingabamba i-polarity, izingxenye ezingekho kanye namaphutha amaningi e-solder. I-X-ray iwusizo kuphela lapho amalunga afihliwe njenge-BGA noma amaphakheji aqediwe phansi evumela lokho. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-analog akukwazi ukuhlolwa ebhodini; kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngogesi ngokuhlolwa kokusebenza okufanele.

Lawula i-analog BOM

Ithimba lokuthenga ifektri lidinga umehluko ocacile phakathi kwama-passive ajwayelekile kanye nezingxenye ezibalulekile zokulinganisa. I-BOM ingasebenzisa amasimu avunyiwe-alternate noma uhlu lokungafaki esikhundleni. Lokhu kuvimbela ukushintshwa okuqhutshwa ukutholakala ekushintsheni i-offset, umsindo, i-bandwidth noma ukuziphatha kwe-RF. Futhi kwenza umsebenzi wokwehlisa izindleko ube sobala: ubunjiniyela bungahlola ezinye izindlela ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-pilot okulawulwayo esikhundleni sokuzithola ngemva kokushintsha kwedatha yokukhiqiza.

Ukwakheka kwe-fixture kanye nekhebula kungangcolisa imiphumela yokuhlolwa

Isithako sokukhiqiza ngokwaso singase sikhiqize amasimu noma sifake umsindo womhlabathi. Ama-lead okuhlola amade angavikelwe, izinto zokushintsha amabhentshi kanye namakhompyutha aseduze kungenza imitha ebucayi ibonakale ingazinzile. Ukuqhathaniswa kwamayunithi egolide, ukujova kagesi okulawulwayo kanye nokuhlelwa kwesithako esichaziwe kungenza ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza kuphindeke kakhudlwana.

Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza, Ukulinganisa kanye Nokulandelela

Ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza kufanele kufakazele ukuthi i-PCBA iyasebenza, kuyilapho ukulinganisa kufanele kuqinisekise ukunemba kochungechunge lokulinganisa ngokumelene nereferensi efanele. Kuye ngohlobo lwemitha, ukulinganisa kungabandakanya amasimu kagesi aziwayo, amasimu kazibuthe, amazinga kagesi e-RF noma ukufakwa kukagesi engxenyeni engaphambili. Lezo zilungiselelo ziqondene nohlelo lokusebenza futhi kufanele zichazwe yi-OEM.

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwefekthri kungafaka phakathi

• Izitimela zikagesi, ukudonsa kwamanje kanye nokuziphatha kokushaja.
• Uhlelo lwe-MCU, inombolo ye-serial kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-firmware.
• Ukuxhumana kwe-ADC kanye nenzwa.
• Ukushintshanisa i-Gain/range kusetshenziswa isikhuthazo sikagesi esaziwayo.
• Isibonisi, izinkinobho, i-buzzer kanye nemisebenzi yokubhalisa.
• Ukuxhumana nge-Bluetooth noma nge-USB ngokwenqubo yokuhlola ikhasimende.

Uma ama-coefficient okulinganisa agcinwa ngeyunithi ngayinye, ukugeleza kohlelo kufanele kuxhumanise lawo manani nenombolo ye-serial yebhodi kanye nokubuyekezwa kwehadiwe. Lokho kuba yimfuneko yokulandelela kunokuba kube yisinyathelo selabhoratri esingakahleleki. Umhambi wokukhiqiza kufanele abonise ukuthi ukulinganisa kwenzeka yini esigabeni se-PCBA esingenalutho, ithuluzi elihlanganisiwe noma isigaba sokugcina sokuvala, ngoba ukuvikela kanye ne-geometry yokuvala kungathinta ukulinganisa.

Kumitha enamabanga amaningi, isu lokuhlola kufanele liphinde likhombe ukuthi yimaphi amabanga ahlolwe ngokugcwele nokuthi yimaphi ahlolwe ngamaphuzu amele. Impendulo ithinta ubunzima bezinto, isikhathi somjikelezo kanye nesilinganiso.

Kusukela ku-Prototype kuya ku-Production: Izindleko, i-DFM kanye nokukhethwa kwabaphakeli

Isigaba se-prototype kufanele siveze ngamabomu ithuluzi ezimweni zalo zomsindo wangaphakathi ezimbi kakhulu. Linganisa ngesibonisi esisebenzayo nesingasebenzi, ishaja exhunyiwe nengaxhunywanga, i-radio transmitter, i-buzzer isebenza kanye nebhethri ezimweni ezahlukene zokushaja. Lokhu kunquma ukuthi yimaphi amasignesha azenzele wona abalulekile ngaphambi kokuba i-PCB kanye ne-enclosure kuqandiswe.

Ukwehliswa kwezindleko kufanele kugxile ekuqedeni ubunzima obungadingekile, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlola kanye nokuzinzisa i-BOM. Ibhodi elinezingqimba ezine lingase libe elonga kakhulu kunesakhiwo esinzima esinezingqimba ezimbili uma ligwema i-EMC ephindaphindwayo noma ukulungisa iphutha lomsindo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-laminate ekhethekile, i-HDI kanye namaphakheji amancane kakhulu akufanele kwengezwe ngaphandle kokuthi imingcele ye-bandwidth noma yemishini idinga lokho.

Okufanele ukubheke kumkhiqizi wokuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB yemitha ye-EMF

• Inqubo ye-DFM eqaphela izindawo ezibucayi ze-analog kanye ne-RF esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ukuhlela okuvamile ngokungacabangi.
• Ukutholwa okulawulwayo kwezingxenye ze-analog, i-ADC, ireferensi kanye ne-RF ngokunemba.
• Ikhono le-SMT lokuphotha kahle lifanele amaphakheji akhishwe.
• Imiyalelo ecacile yokuhlanza nokuphatha izindawo ezithinteke kakhulu noma ezizwelayo.
• Ukusekela uhlelo kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza okuchazwe amakhasimende.
• Ukubuyekezwa, i-BOM kanye nokulawulwa kokuhlolwa okuhlala kuhambisana kusukela ku-prototype kuya ekukhiqizweni okuphindaphindiwe.

Iphakheji ye-RFQ

Thumela i-Gerber/ODB++, umdwebo wokwenziwa kanye nokufakwa kwe-stack, i-BOM enezinye izindlela ezivunyiwe, idatha yokukhetha nokubeka, imidwebo yokuhlanganisa, imiyalelo yokuvikela, amafayela e-firmware/ohlelo kanye nencazelo yokuhlolwa kokukhiqiza. Uma imitha inama-probe angaphandle noma izintambo ezilinganisiwe, sho ukuthi lezo ziyingxenye yokucushwa kokuhlolwa kwefektri. I-Highleap Electronics ingabe isicaphuna ububanzi bokukhiqiza be-PCB kanye ne-PCBA ngaphandle kokusho umthwalo wemfanelo wokuklama izinsimbi noma ukulinganiswa okusemthethweni.

Isu lokukhiqiza elithembeke kakhulu lilula ngokomthetho: gcina i-geometry yenzwa ekhishwe, isethi yezingxenye ezinomsindo ophansi, ukwakheka kwamandla kanye nendlela yokuhlola. Yilokho okuguqula i-prototype yelabhorethri ephumelelayo ibe yi-PCB yemitha ye-EMF ephindaphindwayo ephindekayo.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Izidingo zokukhiqiza kufanele ziqinisekiswe ngokuqhathanisa namafayela okuklama akhishwe, izincazelo zabakhiqizi bezingxenye kanye nezimfuneko zokuqinisekiswa noma zomthetho ezisebenzayo zomkhiqizo wokugcina.