Ukuqhathanisa i-USB ne-RS232 Kuzicelo Zebhodi Lesifunda

I-USB kanye ne-RS232 (Izinga Elinconyiwe 232) womabili amagama ajwayelekile emhlabeni wezinto zikagesi, kodwa asebenzela izinjongo ezihlukile futhi ahamba phambili ezimeni ezahlukene. Ngaphandle kokuvama kwe-USB kumadivayisi esimanje, i-RS232 isaqhubeka nokuba iphrothokholi ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi endaweni yama-Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Ake singene ngezizathu zokuthi kungani i-USB ingakwazi ukumiselela ngokugcwele i-RS232, sihlole umehluko wayo ekwakhiweni, ekusetshenzisweni kwayo, ezicini zikagesi, nobunkimbinkimbi bephrothokholi.

Umongo Womlando kanye Nezinhloso Zomklamo

I-RS232: Izinga Lefa

I-RS232 yethulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960s futhi ngokushesha yaba indinganiso yokuxhumana kwe-serial kumakhompyutha kanye nezokuxhumana. Yakhelwe ukuxhumana kwe-point-to-point, ivumela amadivayisi afana namakhompiyutha, amamodemu, nemishini yezimboni ukuthi ixhumane namabanga amade uma kuqhathaniswa. Indlela yayo elula, enesivinini esiphansi, futhi eqinile yokuxhumana evumelanayo iyenze yafanelekela amasistimu ahlukahlukene ezimboni kanye namafa, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezibandakanya ama-PCB.

I-USB: I-Modern Interface

I-USB, eyasungulwa maphakathi nawo-1990, yayihlose ukwenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha namadivayisi angaphandle kube yinto efanayo, ithathe indawo yezindinganiso eziningi ezindala, okuhlanganisa ne-RS232. I-USB inikeza amazinga aphezulu okudlulisa idatha, amakhono okuxhuma nokudlala, kanye nekhono lokuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Yakhelwe ukuxhumana okufushane kanye ne-electronics yabathengi, isekela ukudluliselwa kwedatha okusheshayo kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla—izici ezikhanga kakhulu emiklamo ye-PCB yesimanje kodwa ezingafaneleki njalo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza.

Iphrothokholi Yezokuxhumana kanye Nezindlela

I-Asynchronous Communication ku-RS232

I-RS232 isebenzisa ukuxhumana kwe-asynchronous serial, okusho ukuthi idatha idluliswa kancane ngesikhathi ngaphandle kwesignali yewashi. Ibhayithi ngayinye yedatha ifakwe uzimele wamabhithi okuqala nawokumisa, okuvumela idivayisi eyamukelayo ukuthi ivumelanise iwashi layo langaphakathi nedatha engenayo. Le ndlela iqondile futhi iyasebenza ekuxhumaneni kwesivinini esiphansi kumabanga amade, isici esizuzisa kakhulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-PCB lapho ukwethembeka kumabanga amade kubalulekile.

Ukuxhumana Okuvumelanayo ku-USB

I-USB isebenzisa iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ehambisanayo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ithembele esignalini yewashi ukuze ivumelanise ukudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kwe-host namadivayisi axhunyiwe. Lokhu kuvumela amazinga aphezulu edatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwe-bandwidth. I-USB isekela izindlela eziningi zokuxhumana, kufaka phakathi ukudluliselwa kwe-bulk, ukulawula, ukuphazamiseka, kanye nokudluliselwa kwe-isochronous, okwenza kube lula kwizinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekugcinweni kwedatha kuya ekusakazweni komsindo nevidiyo ngesikhathi sangempela. Kodwa-ke, lobu bunzima bungabangela izinselele ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zezimboni lapho ubulula nokuthembeka kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izindlela zikagesi

Amazinga Amandla Kagesi kanye Nobuqotho Besiginali ku-RS232

I-RS232 isebenza ngamazinga aphezulu kagesi, ngokuvamile asukela ku-±12V kuya ku-±15V, okusiza ukugcina ubuqotho besiginali ebangeni elide. Ukubonisana komehluko kunciphisa umsindo futhi kuvumela i-RS232 ukuthi isebenze ngokuthembekile ezindaweni zezimboni ezineziphazamiso ezinkulu ze-electromagnetic ( EMI ). Amazinga aphezulu kagesi nawo avumela i-RS232 ukuthi idlulise idatha ngezintambo ezinde ngaphandle kokuwohloka okukhulu, okuyisici esibalulekile ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-PCB lapho kudingeka khona ukuxhumana kwebanga elide.

Ukusebenza Kwe-Voltage Ephansi ye-USB

I-USB isebenza kumazinga aphansi kagesi (5V noma ngaphansi), okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ukuxhumana nebanga elifushane ngaphakathi komthengi kagesi. Nakuba lokhu kusebenza kwamandla kagesi aphansi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye ne-EMI, kukhawulela ubude bekhebula futhi kwenza i-USB ingathembeki ezindaweni ezinomsindo kagesi. Izintambo ze-USB ngokuvamile zikhawulelwe kubude obukhulu obungamamitha angu-5, ngaphezu kwalokho okuphindaphinda amasignali noma amahabhu adingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho besignali. Lo mkhawulo kuwukudonsela emuva okubalulekile kumiklamo ye-PCB edinga ukuxhumana okuqinile kwebanga elide.

Izimo zesicelo

I-Industrial and Legacy Systems

I-RS232 isasetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zezimboni nezesikhathi esidlule ngenxa yobulula bayo, ukuthembeka, kanye nekhono lokusebenza amabanga amade. Amadivayisi amaningi ezimboni, njenge -PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), imishini ye-CNC (Computer Numerical Control), kanye namathuluzi esayensi, athembele ku-RS232 ukuze axhumane. Ukuqina kwale protocol kanye nezidingo ezincane zehadiwe kwenza kube kuhle ezindaweni zezimboni ezinzima kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-PCB lapho ukulinganiselwa kwe-USB kungaba yinkinga.

I-Consumer Electronics kanye namadivayisi esimanje

I-USB isibe yi-interface ejwayelekile yama-electronics abathengi , okuhlanganisa amakhompyutha, ama-smartphone, amakhamera, namadivayisi okugcina idatha. Amanani ayo aphezulu okudlulisa idatha, ukusebenziseka kalula, kanye nekhono lokuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi ngama-hub kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ezinhlelweni zesimanje. I-USB iphinde isekele ukulethwa kwamandla, okuvumela amadivayisi ukuthi anikwe amandla futhi ashajwe nge-interface efanayo, okuyinzuzo enkulu kune-RS232. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-PCB ezidinga ukuthembeka nokulula, i-RS232 isalokhu iyisinqumo esikhethwayo.

Ubunkimbinkimbi beProtocol kanye Nokuqaliswa Kokusebenza

Ubulula be-RS232

Iphrothokholi ye-RS232 iqondile, ifaka isiqalo esilula, ukumisa, nokulingana ukuze kuhlolwe iphutha. Lokhu kubalula kuhumushela ekusebenziseni kalula, okudinga amandla amancane okucubungula nehadiwe. Amadivayisi asebenzisa i-RS232 ngokuvamile adinga i-UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) yokuxhumana, okuyenza ingabizi kakhulu ngemisebenzi elula yokuxhumana ye-serial. Lokhu kusebenziseka kalula kuyinzuzo enkulu kumiklamo ye-PCB lapho izindleko nobulula kubalulekile.

Ukuxaka kwe-USB

Iphrothokholi ye-USB iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ifaka izingqimba zamazinga okuxhumana, ukuhlola amaphutha, nokuphathwa kwedatha. Ukusebenzisa i-USB kudinga izilawuli eziyinkimbinkimbi nezishayeli zesofthiwe ukuze zilawule izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokudlulisa idatha futhi ziqinisekise ukuhambisana kuwo wonke amadivayisi ahlukene namasistimu okusebenza. Le nkimbinkimbi inyusa izindleko zokuthuthukisa futhi idinga amandla engeziwe okucubungula, okwenza i-USB ibe ngaphezulu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukuxhumana kwe-serial okulula kwanele. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-elekthronikhi lapho izindleko nokulula kubalulekile, i-RS232 ihlala iyinketho ekhethwayo.

Ukuhambisana kanye Nokumiswa

Ifa le-RS232 Elinesikhathi Eside

I-RS232 isisetshenziswe amashumi eminyaka, futhi izinhlelo eziningi zefa nemishini yezimboni yakhiwe ngaleli zinga. Ukushintsha i-RS232 nge-USB kulawa masistimu kuzodinga ukuklanywa kabusha okubalulekile nokuklanywa kabusha, okuvamise ukungasebenzi futhi kubize. Ukuhambisana kwe-RS232 nezinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi kanye nokumiswa kwayo kahle okuqondwa kahle kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuthembekile kokugcina nokuthuthukisa amasistimu akhona. Lokhu kuhambisana kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-PCB lapho ukuthembeka okuhlala isikhathi eside kubalulekile.

I-USB's Ubiquity kumadivayisi esimanje

Nakuba i-USB itholakala yonke indawo kuma-electronics abathengi wesimanje, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezinhlelweni zezimboni nezamafa kunqunyelwe. Isidingo samashayeli akhethekile kanye nobunzima bokuhlanganisa i-USB kwingqalasizinda ekhona kudala izithiyo ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubude bekhebula elikhawulelwe le-USB nokuba sengozini kwe-EMI kuyenza ingalungeli kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile zezimboni uma iqhathaniswa ne-RS232. Ezinhlelweni ze-PCB lapho ukwethembeka nobulula kubalulekile, i-RS232 ihlala iyinketho ekhethwayo.

Izifundo Nezibonelo Zomhlaba Wangempela

Ukuzenzekela kweZimabhizinisi

Ekuzenzekeleni kwezimboni , i-RS232 ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuxhuma ama-PLC kuma-sensor, ama-actuator, namanye amadivayisi okulawula. Ukuqina kwale protocol kanye namakhono okuxhumana amabanga amade kubalulekile ekusethweni okukhulu kwezimboni lapho amadivayisi esatshalaliswa khona amabanga abalulekile. Isibonelo, esitshalweni sokukhiqiza, i-RS232 ingadlulisela idatha ngokuthembekile kusuka egumbini lokulawula iye emishinini esefektri, into i-USB engenakuyifinyelela ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okukhulu. Lokhu kuthembeka kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-PCB lapho kudingeka khona ukuxhumana amabanga amade.

Consumer Electronics

Ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi, i-USB ibusa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokusebenziseka kalula. Amadivayisi afana namaphrinta, ama-hard drive angaphandle, nama-smartphone asebenzisa i-USB kukho kokubili ukudluliswa kwedatha nokunikezwa kwamandla. Isibonelo, i-smartphone exhunywe kukhompuyutha nge-USB ingadlulisela kanyekanye idatha, ishaje ibhethri layo, futhi isebenze njengemodemu noma isidlali semidiya, ebonisa amakhono e-USB anezici eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni ze-PCB lapho ubulula nokuthembeka kubalulekile, i-RS232 ihlala iyinketho ekhethwayo.

Imikhawulo Yezobuchwepheshe Nezinselele

Imikhawulo yebanga le-USB

Umkhawulo webanga elifushane le-USB uyisici esibalulekile esibuyisela emuva ezinhlelweni ezidinga amakhebula amade agijima. Ngenkathi abaphindayo namahabhu kunganweba ukufinyelela, bangeza ubunkimbinkimbi namaphuzu angaba khona okuhluleka. Ngokuphambene, i-RS232 ingakwazi ukuxhumana ebangeni elingafika kumafidi angu-50 (amamitha angu-15) noma ngaphezulu ngekhebula elula, iyenze ifaneleke kakhulu ukufakwa okukhulu. Leli khono lebanga libalulekile ezinhlelweni ze-PCB lapho kudingeka khona ukuxhumana okude.

Ubuqotho Besiginali Nokuvikeleka Komsindo

Amazinga kagesi aphezulu e-RS232 kanye nokubonisa umehluko kunikeza ukuvikeleka komsindo okungcono, okubalulekile ezindaweni zezimboni ezine-EMI ephezulu. Ukusebenza kwamandla kagesi aphansi kwe-USB kuyenza ibe lula kakhulu enomsindo, okungase kuholele ekonakaleni kwedatha kuzilungiselelo ezinomsindo kagesi. Izintambo ze-USB ezivikelekile zinganciphisa le nkinga ngezinga elithile, kodwa azikwazi ukufanisa ukuqina kwe-RS232 ezindaweni ezinokhahlo. Lokhu kuvikeleka komsindo kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zebhodi lesifunda lapho ukwethembeka kubalulekile.

Amathemba Nezinto Ezintsha Ezizayo

Ukuvela Kwamazinga e-USB

Izinga le-USB liyaqhubeka nokushintsha, ngezinguqulo ezifana ne-USB 3.0 ne-USB 4.0 ezinikeza amanani aphezulu okudlulisa idatha kanye nokulethwa kwamandla okuthuthukisiwe. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwenza i-USB iqhudelane kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kodwa futhi yandisa ubunkimbinkimbi nezindleko zokuqalisa. Ngenkathi ukuvela kwe-USB kubhekana nemikhawulo ethile, akukuqedi ngokuphelele umehluko ongokwemvelo owenza i-RS232 ithandeke ezimeni ezithile. Ezinhlelweni ze-PCB lapho izindleko nobulula kubalulekile, i-RS232 ihlala iyinketho ekhethwayo.

Okunye Okungenzeka

Ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, njengezivumelwano zezimboni ezisekelwe ku-Ethernet (isb, i-Ethernet/IP, i-Modbus TCP), zinikeza amanani edatha aphezulu kanye nokuxhumana okuqinile ngokuhamba kwamabanga amade. Lezi zindlela ezihlukile zingase zithathele indawo kokubili i-RS232 ne-USB ezinhlelweni ezithile, zinikeze isixazululo esihlangene sokuzenzakalela kwemboni nokulawula. Kodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwalobu buchwepheshe kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kanye nemizamo yokulinganisa. Ezicelweni zebhodi lesifunda lapho ukwethembeka nokubalula kubalulekile, i-RS232 ihlala iyinketho ekhethwayo.

Isiphetho

Kafushane, ngenkathi i-USB inikeza izinzuzo eziningi ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi besimanje, ayikwazi ukufaka esikhundleni i-RS232 ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ubulula be-RS232, ukuqina, amakhono okuxhumana ebanga elide, kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo zefa kuyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini nasezinhlelweni ezithile ze-niche. Ukuqonda amandla nemikhawulo yazo zombili izivumelwano kuvumela onjiniyela nabaklami ukuthi bakhethe isixhumi esibonakalayo esifanele izidingo zabo ezithile, ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kumaphrojekthi abo.

Ngokubona izindima ezihlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-USB ne-RS232, ochwepheshe bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi basebenzise izici ezingcono kakhulu zephrothokholi ngayinye ukuze bathuthukise imiklamo nezinhlelo zabo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuvela, womabili amazinga cishe azohlala ndawonye, ​​ngalinye lisebenzela injongo yalo ehlukile endaweni ehlukahlukene yokuxhumana ngogesi.

Kwa-Highleap Electronic, sisebenza ngokukhethekile ekuklameni nasekukhiqizeni ama-PCB ahlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zakho kokubili i-RS232 nezindinganiso zokuxhumana ze-USB. Ubuchwepheshe bethu buqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi akho ayazuza kuzinqubo zokuxhumana ezifanele kakhulu nezithembekile, eziklanyelwe izidingo zakho ezithile.

Noma ngabe usebenza kumasistimu ezishintshayo zezimboni, ama-electronics omthengi, nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo lokusebenza oludinga ukuxhumana okuqinile nokusebenza kahle, ithimba lethu lilapha ukuze likusize. Xhumana nathi namuhla ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezixazululo zethu ze-PCB nokuthi singayisekela kanjani iphrojekthi yakho elandelayo. Ngokubambisana, singaqinisekisa ukuthi imiklamo yakho ithuthukiselwa ukusebenza, ukwethembeka, kanye nempumelelo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yimuphi umehluko omkhulu kuzixhumi ezibonakalayo ezisetshenziswa i-RS232 ne-USB ezinhlelweni ze-PCB?

I-RS232 ngokuvamile isebenzisa izixhumi ze-DB9 noma ze-DB25, ezinkulu neziqine kakhulu, ezifanele izindawo zezimboni lapho ukuqina nokuxhumana okuvikelekile kubalulekile. Ngokuphambene, i-USB isebenzisa izixhumi ezincane ezifana no-Type-A, Type-B, Micro-USB, ne-USB-C, ezidizayinelwe izinto zikagesi zabathengi lapho usayizi ohlangene nokusebenziseka kalula kubekwa kuqala khona. Lo mehluko ekwakhiweni kwesixhumi ubonisa izimo zokusetshenziswa ezihlosiwe zephrothokholi ngayinye, i-RS232 igxile ekuqineni kanye ne-USB ekusebenzisaneni ngezindlela eziningi kanye nokubumbana.

I-RS232 ne-USB kusingathwa kanjani ngokuhlukile ukulawula ukugeleza kwedatha?

I-RS232 isebenzisa isilawuli sokugeleza kwehadiwe (RTS/CTS) noma isilawuli sokugeleza kwesoftware (XON/XOFF) ukuze ilawule ukugeleza kwedatha phakathi kwamadivayisi, iqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ithunyelwa kuphela uma idivayisi eyamukelayo isilungile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zezimboni lapho ukusakazwa kwedatha okuqhubekayo kufanele kuphathwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa. I-USB, ngakolunye uhlangothi, incike ekwakhiweni okushayelwa umsingathi lapho umsingathi ehlela ukudluliswa kwedatha, enikeza ukulawula okuyinkimbinkimbi kodwa futhi enezela ubunkimbinkimbi. Lo mehluko wenza i-RS232 iqonde kakhulu futhi ithembeke ezimeni lapho kudingeka khona ukulawulwa kokugeleza kwedatha okulula nokubikezelwayo.

Iyini imithelela yokusebenzisa i-RS232 noma i-USB mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezinhlelweni ze-PCB?

I-RS232 ngokuvamile isebenzisa amandla aphezulu ngenxa yamazinga ayo aphezulu kagesi (±12V kuya ku-±15V) kanye nesidingo sabashayeli bemigqa abazinikele nabamukeli. Lokhu kungaba ukonakala ezinhlelweni ze-PCB ezisebenza ngebhethri noma ezinamandla amancane. I-USB, eklanywe kucatshangwa ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla, isebenza ngama-voltage aphansi (imvamisa engu-5V) futhi inganikeza amandla kumadivayisi axhunyiwe, inciphisa isidingo sokuphakelwa kwamandla okuhlukene. Lokhu kwenza i-USB ifaneleke kakhulu kumadivayisi anamandla aphansi naphathwayo, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kwe-RS232 kwamukeleka kakhulu ekufakweni okungaguquki kwezimboni lapho ukutholakala kwamandla kungekona ukukhathazeka.

Injani indlela yokuthola iphutha kanye nendlela yokulungisa ku-RS232 naleyo eku-USB?

I-RS232 isebenzisa izindlela ezilula zokuthola amaphutha njengama-parity bits nama-checksums, anele emisebenzini eminingi yokuxhumana enesivinini esiphansi, iphuzu nephuzu. Lezi zindlela zisebenziseka kalula futhi zanele izimo zokusetshenziswa ezijwayelekile ze-RS232. I-USB, nokho, isebenzisa amasu okutholwa kwamaphutha athuthuke kakhulu kanye nezindlela zokulungisa, okuhlanganisa i-CRC (Ukuhlola Ukuphindaphindeka Kwe-Cyclic) kanye nokuzama kabusha kwephakethe, okuthuthukisa ukwethembeka ekudlulisweni kwedatha ngesivinini esikhulu. Lobu bunzima buqinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha obuphakeme kodwa futhi kwandisa ubunkimbinkimbi bokusebenzisa, okwenza i-USB ifaneleke kangcono izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukunemba kwedatha kubalulekile.

Ingabe ikhono le-plug-and-play le-USB liqhathaniswa kanjani nezimfuneko zokusetha ze-RS232?

I-USB yakhelwe ngendlela enekhono lokuxhuma nokudlala, evumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhumeke futhi alungiselelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusethwa mathupha. Lesi sici sinenzuzo kakhulu kuma-electronics wabathengi, sinikeza ukusetshenziswa kalula nokunciphisa isikhathi sokusetha. I-RS232, nokho, ivamise ukudinga ukumiswa okwenziwa mathupha kwamapharamitha afana nesilinganiso se-baud, ukulinganiswa, nokulawula ukugeleza, okungase kube nzima futhi kube namaphutha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamadivaysi amaningi. Lo mehluko usho ukuthi i-USB isebenziseka kalula ezindaweni eziguquguqukayo nezishintshayo, kuyilapho ukusethwa okwenziwa ngesandla kwe-RS232 kulungele kangcono ukusetha kwezimboni okuzinzile nokungashintshi lapho amapharamitha engashintshi njalo.