Umhlahlandlela Wokuklama we-PCB Wenzwa Yokushisa Kwamanzi

I-PCB yokushisa kwamanzi iyibhodi yesekethe elinganisa, futhi evame ukulawula, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi isebenzisa inzwa yokushisa, i-electronics yokupholisa isignali, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isilawuli esishintsha i-heater noma iphampu. Izingxenye eziqinile zomklamo akuzona ikhodi ye-microcontroller kodwa amaqiniso angokoqobo: ukukhetha inzwa enokunemba okufanele, ukuyingenisa emanzini ngokuthembekile, nokugcina umswakama kude ne-electronics iminyaka eminingi. Lo mhlahlandlela uhamba ngokukhetha inzwa, ukwakheka kwe-probe, ukuvimbela amanzi, ukunemba, kanye nokukhetha kokukhiqiza okunquma ukuthi i- PCB yokushisa kwamanzi iyasinda yini endaweni emanzi.

Lokho Okwenziwa yi-PCB Yokushisa Kwamanzi

Kalula nje, ibhodi lifunda izinga lokushisa bese libika. Ngokuvamile liphinde lisebenze kulokho kufunda, lishintshe i-heater, iphampu, i-valve, noma ifeni ukuze libambe indawo ethile. Umklamo ofanayo oyinhloko uvela emikhiqizweni eminingi.

• Izindawo zokuhlala ze-aquarium nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ephethe ibhande lokushisa eliqinile nelincane.
• Ama-heater nama-boiler amanzi, lapho imikhawulo yokuphepha kanye nokunemba kokulawula kubalulekile.
• Ama-coolant nama-HVAC loops, ukuqapha izinga lokushisa lokugeleza ukuze kusebenze kahle futhi kuvikelwe.
• Amathangi enqubo yezimboni, lapho inzwa ingase ibhekane namakhemikhali, ingcindezi, noma ukungcola.
• Ingungu yensimbi ekhaliswayo ngokushaywa njengama-kettle, imishini yekhofi, kanye nemishini yokuwasha izitsha.

Uhlelo ngalunye lubeka izidingo ezilandelayo, ukunemba okudingayo, izinga lokushisa, ukuthi amanzi anamandla kangakanani, nokuthi ibhodi lizwa noma lilawula kuphela. Zibeke phansi kuqala, ngoba yizona ezinquma inzwa kanye nendawo ebiyelwe.

Ukukhetha Inzwa Yokushisa

Inzwa iyisinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni. Izinketho eziyinhloko zishintsha ukunemba, izindleko, ububanzi, kanye nokulula kokuxhumana.

Indlela yokufunda leli tafula ukuze uthole amanzi

Eziningi zezicelo zamanzi, i-NTC thermistor noma i-DS18B20 imboza lo msebenzi ngentengo ephansi. Khetha i-RTD uma udinga ukunemba kwelebhu kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside, bese wamukela i-front end edinga kakhulu ye-analog eza nayo. Ububanzi be-thermocouple abudingeki kakhulu emanzini, aqandisa futhi abilise ngaphakathi kwesikhala esincane. Impendulo efanele inzwa eshibhile kakhulu ehlangabezana nomgomo wakho wokunemba nokuthembeka, hhayi enembile kakhulu etholakalayo.

Umklamo Weprobe: Ukufaka Inzwa Emanzini

Ukwakheka okuthembekile kakhulu ukuhlukanisa isici sokuzwa nezinto zikagesi: faka i-probe evaliwe emanzini bese ugcina ibhodi lomile. Lokhu kugwema inkinga yokwethembeka enzima kakhulu kuyo yonke idizayini.

Ama-probe avaliwe vs izinzwa ezifakwe ebhodini

I-probe evalwe, njenge-DS18B20 eshedini lensimbi engagqwali noma i-RTD epayipini elivikelayo, ihlala emanzini bese ixhuma ebhodini ngekhebula. Inzwa yedijithali efakwe ebhodini ilula ngogesi kodwa ikuphoqa ukuthi ulethe amanzi ebhodini noma ebhodini emanzini, okunzima kakhulu ukulivala. Kunoma yini ecwilisiwe, indlela ye-probe-plus-cable cishe njalo iyindlela engcono kakhulu yobunjiniyela.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-thermal kanye nesikhathi sokuphendula

I-probe ifunda izinga lokushisa lesihloko sayo, hhayi lamanzi ngqo, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana okuhle kokushisa kubalulekile. I-sheath enodonga oluncane, ehambisa ukushisa isabela ngokushesha; indlu ebanzi noma enezikhala zomoya iyalibala futhi ifundeka phansi ngesikhathi sokushintsha. Uma i-loop yakho yokulawula idinga ukusabela ngokushesha, khetha i-probe enokushisa okuphansi kanye nokuxhumana okuhle, bese uyibeka lapho amanzi ehamba khona kunokuba aye ephaketheni elifile.

Ukuvimbela Amanzi ku-Electronics

Amanzi kanye nokujiya kuyizitha zebhodi elihlala isikhathi eside. Ukuvikelwa kuza emazingeni amaningana, futhi imikhiqizo eminingi iyakuhlanganisa.

Ukumboza, ukufaka izimbiza, kanye nokuvala

• Ukumboza okuhambisanayo iyifilimu encane yokuvikela efakwe phezu kwebhodi elihlanganisiwe, ivikela umswakama kanye nokuchaphazeka. Yizinga lokuvikela elincane kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa ngesikhathi Umhlangano we-PCB.
• Ukupheka ifaka ibhodi (noma ingxenye yalo) nge-resin, inikeza isivikelo esiqinile ekumeni, ekudlidlizeni, nakumakhemikhali ngezindleko zesisindo kanye nokusebenza kahle.
• Indawo ebiyelwe enesilinganiso se-IP kugcina amanzi kude ngokuphelele nezinto zikagesi, lapho i-probe kanye nekhebula kudlula endlaleni evaliwe.

Ukuqonda izilinganiso ze-IP

Uma indawo ebiyelwe ivikela izinto zikagesi, isilinganiso sayo sokuvikela ukungena (i-IP) sikutshela ukuthi igcina amanzi kahle kangakanani. Inombolo yesibili ihlanganisa amanzi, futhi uma ephakeme, kulapho kuvikeleka khona kakhulu.

Ku-sensor ehlala emanzini, ingxenye emanzi (i-probe) kanye nengxenye eyomile (ibhodi eliyinhloko) ngokuvamile zinezidingo ezahlukene: i-probe ivaliwe noma ilinganiswe ngokucwiliswa, kuyilapho izinto zikagesi eziyinhloko zihlala ngemuva kwesithiyo se-IP67 noma se-IP68 lapho ikhebula lingena nge-gland evaliwe. Lelo bhodi eliyinhloko lisakhiqizwa ngokukhiqizwa kwe-PCB ejwayelekile ; isilinganiso sichaza indawo ebiyelwe ezungezile. Qondanisa isilinganiso nendlela umkhiqizo osetshenziswa ngayo nokuthi usetshenziswa kuphi.

Kungani umswakama ubalulekile ebhodini elingenalutho uqobo

Ngisho noma kungekho manzi ahlanzekile, umswakama uthinta i-PCB. Umswakama omuncwayo ushintsha kancane izakhiwo ze-dielectric ze-laminate, okungabaluleka ekulinganisweni okunembile kwe-analog, futhi kusheshisa ukugqwala ethusi eliveziwe kanye nama-component leads. Yingakho ukuqeda kobuso kuyisinqumo sokuklama: ukuqeda kokucwiliswa okufana ne-ENIG (igolide lokucwiliswa kwe-nickel elingena-electroless) kumelana nokugqwala futhi kungcole kangcono kakhulu kunethusi elingenalutho, okwenza kube yinto ezenzakalelayo enengqondo yamabhodi azohlala esevisini enomswakama. Ukuxoxa ngokuqeda nokumboza kusenesikhathi nomenzi wakho, okungcono njengengxenye yokubuyekezwa kwe-DFM , kugwema ibhodi elidlula ebhentshini kodwa lehluleke ensimini.

Ukulungiswa Nokulawulwa Kwesignali

I-front end ye-analog

Indlela olungisa ngayo isignali incike ku-sensor. I-NTC thermistor ivame ukwakha i-voltage divider efundwa yi-ADC, lapho i-nonlinearity ilungiswa kusofthiwe. I-RTD idinga umthombo wamanje ozinzile noma ireferensi ye-ratiometric kanye ne-amplifier yomsindo ophansi, kanye nokuxhumeka kwezintambo ezintathu noma ezine ukuze kukhanselwe ukumelana ne-lead, okuyisimiso esifanayo sokuzwa kwe-Kelvin esisetshenziswa ekulinganisweni okunembile kokumelana okuphansi. Izinzwa zedijithali ezifana ne-DS18B20 noma idivayisi ye-I²C zihambisa ukuguqulwa kube yi-sensor futhi zikunikeze inombolo ngqo, zishintshana ngokuguquguquka okuthile ukuze kube lula kanye nokuvikeleka komsindo.

Kusukela ekuzweleni kuya ekulawuleni

Uma ibhodi lilawula izinga lokushisa, liqhathanisa ukufundwa nendawo yokusetha bese liqhuba ukuphuma. Izinketho ezivamile yi-relay noma i-solid-state relay ye-heater, noma i-PWM yephampu noma ifeni. Uma ushintsha ama-heater asebenzisa amandla amakhulu, umklamo uwela endaweni yamandla nokuphepha, kanye nokuqhekeka kanye nokususwa, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa okufanele kucatshangelwe, isizinda sokukhiqiza ama-electronics kagesi . Gcina isigaba sokushintsha esinamandla aphezulu sihlukaniswe ngokomzimba nangogesi nesigaba sokuzwa amandla aphansi ukuze umsindo wokushintsha nokushisa kungonakalisi ukulinganisa.

Ukunemba, Ukulinganisa, kanye Nokuzulazula

Ukunemba kweshidi ledatha lenzwa kuyisiqalo, akusona isiqinisekiso somkhiqizo wakho oqediwe. Ukunemba kwangempela kuncike kuchungechunge lonke lwesignali kanye nokulinganiswa.

Lapho iphutha lingena khona

• Iphutha lereferensi kanye ne-ADC, okuyinto umklamo we-ratiometric ongayikhansela kakhulu.
• Ukumelana nomthofu kuzintambo ze-RTD, ezixazululwa ngokuxhumeka kwezintambo ezintathu noma ezine.
• Ukuzifudumeza, lapho ugesi wokulinganisa ufudumeza inzwa kancane; yigcine iphansi.
• Ukulibala kokushisa phakathi kwesihloko se-probe namanzi, okusethwe ngomklamo we-probe kanye nokubekwa kwayo.

Ukulinganisa nokuphatha ukuzulazula

Ukuze uthole imikhiqizo enembile, linganisa iyunithi ngayinye, isibonelo ngokumelene nereferensi eyaziwayo endaweni eyodwa noma ezimbili, bese ugcina ukulungiswa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinzwa ziyashintshashintsha, ngakho-ke ukulinganisa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile kungadingeka ezinsimbini okumele zihlale zinembile iminyaka. Nquma kusengaphambili ukuthi umkhiqizo kumele ube unembe kangakanani nokuthi isikhathi esingakanani, ngoba leso sinqumo sakha ibanga lezinzwa, ingxenye engaphambili, kanye nenqubo yokulinganisa.

Ukukhiqiza Isevisi Emanzi Nenomswakama

Ibhodi lokushisa lamanzi lithembeke kuphela ngendlela elakhiwe ngayo. Izinketho eziningana zokukhiqiza zithinta ngqo ukusinda endaweni emanzi.

Ukuqeda, ukumboza, nokuvala njengezinyathelo zokwakha

Ukuphela okumelana nokugqwala, ukwakheka noma ukubhaka okufana nokwakho, kanye nokuvalwa kokufakwa kwekhebula konke kuyimisebenzi yokukhiqiza, hhayi amanothi okuklama, futhi kudinga ukucaciswa nokuqinisekiswa emgqeni. I-assembler enolwazi ngamabhodi amboziwe navaliwe izovala izixhumi ngendlela efanele, ilawule ukujiya kokwakheka, futhi ilungise kahle, imininingwane enquma ukuthi ukuvikela kuyasebenza ngempela.

Ukuhlola nokukhulisa

Hlela ukuthi iyunithi ngayinye iqinisekiswa kanjani: ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo okunika amandla ibhodi futhi kuhlole ukufundwa ngokumelene nereferensi kuqinisekisa kokubili i-elekthronikhi kanye nokulinganiswa. Njengoba ivolumu ikhula, ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuqhubekayo kugcina ibhodi ngalinye liziphatha njengelokuqala, lapho umlingani ohlinzeka ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB okunomthamo ophezulu ngezinqubo ezizinzile neziqashwe kahle ethola indawo yalo. Ukwakha ibhodi elingenalutho nokuyihlanganisa ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa, ngokukhiqizwa kwe-PCB okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa, kugcina futhi umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqeda kanye nokugqoka endaweni eyodwa.

Kusukela kumodeli eyodwa kuya ekukhiqizeni, izinto ezifanayo zibalulekile: khetha inzwa efanele, uhlukanise izinto zikagesi emanzini, uvikele emswakama, bese wakha ibhodi elinokuqeda kanye nenqubo efanele isevisi emanzi. Kumabhodi okumele aphathe nokushisa okuvela esigabeni sesifudumezi, umenzi onolwazi lokuhlanganisa insimbi angasiza ekuphatheni uhlangothi lokushisa, futhi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Highleap Electronics kanye namakhono ethu okukhiqiza.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Iyiphi inzwa engcono kakhulu yokulinganisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi?

Kumaphrojekthi amaningi, i-NTC thermistor (eshibhile futhi enembile ngokwanele) noma i-DS18B20 sealed digital probe (elula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa) iyindlela ewusizo. Khetha i-RTD efana ne-PT100 noma i-PT1000 uma udinga ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside, wamukele i-analog front end edinga kakhulu.

Ngingafaka yonke i-PCB emanzini?

Kuthembeke kakhulu ukufaka i-probe evaliwe emanzini bese ugcina ibhodi lomile endaweni evalekile. Ukucwilisa ngokuphelele izinto zikagesi kudinga ukubhoboza noma ukuvala okuqinile futhi kunzima ukukwenza kahle, ngakho-ke i-probe-plus-cable iyisakhiwo esinconywayo sokuzwa okucwilisiwe.

Ibhodi lokushisa lamanzi kufanele lisebenzise yiphi ingxenye engaphezulu?

I-ENIG (igolide lokucwilisa elingena-electron nickel) iyindlela efanelekile yokusetshenziswa emanzi noma emanzi ngoba imelana nokugqwala futhi ingcola kangcono kakhulu kunethusi elingenalutho. Yihlanganise ne-conformal coating noma i-potting kanye ne-enclosure evaliwe ukuze ihlale isikhathi eside.

Ingabe ngidinga ukulinganisa wonke amabhodi?

Ngemikhiqizo enembile, yebo. Ukulinganiswa kwamaphuzu elilodwa noma amabili ngokumelene nereferensi eyaziwayo, egcinwe ngeyunithi ngayinye, kulungisa iphutha lenzwa kanye ne-front-end. Ukuthi umkhiqizo kumele uhlale unembile kangakanani nokuthi kufanele uhlale isikhathi esingakanani kunquma ukuthi ukulinganiswa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile kuyadingeka yini.

Kungani i-probe yami ifundeka phansi uma amanzi eshisa ngokushesha?

Lokho kungukubambezeleka kokushisa. I-probe ilinganisa isihloko sayo, futhi indlu ebanzi noma engahlangene kahle isabela kancane. Sebenzisa i-probe encane, ehambisa ukushisa ethinta kahle bese uyibeka lapho amanzi ehamba khona ukuze anciphise ukubambezeleka.

Ngingayishintsha kanjani ngokuphephile i-heater enkulu ebhodini?

Sebenzisa i-relay ekalwe kahle noma i-relay yesimo esiqinile, gcina ingxenye ye-high-voltage ihlukene ngokomzimba nengxenye yokuzwa ye-low-voltage, futhi uqaphele izidingo zokudonsa, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nokuhlukanisa. Lokhu ukwakheka kwamandla nokuphepha kanye nezinzuzo ezivela kokuhlangenwe nakho kokukhiqiza nge-electronics yamandla.

Yisiphi isilinganiso se-IP esidingwa yinzwa yokushisa kwamanzi?

Kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwayo: I-IP65 imelana namajethi amanzi, i-IP67 imelana nokucwiliswa okwesikhashana, kanti i-IP68 iphatha ukucwiliswa okuqhubekayo ekujuleni. Ngokuvamile i-probe ivalwe noma ilinganiswe ngokucwiliswa ngenkathi ibhodi eliyinhloko lihlezi ngemuva kwesithiyo se-IP67 noma se-IP68 esine-cable gland evalwe, futhi ukufeza lokho kuvalwa njalo ngezinga kuyingxenye yokuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB okuthembekile okuphezulu.