Imithetho Yokuqondisa I-PCB Yezingqimba Eziyi-10 ye-DDR5, i-PCIe kanye ne-Crosstalk

Imithetho yokuqondisa ye-PCB enezingqimba eziyishumi kufanele ithathwe ku-stackup, iziqondiso zokuklama idivayisi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesiteshi. Akufanele ikopishwe kuthebula elijwayelekile lamanani e-mil. Ubude obulinganayo obuphathekayo akusho njalo ukuthi ukulibaziseka kukagesi okulinganayo, "umthetho we-5W" awusona isiqinisekiso sokuxoxa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwephrothokholi akubeki ngokuzenzakalelayo i-laminate noma i-residual ehleliwe nge-stub.

Inhloso yalo mhlahlandlela ukuguqula izidingo zikagesi zibe yimingcele yokwakheka ehlala isebenza ngokwenziwa. Igxila ezindleleni zokubuya, umzila ohlanganisiwe, isikhathi sokukhumbula, ukuguqulwa kwezixhumanisi ze-serial, i-crosstalk kanye nokudluliselwa ku-DFM. Ububanzi bokugcina kanye nezikhala zivela kumodeli ye-impedance ekhishwe.

Misa Imithetho Kagesi Ngaphambi Kokuqala Komzila

Umzila akufanele uqale ngobukhulu be-dielectric yesikhashana bese uqeda ngesicelo sokuthi umenzi “alungise i-stackup ukuze ilingane.” Ukushintsha i-stackup kushintsha ububanzi, isikhala esiphindwe kabili, ukubambezeleka kokusabalala, isabelo sokubhekisela kanye nomthamo wesendlalelo ngezinye izikhathi. Iphakheji eyisisekelo kufanele ichaze ukubuyekezwa kwe-stackup, ukwakhiwa kwezinto, ithusi, izakhiwo ezilawulwayo, imithetho yesikhathi ethile yedivayisi kanye namamodeli kagesi asetshenziswa eziteshini ezibalulekile.

Sebenzisa uhlu lwemithetho. Izidingo eziqondene nedivayisi noma uhlobo oluthile zidlula umthetho wenkampani ojwayelekile; kufanele kubhalwe phansi okuhlukile okulingisiwe; futhi ubuncane bokukhiqiza buyimingcele, hhayi ubukhulu bomzila obukhethwayo.

Ukwabiwa Kwezingqimba Nokuqhubeka Kokubuyela Endleleni

Yonke imizila yesivinini esikhulu idinga umqhubi wereferensi oqhubekayo. Esitokisini esijwayelekile esinezingqimba eziyishumi esigxile esignalini, izimpawu zangaphandle zibhekisela ezindizeni zomhlaba eziseduze kanye nezimpawu zangaphakathi ezikhethiwe zibekwa phakathi kwezindiza ezimbili zomhlaba. Lokho kuhlelwa kuyasiza ngoba ugesi wokubuya ungahlala useduze nesiginali. Ezinye izitaki zingasebenza, kodwa imithetho yokuhlelwa kumele ibonise izinkomba zazo zangempela.

Ungadlulisi indlela ehlukanisweni lereferensi

Uma umkhondo uwela igebe noma ukuhlukana endizeni yawo yokubhekisela, buyisela izindlela zamanje ezizungezile ukuvulwa, wandise indawo yeluphu futhi uhlangane nezinye izakhiwo. Ukuhambisa umkhondo uye engqimbeni enereferensi eqhubekayo ngokuvamile kungcono kunokufaka i-capacitor ngemuva kokuhlelwa. Uma indiza yamandla isetshenziswa ngamabomu njengereferensi yemvamisa ephezulu, ukuxhumana kwayo nesizinda somhlaba esifanele kumele kube yingxenye yomklamo.

Izinguquko zesendlalelo zidinga ushintsho lokubuyela emuva

Isignali nge-a ihambisa ugesi ohamba phambili phakathi kwezingqimba; ugesi obuyayo nawo udinga indlela phakathi kwezinkomba ezindala nezintsha. Ukushintsha kusuka phansi kuya phansi kuvame ukusebenzisa ama-via okuthunga aseduze. Ukushintsha kusuka phansi kuya phansi kungadinga isakhiwo sokuhlukanisa esibekwe ukuze i-return loop ibe ncane ngendlela eyamukelekayo phezu kwe-spectrum efanele. "Ugesi owodwa nge-angaphakathi kwama-mil angu-50" kuwumthetho we-heuristic, hhayi umthetho ojwayelekile.

Izendlalelo zesignali eziseduze

Umzila we-orthogonal unganciphisa ukuxhumanisa okubanzi phakathi kwezingqimba zesignali eziseduze, kodwa akwenzi kube yingozi ukuhlangana kwe-stackup okumpofu ngokwemvelo. Lapho izingqimba ezimbili zesignali zibhekene ngaphandle kwendiza phakathi kwazo, nciphisa ukugqagqana, wandise ukuhlukana bese ugcina lezi zingqimba ukuze uthole amanethi angazweli kakhulu. Ngezixhumanisi ezibalulekile ze-serial, umzila we-plane-separated routing ungcono.

Ama-Differential Pairs: I-Geometry, i-Skew kanye ne-Transitions

I-differential pair kufanele ilondoloze indawo esebenza kahle kagesi. Ububanzi, isikhala se-pair, ibanga lokubhekisela kanye nethusi eliseduze kufanele kuhlale ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esisetshenziselwa ukubala i-impedance. Ukwehla kwentamo okufushane kuma-pad kungase kugwenywe, kodwa kufanele kwenziwe imodeli noma kugcinwe ngaphakathi komkhawulo oqinisekisiwe.

I-skew yangaphakathi kwe-pair iyinani likagesi

Guqula isikhathi esivunyelwe sibe ubude usebenzisa ukubambezeleka kwangempela kokusabalala kwesendlalelo esiqondisiwe. Ipheya elishintsha izendlalelo lingaba nobude obulinganayo ngokomzimba kodwa ukubambezeleka okungalingani uma ama-traces amabili esampula ingilazi ehlukile, asebenzisa okuhlukile nge-geometry noma ehlangabezana noshintsho oluhlukile lwereferensi. Ukuze uthole izixhumanisi zesivinini esikhulu kakhulu, khipha ukubambezeleka kanye nokuguqulwa kwemodi kunokuthembela kuphela kubude be-centerline yethuluzi le-PCB.

Gcina izinguquko ezimbili zilingana

Isignali ngama-pads, ama-antipad, ama-reference vias kanye nokuqhekeka kufanele kube nokulingana kwesibuko lapho kusebenziseka khona. Gwema ukubeka umkhondo owodwa eduze kwesikhala sendiza, imbobo yokufaka noma isici sesivikelo sokuxhuma. Uma ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity kuvunyelwe yi-interface, yisebenzise ngamabomu kunokwengeza i-crossover ende ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqondiswa okubonakalayo.

Ukufanisana phakathi kwe-pair ne-pair akudingeki ngokuzenzakalelayo

Ama-serial receivers amaningi asebenzisa imizila yedeskew, ngakho-ke ukuphoqa wonke ama-PCIe noma ama-SerDes pairs ukuba abe nobude obufanayo bomzimba kungangeza ukulahlekelwa okungadingekile kanye nokujikajika. Landela imfuneko yokujika komzila ukusuka komunye kuya komunye, kodwa beka phambili ukulahlekelwa okuphansi, izindlela zokubuya ezihlanzekile kanye nokushintsha okuncane. Ukujika kwangaphakathi kwe-pair ngokuvamile kubaluleke kakhulu kunokufanisa imizila engahlobene.

I-DDR5 kanye nezinye izixhumi zememori ezihambisanayo

Imikhawulo ye-DDR5 incike kuphakheji yesilawuli, ukuhleleka kwe-DRAM, i-module noma i-down topology, i-speed bin, ukulayisha kanye nokuqeda. Umthombo ofanele umhlahlandlela wokuklama womlawuli kanye nomthengisi wememori, osekelwa amamodeli okulingisa. Isitatimende esijwayelekile esifana nokuthi “i-DQ kumele ifane ngaphakathi kwe-+/-5 mil” singaba siqinile ngokungadingekile noma singaphephile kwipulatifomu ethile.

Imithetho yeqembu ngomsebenzi

Chaza amaqembu ahlukene e-DQ/DMI maqondana ne-DQS, iwashi lokuhlukanisa, umyalo/ikheli/ukulawula kanye nanoma yiziphi izimpawu ezithile zemojuli. Sebenzisa imikhawulo yokulibaziseka kuma-picosecond lapho kungenzeka khona, ngoba ubude obubonakalayo buguquka ngendlela ehlukile ezingqimbeni ezahlukene. Ithuluzi lokubeka lingasebenzisa ukulibaziseka okuqondene nengqimba esikhundleni sokucabanga ukuthi kukhona okuqhubekayo kokusabalala okukodwa.

Izindaba ze-Topology

Umyalo/ikheli kanye newashi kungasebenzisa i-topology eguquguqukayo kumiklamo esekelwe kumojuli, kuyilapho amasignali edatha ewuxhumano oluqondile oluvela emthonjeni ngaphakathi komzila we-byte. Imiklamo ephansi, amamojula abhalisiwe kanye namamojula ahlanganisiwe aletha ukulayisha okuhlukile kanye nomzila. Ungakopishi i-topology ye-DIMM kumklamo ohlanganisiwe ngaphandle kwemibhalo yesikhulumi.

Ubuqotho bokubhekisela kanye namandla

Isikhathi senkumbulo siyathinteka ngumsindo we-reference-plane kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kanye nobude be-trace. Gcina imizila ye-byte endaweni ezinzile ye-reference, hlinzeka ngokwelashwa okufanele kwe-VREF kanye ne-VDDQ, futhi ugweme ukubeka izakhiwo zokulungisa phezu kwezikhala zendiza. Lingisa ukushintsha kanye nokuziphatha kokuphela ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho i-platform margin inqunyelwe.

Izixhumanisi ze-PCIe kanye ne-High-Speed ​​​​Serial

Ku-PCIe Gen5 nakamuva, ikhwalithi yomzila ilawulwa ukulahleka okuncike emvamisa, isixhumi kanye nokungaqhubeki, ukuguqulwa kwe-crosstalk kanye nemodi. Ngakho-ke, isethi yomthetho wokuhlelwa kufanele ifake okungaphezu kwe-target impedance.

I-PCIe 6.0 isebenzisa i-PAM4 kuma-64 GT/s ngemvamisa efanayo ye-16 GHz Nyquist njenge-PCIe 5.0 NRZ, kodwa akuyona "isiteshi esifanayo esinama-bits aphindwe kabili." Ukuhambisana, umsindo kanye nomongo we-FEC kuyahluka. I-PCIe 7.0 kuma-128 GT/s ihambisa imvamisa ye-Nyquist ku-32 GHz futhi yenza ukukhishwa kokushintsha kanye nokuxhumana kokukhiqiza kube nzima kakhulu.

Umsindo we-Crosstalk, i-Spacing kanye ne-Reference-Plane

Umthetho we-3W noma we-5W ovame ukucashunwa uwuhlobo lwe-geometric heuristic. I-Crosstalk incike futhi ekuphakameni kwe-dielectric, ubude obuhambisanayo, isikhathi sokukhuphuka komhlaseli, isakhiwo sokubhekisela nokuthi imigqa ihlanganiswe yini emaphethelweni noma ebanzi. Ku-dielectric encane, isikhala esincane singase sihlangabezane nomgomo; ezingqimbeni zesignali ezingabhekiselwanga eduze, isikhala esikhulu singase singanele.

Setha ithagethi yokuxoxa efanelekile ku-interface bese usebenzisa i-extraction noma ithebula le-geometry eliqinisekisiwe ukuze uguqule lelo thagethi libe yisikhala. Cabanga ngobude obuphelele besisulu kanye nabahlaseli abahlangene. Amanethi ewashi, i-strobe kanye ne-high-swing single-end angadinga ukuhlukaniswa kakhulu kunokulawula okuhamba kancane okungahlobene.

Umsindo wendiza ungahlangana ngesakhiwo sokubhekisela ngisho noma isikhala sokulandelela sisikhulu. Gcina izihibe zokushintsha zamandla aphezulu ziqinile, sebenzisa amabhangqa endiza afanele kanye nokuhlukanisa, futhi ugweme ukuphoqa ama-trace abucayi eziqhingini zamandla ezihlukanisiwe. Ubuqotho bamandla kufanele bubuyekezwe ndawonye kuma-processor aminyene kanye namabhodi okusheshisa.

Ukuhlela Ubude Ngaphandle Kokudala Ukungaqhubeki Okusha

Ama-Meanders anezela ukubambezeleka, kodwa izingxenye eziseduze ziyahlangana futhi ziletha ukubambezeleka okuncane kunalokho okushiwo ubude bazo obuphakathi nendawo. Ziphinde zandise ukulahlekelwa futhi zidale ukwehluka kwe-impedance yendawo. Sebenzisa isikhala esibanzi kakhulu esisebenzayo phakathi kwezingxenye zokulungisa eziseduze, unciphise inani lokujika bese usabalalisa ukulungiswa lapho kungaphazamisi ukuqhekeka noma ukuqhubeka kwereferensi.

Akukho mthetho ojwayelekile wokuthi ukulungisa kumele kube seduze nomthombo noma eduze kwesamukeli. Ukubekwa kuncike ku-topology kanye nenhloso yokufanisa. Ngebhasi elihambisana nomthombo, lungisa ngaphakathi kweqembu elichaziwe bese ulondoloza i-topology. Nge-differential pair, lungisa i-skew ngesici esincane, esilinganayo esingadali isigaba eside esingahlangani.

Amakhona ayindilinga awadingeki ngokuzenzakalelayo, futhi ukugoba okukodwa kwamadigri angu-90 akusikho ukubonakaliswa okungu-15% kuyo yonke i-geometry. Sebenzisa umzila wamadigri angu-45 noma ogobile ukuze ukhiqize, ukulingana okubili kanye nesikhala esihambisanayo, kodwa gxila emzamweni wobunjiniyela ekungaqhubeki okukhulu njengama-pad, ama-via, izixhumi kanye nokuqhekeka kwendiza yokubhekisela.

Ukuphunyuka kwe-BGA, ama-Vias kanye nokukhiqizwa

Iphimbo le-BGA lodwa alinqumi ukuthi i-HDI iyadingeka yini. Ububanzi bephedi, isu le-solder-mask, inani lemigqa, imephu yephini, izendlalelo zomzila ezitholakalayo kanye nesiqondiso sokuphuma konke kubalulekile. Amanye amadivayisi ephimbo elingu-0.5 mm angasebenzisa indlela eklanywe ngokucophelela ye-through-via noma ye-blind-via elinganiselwe; amanye adinga i-via-in-pad kanye nezendlalelo eziningi zokwakheka. Buyekeza i-phakeji fanout yangempela kunokusebenzisa ithebula lephimbo kuphela.

I-Via-in-pad kufanele isho ukuthi i-via igcwele ithusi, igcwele i-resin futhi ivaliwe, noma iphathwa ngenye inqubo efanelekile. Kuma-microvia ahlanganisiwe, uhlelo lokulandelana kokwakheka kanye nohlelo lokuthembeka kumele kuvunyelwane ngalo. Umhlahlandlela we-HDI uhlanganisa ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo; ukwakheka kumele kusanikeze izindawo zokubamba, ama-antipad kanye nokugcinwa okuhambisana nekhono lokubhalisa lomhlinzeki.

Umzila wokuphunyuka kufanele futhi ulondoloze ukuqhubeka kokubhekisela. Amasimu aqinile e-antipad angasusa ithusi eliningi kakhulu ngaphansi kwephakheji, ngakho-ke ukuqhekeka kwamandla kanye nomhlaba kufanele kubuyekezwe njengesakhiwo se-electromagnetic. Ukwengeza ama-via amaningi angaphansi komhlaba akusizi ngaso sonke isikhathi uma kuphoqa izikhala ezinkulu noma kuvimbela umzila.

Isibuyekezo Somzila Wangaphambi Kokwenziwa

Ukubuyekezwa kwe-DFM akufanele kubhale kabusha buthule imikhawulo kagesi. Uma i-CAM iphakamisa ushintsho lobubanzi, iphedi, i-antipad noma i-stackup, ushintsho kufanele luhlolwe ngokumelene nemodeli ye-impedance noma yesiteshi bese lubhalwa phansi. Thumela ukwakheka kokugcina kanye nomdwebo wokwenziwa kanye nohlu lwe-net ngenqubo yokubuyekezwa kwe-DFM.

Ukuqaliswa Kwezixhumi, Imingcele Yebhodi kanye Nezakhiwo Zokuhlola

Ukuqaliswa kwezixhumi kuvame ukuba ukungaqhubeki okukhulu kunokugoba okuvamile. Buyekeza iphedi yesiginali, i-antipad, iphethini yephini yomhlaba, ukusika kwendiza kanye nokushintsha kube yi-routed pair njengesakhiwo esisodwa. Izinyathelo zokubhekisela kumthengisi ziyindawo yokuqala, hhayi isiqinisekiso, ngoba ukujiya kwebhodi, isabelo sesendlalelo kanye nobukhulu bokwenziwa kungahluka. Kuzixhumi ezinesivinini esiphezulu, sebenzisa imodeli yomthengisi bese ukhipha ukuqaliswa kwe-PCB yendawo.

Emaphethelweni ebhodi, gwema ukuphela kwendiza yokubhekisela ngokuzumayo ngaphansi komzila obucayi. Oxhumana nabo bekhadi, ukuqaliswa kwe-coax kanye nezixhumi ze-mezzanine kungadinga ukwakheka komhlaba, ngokusebenzisa uthango noma ukuguqulwa kwezingqimba zendawo okuqondene ngqo ne-interface. Gcina ukugcina okwenziwa ngomshini, imigoqo yokubeka amapulangwe kanye namathebhu aqhekekayo kude nesifunda sokubhekisela sikagesi ngaphandle kokuthi kufakiwe kumodeli.

Yakha ukufinyelela kokuhlola ngaphandle kokudala izingcezu

Ama-probe pad ajwayelekile kanye nama-test points ahlanganisiwe angangeza i-capacitance noma i-stub engaqediwe. Sebenzisa ikhuphoni yokuhlola eqinisekisiwe, ukufinyelela kwesixhumi, inketho yengxenye esuswayo noma i-pad ehlanganiswe endleleni yokudlulisela eyinhloko. Hlanganisa izidingo zokuhlola ezingaphakathi kwesekethe ngobuqotho besignali ngaphambi kokuba ukwakheka kuqedwe; ukususa igatsha lokuhlola ngemva kokufaneleka nakho kungashintsha isiteshi.

Bhala phansi okuhlukile ngamabomu

Izakhiwo eziminyene ngezinye izikhathi zidinga ushintsho lobubanzi bendawo, ushintsho lwereferensi noma ukwephulwa kwesikhala. Qopha indawo, isizathu kanye nokulingisa noma ukuvunyelwa komthengisi. Okuhlukile okubhaliwe kuphephile kunokukhulula umthetho emhlabeni wonke noma ukuthembela kunjiniyela we-DFM wesikhathi esizayo ukuze anqume inhloso yokuklama.

Imingcele Yewashi, I-Analog kanye Neyomzila Wamandla

Akuzona zonke i-net ezibalulekile eziyisixhumanisi sochungechunge oluhlukile. Amawashi okubhekisela, amasignali okusetha kabusha, izindlela ze-analog sensor kanye nama-node okushintsha amandla kungadala noma kuthole ukuphazamiseka. Hlukanisa ama-net ngesilinganiso somphetho, ukuzwela komsindo kanye ne-current loop kunokuba kube ngemvamisa ejwayelekile yodwa. Iwashi lemvamisa ephansi elinomphetho osheshayo lingadinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kunegagasi le-sine elinomphetho ophakeme.

Amawashi okubhekisela kuwo

Dlulisa amawashi okubhekisela phezu kwendiza eqhubekayo, gwema izingcezu zokuhlola ezingadingekile bese uzihlukanisa nama-node ashintshanayo. I-topology edingekayo-iphuzu-kuya-ephuzwini, i-fanout buffer noma enye indlela yokusabalalisa-ivela emthonjeni wewashi kanye nemininingwane yomamukeli. I-star noma i-daisy chain ayilungile yonke indawo. Lapho kuqhutshwa khona ama-receiver amaningi, fanisa ukulayisha kanye nokuqeda.

Izixhumi ze-analog kanye ne-converter

Gcina ama-loop amancane e-analog ehlangene futhi uwahlukanise nemisinga yokubuyisa yedijithali enamandla. Ukuhlukanisa indiza yomhlabathi akusizi ngokuzenzakalelayo; indiza eqhubekayo enokubekwa okucatshangelwe kahle ivame ukunikeza ukubuyiselwa kwe-impedance ephansi. Uma izizinda ze-analog nezedijithali kumele zihlangane endaweni elawulwayo, qiniseka ukuthi amasignali awadluli igebe elivelayo nokuthi isu lokuxhuma lihambisana nesiqondiso somthengisi we-converter.

Izifunda zamandla okushintsha

I-switch node, i-gate-drive loop kanye nezindlela zamanje ze-high-di/dt zifanelwe izindawo zokukhishwa ezibonakalayo. Ungahambisi ama-high-speed pairs ngaphansi kwama-inductor, ama-transformer noma ithusi le-switch-node. Ama-plane voids kanye nama-keep-outs kufanele abonakale ekubuyekezweni kwendlela yokubuya. Ububanzi bokuthwala ugesi kanye nokusebenza kokushisa kufanele kuhlolwe ngezindlela ze-IPC-2152 noma ukulingisa okuqinisekisiwe kunenombolo yamanje yonke.

Bhala phansi lezi zifunda ngemikhawulo yokwakheka ukuze izengezo zethusi ze-DFM, ukweba noma izici zephaneli zingangeni endaweni ebucayi ngengozi.

Ukusayinwa Kwemithetho Yomzila

Ukubuyekezwa kokugcina komzila kufanele kuqhathaniswe ukwakheka ne-stackup ekhishwe kanye nemikhawulo ethile yedivayisi kunokuba kuqhathaniswe nohlu lokuhlola olujwayelekile lwamanani e-mil. Amaqembu abalulekile kufanele ahlolwe kusetshenziswa amamodeli okulibaziseka okukhishwe, ukulahlekelwa kanye nokuguquka lapho leyo miphumela ibalulekile.

• Qinisekisa ukuthi yonke indlela ebalulekile ihlala phezu kwereferensi eqhubekayo nokuthi izinguquko zesendlalelo zinikeza indlela yokubuya kwamanje.
• Hlola i-geometry ehlukene ngokusebenzisa izintambo eziphansi, ama-pad, ama-via, izixhumi kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlola - hhayi nje kuphela emikhondweni eqondile.
• Sebenzisa isikhathi sememori ngomzila we-byte, iqembu lomyalo/lekheli kanye ne-topology usebenzisa isilawuli kanye nedokhumenti yememori.
• Nciphisa ukujiya kanye nokulingana okusekelwe ekulibazisekeni nasekuhlaziyweni kwengxoxo exubile kunokuba kube yi-universal space multiplier.
• Qinisekisa i-BGA fanout, izindandatho ze-annular, ama-antipad kanye nama-via spans ngokuhambisana nekhono elivunyelwe ngumhlinzeki.
• Letha umsebenzi wobuciko wokugcina, uhlu lwe-net, idatha yokubhoboza/yomzila, ukubuyekezwa kwe-stackup, ithebula le-impedance kanye nomdwebo ojulile olawulwayo njengephakheji eyodwa elawulwa ukubuyekezwa.

Imithetho yokwakheka kufanele iveze inhloso kagesi kanye nomthombo wayo. Lokhu kwenza okuhlukile kubuyekezwe futhi kuvimbela ushintsho lokwenziwa ekuvimbeleni buthule isethi yomkhawulo womzila.

Ukuphatha Okuhlukile Komzila

Izakhiwo eziminyene zidinga ukungafani nemithetho ethandwayo. Inhloso akuyona ukuvimbela yonke intamo ebheke phansi, ukuguquka kwesendlalelo noma ukunciphisa isikhala sendawo; iwukuhlonza ukuthi yiziphi iziphambeko ezibalulekile ngogesi bese uzibuyekeza ngemodeli efanele.

Okuhlukile kufanele kunanyathiselwe kumanethi, izifunda noma amakilasi futhi kugcinwe nerekhodi lokubuyekezwa komklamo. Ukuvunyelwa okubanzi ngomlomo njengokuthi "isikhala siyamukeleka" akukwazi ukuphinda kukhiqizwe ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwe-ECO noma komhlinzeki. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza ezimisweni zokubhekisela kumthengisi wedivayisi: gcina inhloso kagesi, kodwa uqinisekise kabusha ubukhulu ngokumelene ne-stackup yebhodi ekhishwe.

Irekhodi lokubuyekeza kufanele futhi likhombe inguqulo yokukhipha noma yokulingisa esetshenziselwa okuhlukile okubalulekile. Uma i-ECO ishukumisa ingxenye, ishintsha ungqimba noma ishintsha indawo yokuxhuma, okuhlukile okuthintekile kungabuye kuhlolwe kabusha esikhundleni sokuthola imvume engasafani ne-geometry.