Ama-chips aseShayina: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wabashisekeli Bezobuchwepheshe

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni ye-semiconductor yaseShayina ibhekane noshintsho olukhulu, iziveza njengomdlali omkhulu emakethe yama-chip yomhlaba wonke. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, abakhiqizi be-chip baseShayina manje sebekhiqiza ama-semiconductor asezingeni eliphezulu anakekela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, kusukela kuma-electronics abathengi kuya kubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) kanye ne-high-performance computing (HPC). Lo mhlahlandlela onemininingwane uhlose ukunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwama-chip aseShayina, izinhlobo zawo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nezitayela zakamuva, okunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kulabo abafuna ukusebenzisa le makethe ekhulayo.

Ukukhuphuka kwamaChips aseShayina

Imboni ye-semiconductor yaseShayina ibilokhu ikhula ngokushesha, kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo kokukhiqiza kanye namakhono obuchwepheshe. Ngokusho kwe-TrendForce, ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip eShayina kukhuphuke ngo-40% kwikota yokuqala ka-2024, okubonisa ukuzibophezela kwezwe ekuzimeleni ngobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor. Lokhu kukhula kuqhutshwa yizici eziningana, okuhlanganisa ukwesekwa kukahulumeni, ukutshalwa kwezimali okunesu, kanye nokusebenzisana nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe zomhlaba wonke.

Ukwesekwa kukaHulumeni kanye Nezinqubomgomo

Uhulumeni waseShayina usebenzise izinqubomgomo ezimbalwa zokweseka imboni yasekhaya ye-semiconductor. Izinyathelo ezinjengohlelo lwe-"Made in China 2025" kanye "noHlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-14 Lweminyaka Emihlanu" zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-semiconductor. Lezi zinqubomgomo zihlinzeka ngezibonelelo zezimali, izibonelelo, kanye nezinzuzo zentela ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni we-semiconductor. Ukwenza isibonelo, uhulumeni ubeke imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-150 zamaRandi ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip endawo kanye nokunciphisa ukuncika kubuchwepheshe bamazwe angaphandle.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamasu

Izinkampani zaseShayina zitshale imali eningi ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-semiconductor. Izinkampani ezihamba phambili njenge-SMIC ne-Huawei zitshala imali eningi kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu njenge-high-bandwidth memory (HBM) kanye nama-chipset e-artificial intelligence. Ngokusho kwe -Reuters , izinkampani zaseShayina zenze intuthuko enkulu ekukhiqizeni ama-chipset e-high-bandwidth memory kanye ne-artificial intelligence, zizibeka njengabadlali abancintisanayo emakethe yomhlaba wonke.

Izinhlobo zamaChips aseShayina

Ama-chips aseShayina angahlukaniswa ngokuya ngezicelo zawo kanye nokusebenza kwawo. Lapha, sihlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-chips akhiqizwa abakhiqizi baseShayina kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokulandelana kwawo.

1. Consumer Electronics Chips

Ama-chip aseShayina asetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-electronics abathengi, kufaka phakathi ama-smartphone, amathebhulethi, namadivayisi asekhaya ahlakaniphile . Izinkampani ezifana ne-MediaTek ne-HiSilicon (inkampani engaphansi kwe-Huawei) zikhiqiza ama-processor asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nama-system-on-chips (ama-SoC) anika amandla amadivayisi amaningi abathengi. Lawa ma-chip anikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokungabizi, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kubakhiqizi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2023, ama-SoC ochungechunge lwe-Dimensity lwe-MediaTek abambe ngaphezu kwama-40% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke kuma-smartphone aphakathi nendawo.

2. I-AI kanye namaChips okufunda ngomshini

Ukukhuphuka kobuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda ngomshini kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwama-chips e-AI akhethekile. Amafemu aseShayina ahamba phambili kulokhu kusungulwa, enza ama-chipset e-AI athuthukisiwe avumela ukucutshungulwa kwedatha ngesivinini esikhulu kanye nokuhlaziya kwesikhathi sangempela. Lawa ma-chips abalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana nokushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukucutshungulwa kolimi lwemvelo, nokubonwa kobuso. Abakhiqizi be-chip be-AI abaphawulekayo bahlanganisa i-Cambricon ne-Horizon Robotics. Amaphrosesa we-Cambricon's AI, ngokwesibonelo, ahlanganiswe kumadivayisi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 emhlabeni jikelele.

3. I-High-Performance Computing (HPC) Chips

Ikhompyutha esebenza kahle kakhulu idinga amaphrosesa anamandla akwazi ukuphatha ukubala okuyinkimbinkimbi namasethi edatha amakhulu. Izinkampani zaseShayina ezifana ne-Phytium ne-Sugon zakha ama-chips e-HPC aletha ukusebenza okukhethekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ukumodela kwezezimali, nokulingisa okukhulu. Lawa ma-chips aklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezikhungo ze-supercomputing nezikhungo zedatha yebhizinisi. Ngo-2023, iphrosesa ye-Phytium's FT-2000/64 yazuza ukusebenza okuphezulu kwama-teraflops angu-2.1, okuyenza ibe enye yamaphrosesa e-HPC anamandla kakhulu athuthukiswe e-China.

4. Inkumbulo Chips

Ama-memory chips ayingxenye ebalulekile emishinini eyahlukene kagesi, ehlinzeka ngamakhono okugcina nokuphatha idatha. Abakhiqizi baseShayina abafana ne-YMTC (Yangtze Memory Technologies Co.) ne-CXMT (ChangXin Memory Technologies) bakhiqiza i-NAND flash kanye nama-memory chips e-DRAM anikeza umthamo ophezulu, isivinini, nokwethembeka. Lezi zixazululo zenkumbulo zisetshenziswa kuma-smartphones, amaseva, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga idatha. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuchwepheshe be-YMTC be-Xstacking, buye bavumela ukukhiqizwa kwememori ye-flash ye-128D NAND ye-3-layer, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuminyana kwesitoreji nokusebenza.

5. Ama-Chips Okuxhumana Nokuxhumana

Ama-chip enethiwekhi nokuxhumana abalulekile ekwenzeni kube lula ukuxhumana kumadivayisi afana nama-router, ama-switch, nama-modem. Izinkampani zaseShayina ezifana ne-UNISOC ne-ZTE zakha ama-chip enethiwekhi asekela amazinga okuxhumana akamuva, okuhlanganisa i-5G ne -Wi-Fi 6. Lawa ma-chip aqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okusheshayo nokuthembekile, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana okungenamthungo kumanethiwekhi anamuhla. Kusukela ngo-2023, ama-chip e-5G e-UNISOC ayesethole isabelo esingu-10% semakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-5G, ekhombisa ukuncintisana kwawo embonini.

Ubuchwepheshe Obubalulekile Nezinto Ezintsha

Abakhiqizi bama-chip baseShayina baphayona ngobuchwepheshe obuningi obubalulekile obukha ikusasa lomkhakha we-semiconductor. Ngezansi, sihlolisisa ezinye zezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu nomthelela wazo emakethe.

I-High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM)

Inkumbulo yomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu iwubuchwepheshe obubalulekile bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukudluliswa nokucubungula idatha ngesivinini esikhulu. Amafemu aseShayina enze inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo ekwakheni izixazululo ze-HBM ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ze-AI ne-HPC. Ubuchwepheshe be-HBM bupakisha inkumbulo eminingi ifa ibheke phezulu, ihlinzeka ngomkhawulokudonsa okhuphukile kanye nokubambezeleka okuncishisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezixazululo zenkumbulo zendabuko. Ngokwemibiko yezimboni, umthamo wokukhiqiza we-HBM waseChina kulindeleke ukuthi uphindwe kabili ngo-2025, uhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sezixazululo zenkumbulo ezisebenza kahle.

Ama-chipset e-AI

Ama-chipset e-AI angamaphrosesa akhethekile aklanyelwe ukusheshisa imisebenzi yokufunda ngomshini. Izinkampani zaseShayina zisebenzisa i-architecture ethuthukisiwe, efana namayunithi okucubungula ama-tensor (TPUs) namayunithi wokucubungula ama-neural (NPUs), ukuthuthukisa ama-chipset e-AI aletha ukusebenza okuphakeme nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Lawa ma-chipsets ayingxenye yokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlelo ze-AI ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, iphrosesa ye-Horizon Robotics' Journey 5 AI, eyenzelwe ukushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo, ingenza imisebenzi engu-128 tera ngomzuzwana (TOPS), inikeze ukusebenza okuqinile kokucubungula kwesikhathi sangempela.

I-Advanced Lithography

Izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ze-lithography zibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amadivaysi e-semiconductor amancane nanamandla kakhulu. Abakhiqizi bama-chip baseShayina batshala imali ku-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography eyedlulele, ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu obuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-chips ane-transistor ephakeme kakhulu. I-EUV lithography ibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni uMthetho kaMoore kanye nokugcina ijubane lokuqanjwa kabusha kwe-semiconductor. Ngo-2024, kulindeleke ukuthi i-China izobe isisungule izikhungo ezimbalwa ze-EUV lithography, ezothuthukisa kakhulu amakhono ayo okukhiqiza ama-semiconductor.

I-Chip Packaging kanye nokuhlanganisa

Ukuqamba okusha ekufakweni kwe-chip nokuhlanganiswa kuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuthembeka kwamadivayisi we-semiconductor. Amafemu aseShayina ahlola amasu okupakisha athuthukile, afana nokupakishwa kwe-2.5D ne-3D, okuvumela ukuminyana okuphezulu kokuhlanganiswa kanye nokuphathwa okushisayo okuthuthukisiwe. Lezi zindlela zizuzisa kakhulu ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AI. Izixazululo zokupakisha ezithuthukisiwe kulindeleke ukuthi zibe negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kwe-chip ngo-20% kanye nokwehliswa ngo-30% kokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngo-2025.

Izicelo zamaChips aseShayina

Ama-chips aseShayina ahlanganiswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, aqhuba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi. Lapha, sigqamisa ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zama-chips aseShayina.

1. I-Consumer Electronics

Ama-chip aseShayina atholakala kakhulu kuma -electronics asetshenziswa ngabathengi , kumadivayisi asebenzisa amandla njengama-smartphone, amaphilisi, ama-laptop, kanye nemikhiqizo yasekhaya ehlakaniphile. Ukuhlanganiswa kokusebenza okuphezulu, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kwenza la ma-chip afanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza zabathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chip aseShayina avame ukusetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe obusha njenge-augmented reality (AR) kanye namadivayisi e-virtual reality (VR). Ngo-2023, ama-chip aseShayina asetshenziswa ngaphezu kwama-60% okuthunyelwa kwama-smartphone emhlabeni jikelele, okugcizelela ukwanda kwawo emakethe yama-electronics asetshenziswa ngabathengi.

2. Imboni Yezimoto

Imboni yezimoto iya ngokuya isebenzisa ama-chip aseShayina ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokusiza abashayeli ezithuthukisiwe (i-ADAS), izinhlelo zokuzijabulisa, kanye nokushayela okuzenzakalelayo. Ama-chipset e-AI kanye nama-processor asebenza kahle adlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni lobu buchwepheshe busebenze, enikeza amandla okubala adingekayo ekucutshungulweni kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokwenza izinqumo. Ngo-2025, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-chipset e-AI aseShayina azosebenzisa amandla angaphezu kuka-15% wezimoto ezizimele emhlabeni jikelele, okubonisa ithonya lawo elikhulayo emkhakheni wezimoto.

3. Ukunakekela impilo

Kwezokunakekelwa kwempilo, ama-chip aseShayina asetshenziswa kumadivayisi ezokwelapha kanye nemishini yokuxilonga. Lawa ma-chip avumela ukulawula okunembile kanye nokucutshungulwa kwedatha, okuthuthukisa ukunemba kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zezokwelapha. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zifaka amathuluzi okuxilonga aphathekayo, iziqaphi zezempilo ezigqokwayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthwebula izithombe ezithuthukisiwe. Isibonelo, ama-chip aklanywe ngesiShayina abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamadivayisi e-ultrasound aphathekayo, asetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezikude nezingenazo izinsiza zokuthwebula izithombe zezokwelapha ezibalulekile.

4. I-Industrial Automation

Ama-chips aseShayina athuthukisa intuthuko ekuzishintsheni kwezimboni ngokunika amandla izilawuli ze-logicable logic (PLCs), izinzwa, nezinhlelo zokulawula izimoto. Lawa ma-chips asiza ukuzenzela kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza, akhuphule izinga lokukhiqiza kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Ukwengeza, ama-chipset e-AI asetshenziselwa ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuzilungiselelo zezimboni. Ukuthunyelwa kwama-chips aseShayina ku-automation yezimboni kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuphule ukusebenza kahle ngo-20-30% futhi kunciphise isikhathi sokuphumula sifike ku-40% ngo-2025.

5. Ezokuxhumana ngocingo

Umkhakha wezokuxhumana uthembele kakhulu kuma-chips aseShayina mayelana nezinto zokusebenza zenethiwekhi nengqalasizinda. Ama-chips enethiwekhi asebenza kahle kakhulu anika amandla ukuthunyelwa kwamanethiwekhi e-5G, ahlinzeka ngesivinini sedatha esheshayo nokuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe. Ama-chips aseShayina nawo asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ngesathelayithi, okuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela ngo-2024, ama-baseband chips enziwe e-China enziwe e-China kulindeleke ukuthi abe namandla ngaphezu kuka-5% wengqalasizinda yomhlaba wonke ye-25G, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwawo embonini yezokuxhumana.

Amathrendi Azayo kanye ne-Outlook

Ikusasa lama-chips aseShayina libukeka lithembisa, ngamathrendi ambalwa avelayo kanye nentuthuko elungele ukubumba imboni. Ngezansi, sihlola amanye amathrendi angukhiye okungenzeka abe nomthelela ku-semiconductor landscape eminyakeni ezayo.

Ukwandisa Ukuzanelisa

I-China ilwela ukuzuza ukuzimela okukhulu kubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor, ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo kubahlinzeki bangaphandle. Lo mgomo ulandelwa ngokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu emandleni okukhiqiza asekhaya, ucwaningo nentuthuko, kanye nokutholwa kwethalente. Ukuzuza ukuzimela kuzoqinisa isikhundla seShayina emakethe yama-chip yomhlaba wonke futhi kuqinisekise uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka oluzinzile. Ngo-2030, i-China ihlose ukukhiqiza u-70% wezidingo ze-semiconductor ekhaya, kusukela ku-15% yamanje.

Ukunwetshwa kwezicelo ze-AI ne-IoT

Ukunwetshwa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye ne-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT) kuzoqhuba isidingo sama-chips akhethekile abhekelela lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza. Abakhiqizi baseShayina basesimweni esihle sokusebenzisa lo mkhuba ngokwakha ama-chipset e-AI ne-IoT anikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nokuxhumana. Lawa ma-chips azodlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile, izimoto ezizimele, kanye ne-automation yezimboni. Abahlaziyi bezimakethe babikezela ukuthi ngo-2026, imakethe ye-chip ye-AI yomhlaba wonke izofinyelela ku-$ 91 billion, nezinkampani zaseShayina ezithatha ingxenye enkulu yale makethe.

Intuthuko ku-Chip Design and Manufacturing

Intuthuko eqhubekayo ekwakhiweni kwama-chip kanye nokukhiqizwa kuzovumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-semiconductors anamandla futhi asebenza kahle. Ukuqamba okusha okufana ne-lithography ethuthukisiwe, izinto ezintsha, kanye nezakhiwo zamanoveli kuzoqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka kubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor. Izinkampani zaseShayina zihamba phambili kulokhu kuthuthuka, ziqhuba isizukulwane esilandelayo sokusungulwa kwe-chip. Ngo-2025, kulindeleke ukuthi abakhiqizi bama-chip baseShayina bakhiqize ama-node angu-5nm kanye ne-3nm, bathuthukise ukuncintisana kwabo emakethe.

Ukusebenzisana kanye Nobambiswano Lomhlaba

Ukusebenzisana kanye nobudlelwano bomhlaba wonke kuzohlala kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwemboni ye-semiconductor yaseChina. Amafemu aseShayina aya ngokuya esebenzisana nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe zamazwe ngamazwe, izikhungo zocwaningo, nezemfundo ukuze zishintshisane ngolwazi nobungcweti. Lokhu kubambisana kuzokwenza lula ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi ama-chips aseShayina ahlala encintisana esiteji somhlaba. Isibonelo, abenzi bamashipa baseShayina benze ubudlelwano namanyuvesi aseYurophu nawaseMelika ukuze baqhubekisele phambili ucwaningo lwe-semiconductor kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Gxila ekuzinzeni

Ukusimama kuba yinto ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni ama-semiconductor. Abakhiqizi bama-chip baseShayina basebenzisa imikhuba nobuchwepheshe obulungele imvelo ukuze banciphise umthelela wabo kwezemvelo. Lokhu kubandakanya imizamo yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukunciphisa ukumosha, nokusebenzisa izinto ezisimeme ekukhiqizeni ama-chip. Ukugxila ekuzinzeni kuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwemboni ye-semiconductor. Ngo-2030, imboni ye-semiconductor yaseShayina ihlose ukunciphisa i-carbon footprint yayo ngama-50% ngokwamukelwa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza eziluhlaza kanye nemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.

Isiphetho

Ama-chips aseShayina avele njengamandla abalulekile emakethe ye-semiconductor yomhlaba wonke, enikeza izixazululo eziningi ezisebenza kahle, ezingabizi kakhulu zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Ngokusekelwa okuqinile kukahulumeni, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamasu, kanye nokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo, abakhiqizi bama-chip baseShayina bakulungele ukudlala indima ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo sobuchwepheshe. Lo mhlahlandlela obanzi unikeze ukubheka okujulile kwezinhlobo, ubuchwepheshe, izinhlelo zokusebenza, namathrendi esikhathi esizayo ama-chips aseShayina, enikeza imininingwane ebalulekile yabashisekeli bezobuchwepheshe kanye nezingcweti zemboni ngokufanayo. Noma ngabe ungunjiniyela ongumakadebona noma umthengi onelukuluku lokwazi, ukuqonda isimo sama-chips aseShayina kuzokuhlomisa ngolwazi lokusebenzisa lo mkhakha oguquguqukayo nothuthukayo ngokushesha.