Ukukhiqiza i-Ethernet Switch PCB yehadiwe yenethiwekhi esheshayo

I -Ethernet switch PCB iyipulatifomu yokukhiqiza yezizinda eziningana ezahlukene zikagesi: idivayisi yokushintsha noma iprosesa, ama-Ethernet PHY, inkumbulo, iwashi, ukuguqulwa kwamandla, isekethe yokuphatha, kanye ne-copper noma i-optical port interfaces. Ibhodi lingasekela ama-port ambalwa ethusi noma lihlanganise ama-port amaningi ne-SFP/SFP+/ezinye i-connections ezixhunywayo. Ngenxa yokuthi izidingo zikagesi ziyashintsha ngesakhiwo kanye nesilinganiso sedatha, uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluwusizo luqala kusukela ku-schematic yangempela, i-stackup, imingcele yesiteshi, kanye ne-assembly BOM—hhayi kusukela ekucacisweni okujwayelekile kwe-"network switch PCB". I-Highleap Electronics inikeza ukukhiqizwa kwe-PCB yokuxhumana okusheshayo kanye nokusekelwa kwe-turnkey PCBA yehadiwe yokuxhumana, kufaka phakathi amabhodi amaningi anezingqimba ezilawulwayo, i-dense assembly, kanye nokubuyekezwa kobunjiniyela okuqondiswe ekukhiqizeni.

1. Qala Ngokwakhiwa Kwe-Switch, Hhayi Incazelo Ejwayelekile Ye-"Ethernet PCB"

Isigaba esifanayo somkhiqizo singaqukatha izinselele ze-PCB ezihlukene kakhulu. Iswishi engalawulwa kahle ingasebenzisa idivayisi yeswishi/i-PHY ehlanganiswe kakhulu kanye namamojula amaningana e-magnetics. Ipulatifomu ephethwe ingangeza i-CPU ehlukile, imemori ye-DDR, i-flash, ama-PHY amaningi, amakheji e-SFP, amandla angafuneki, amachweba e-console, kanye ne-ASIC enkulu yokushintsha.

1.1 Thola Zonke Izixhumi Ezisheshayo Ngaphambi Kokukhishwa Kwe-Stackup

Ithimba lokuklama kufanele liphawule izixhumi ezisebenza ngogesi ezincike ku-geometry elawulwayo. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ama-PHY-to-magnetics differential pairs, izixhumi ezilandelanayo phakathi kwe-switch ASIC kanye ne-PHYs, amabhasi ememori asheshayo, imigqa yewashi, i-PCIe noma ezinye izixhumi ezisingathayo kumapulatifomu ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nokuxhumeka kwesivinini esikhulu kumamojula e-optical.

Akuwona wonke amanethiwekhi adinga ukulawulwa kwe-impedance. Ukuphatha yonke indlela njenge-"speed high" kwandisa izindleko ngaphandle kokwengeza ukusebenza. Umdwebo wokwenziwa kufanele ukhombe izakhiwo ezidinga ngempela i-impedance elawulwayo kanye nokubekezelelana okulindelekile kuyo ngayinye.

1.2 Amachweba Ethusi Namachweba Abonakalayo Adala Izithiyo Ezihlukene Zokwakheka

Amachweba e-Copper Ethernet adlula kuma-magnetic kanye nezixhumi zangaphandle. Amamojula e-optical/electric axhumekayo angabandakanya iziteshi ze-serial ezinesivinini esikhulu, imishini yekheji, i-geometry yokuqalisa isixhumi, kanye nezindlela ezinde ezibucayi ekulahlekelweni. Uma zombili zikhona, ibhodi lingadinga imithetho ehlukene yokuqondisa ezindaweni ezahlukene.

1.3 Ama-Port Count Drives Angaphezu Kosayizi Webhodi

Njengoba inani lembobo landa, umklamo ungadinga iziteshi ze-PHY ezengeziwe, ama-power rails, ukusatshalaliswa kwewashi, izixhumi ze-I/O, ukusabalala kokushisa, kanye nomzila wokuphunyuka oqinile. Lokhu kungasunduza umklamo uye ekubalweni kwezingqimba eziphakeme noma izici ze-HDI PCB . Umgomo wokukhiqiza ukwengeza ubunzima kuphela lapho kuxazulula khona umkhawulo womzila noma ubuqotho besignali.

2. I-PCB Stackup kanye ne-Controlled Impedance ye-Switch-to-PHY kanye ne-Port-Side Routing

I-stackup ingenye yezinqumo zokuqala zokukhiqiza ezingashintsha kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-Ethernet switch. Ubukhulu be-dielectric, ubukhulu bethusi, okuqukethwe kwe-resin, isitayela sengilazi, indawo yokubhekisela, kanye ne-final trace geometry konke kuthinta i-impedance kanye nokulahleka.

2.1 Yakha i-Stackup Ezungeze Izindiza Ezibhekiselayo

Izendlalelo zesivinini esikhulu kufanele zibe nezindiza zokubhekisela eziqhubekayo ezibekwe ebangeni elilawulwayo. Lokhu kunikeza ithimba lesakhiwo i-impedance ebikezelwayo kanye nezindlela zokubuya-ugesi ezimfushane. Ukubekwa kwezendlalelo zamandla kanye nomhlabathi nakho kuthinta i-impedance yokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kanye nokuxoxisana phakathi kwezendlalelo zomzila.

Ekukhiqizeni, imininingwane ye-PCB stackup evunyiwe kufanele ibonise umndeni we-laminate, isakhiwo esiyinhloko/esilungiselelwe kusengaphambili, izinsimbi zethusi, ukujiya okuqediwe, kanye nezendlalelo ezilawulwayo zokuvimbela ugesi. Uma umhlinzeki ephakamisa ukwakhiwa kwe-dielectric okulinganayo, ushintsho kufanele lubuyekezwe ngogesi ngaphambi kokukhululwa.

2.2 Ingabe i-PCB ngayinye ye-Ethernet Switch idinga izinto eziphansi zokulahlekelwa?

Cha. Izinhlelo ze-FR-4 eziklanywe kahle zifanele iziteshi eziningi zokushintsha ze-Ethernet lapho isabelomali sokulahlekelwa kanye nokwakhiwa kukuvumela. Ama-laminate alahlekelwa kancane aba usizo lapho izinga lomphetho, ubude besiteshi, ukuqaliswa kwesixhumi, izinga ledatha ye-serial, noma i-insertion-loss margin kwenza izinto ezijwayelekile zinganeli. Isinqumo esifanele sivela kwisabelomali sesiteshi; umhlahlandlela wethu wokukhetha izinto ze-PCB wesivinini esikhulu uchaza iziguquguquko zokukhiqiza okufanele ziqhathaniswe esikhundleni sokuphatha uhlobo lwe-laminate njengesiqinisekiso sokusebenza.

I-Highleap isebenza nemindeni yezinto ezijwayelekile nezilahlekelwa kancane ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-PCB okusheshayo . Ukufakwa esikhundleni kwezinto kufanele kuhlolwe i-Dk, i-Df, ukutholakala kobukhulu, iphrofayili yethusi, ukuziphatha kokushisa, kanye nokuhambisana kwe-lamination.

2.3 Amakhuphoni Okuvimbela Ukuphazamiseka Aqinisekisa Isakhiwo Esilungisiwe

Uma kudingeka i-impedance elawulwayo , amakhuphoni okuhlola angafakwa kuphaneli yokukhiqiza futhi alinganiswe ngemva kokwenziwa. Ikhuphoni liqinisekisa i-stackup ekhiqiziwe kanye ne-geometry; alithathi indawo yokuqinisekiswa kwesiteshi kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe. Imfuneko yokuhlola, ithagethi, ukubekezelelana, ungqimba lwereferensi, kanye nezakhiwo zekhuphoni kufanele kube yingxenye yemibhalo ye-oda.

3. Ngezakhiwo, Izixhumi, kanye nesabelomali sokulahlekelwa ku-Gigabit kanye ne-Multi-Gigabit Switch Hardware

Ukungaqhubeki kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu njengoba amazinga onqenqema lwesignali kanye nemvamisa yesiteshi ikhuphuka. Ama-Vias, ukuqaliswa kwesixhumi, ama-stubs, ukuguqulwa kwezendlalelo, kanye nezinguquko ze-reference-plane konke kunezela imiphumela ye-parasitic.

3.1 Ingabe i-PCB ye-Ethernet Switch idinga njalo ukubhobozwa emuva?

Cha. I-standard plated through via ingamukeleka ngokuphelele uma isabelomali sesiteshi sikuvumela. Ukubhoboza emuva kwe-PCB , ama-blind vias, noma ama-microvias kungeniswa uma kusetshenziswa ama-stubs noma ubuningi be-routing buba bukhulu ngokwanele ukuze kuvunyelwe inqubo eyengeziwe. Umenzi kufanele athole ithebula lokubhoboza elilawulwayo noma ukulandelana kokwakhiwa kwe-HDI kunokuthola inhloso evela kumafayela e-Gerber.

3.2 I-Connector Launch Geometry Kumele Ihlale Ihambisana

Ama-magnetic e-RJ45, izixhumi zebhodi kuya ebhodini, izixhumi ze-mezzanine, kanye nezisekelo ze-pluggable-module ngayinye idala ukuguquka phakathi kwezakhiwo. Usayizi wephedi, i-antipad geometry, indawo yokubhekisela, kanye nomzila wokuphuma kungabusa i-impedance yendawo. Izinguquko ze-CAM zokwakha eduze kwalezi ziqalisi kufanele zincishiswe futhi zibuyekezwe uma kudingeka.

3.3 Ungakushayi indiva ukubekezelelana kwemishini eduze kwamakheji nezixhumi

Amakheji omndeni we-SFP, izixhumi ze-RJ45 ezihlanganisiwe, ama-LED, amapayipi okukhanya, kanye neziqephu ezivaliwe kudala ubudlelwano obuqinile bemishini. Ukubekezelelana kohlaka lwebhodi, indawo yesixhumi, indawo yokufaka imbobo, kanye nezihlalo ezihlangene ze-solder kungathinta ukulingana kokugcina. Imodeli ye-3D noma umdwebo wemishini kusiza i-assembler ukuthi ibone ukuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokukhiqiza.

4. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwamandla, Amawashi, kanye Nokulawulwa Kwendlela Yokubuyela Emuva Kumabhodi Okushintshana E-Ethernet

Indlela yesignali ithola ukunakwa okuningi, kodwa ukwehluleka okuningi kokushintsha kuqala ngokuqina kwamandla, ikhwalithi yewashi, noma izinkinga zendlela yokubuyela emuva.

4.1 Amadivayisi Okushintsha Avame Ukudinga Izitimela Eziningi Ezine-Voltage Ephansi

Ama-ASIC kanye nama-processor e-switch angasebenzisa izinsiza ezihlukene ze-core, i-I/O, imemori, i-analog, kanye ne-SerDes. I-topology yomlawuli kanye nokulandelana kuqondene nedivayisi. Ku-PCB, izindiza zamandla ezibanzi, ukuhlukanisa kwendawo, ngokubeka, kanye nokuxhumeka okune-impedance ephansi kusiza inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amandla ukuthi iziphathe njengoba kuhlosiwe.

4.2 Umzila Wewashi Kufanele Uphathwe Njengesixhumi Sikagesi

Ama-reference oscillator namawashi e-PHY noma amadivayisi okushintsha angaba nomsindo nokungaqhubeki kokubuyisa. Umenzi kufanele agcine izakhiwo zokuvikela/zokugcina zingangeni futhi agweme ukuhambisa ama-vias okuthunga noma ithusi lokubhekisela kulezi zisekethe ngaphandle kokuthi kuvunyelwe.

4.3 Ukungaqhubeki Kwendlela Yokubuyela Kungaba Kubi Kunomehluko Wobude Bokulandelela

I-differential pair ewela indiza ehlukanisiwe noma ukushintsha ireferensi ngaphandle kokuthunga okwanele kungadala umsindo wemodi evamile kanye ne-EMI. Lokhu akukwazi ukulungiswa ngokwenziwa ngemva kokukhishwa kwesakhiwo. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-DFM okusebenzayo kungabonisa ukuphuka kwendiza, izinkinga zokukhiqiza, kanye nemikhawulo, kuyilapho ukuqinisekiswa kokugcina kobuqiniso besignali kusalokhu kuyingxenye yenqubo yokuklama ihadiwe.

5. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB kwama-Switch ASICs, ama-PHY, ama-Magnetic, ama-RJ45, kanye nama-Pluggable Interfaces

I-PCBA yeswishi ye-Ethernet ivame ukuba yindlela yobuchwepheshe obuxubile. I-fine-pitch BGA assembly ingase ihlale eceleni kwama-QFN, amakristalu, ama-power inductor, izixhumi ezinkulu ze-RJ45, izingxenye zokucindezela noma izimbobo ezidlulayo, kanye namakheji ensimbi.

5.1 I-BGA kanye ne-QFN Assembly Idinga Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Eqondene Nephakheji

Umklamo we-stencil, ivolumu yokunamathisela, iphrofayili yokugeleza kabusha, ukwesekwa kwebhodi, kanye nokuphathwa komswakama wephakheji kuthinta ikhwalithi yamalunga. Ama-pads okushisa e-Via-in-pad ngaphansi kwama-pads okushisa e-BGA noma e-QFN kufanele abe nencazelo efanele yokugcwalisa/i-cap lapho ama-vias avulekile angahlanganisa khona i-solder. I-X-ray iwusizo kuma-joints afihliwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-void yama-pad okushisa ngoba lezi zici azikwazi ukuhlolwa ngokugcwele yi-AOI.

5.2 Ama-Magnetic kanye nama-Ethernet Connectors adinga ukushintshwa okulawulwayo

Izixhumi ezimbili ze-RJ45 ezibukeka zifana ngomshini zingasebenzisa ama-magnetic ahlanganisiwe ahlukene, ama-pinout e-LED, amalungiselelo okuthepha phakathi nendawo, ukwakhiwa kwesihlangu, noma ikhono le-PoE. Ngokufanayo, amamojula e-magnetic ahlukene anemininingwane kagesi okumele ihambisane nomklamo. Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa esikhundleni se-BOM kufanele kuvunyelwe ubunjiniyela, hhayi ngokusekelwe ku-footprint kuphela.

5.3 Izixhumi Ezinkulu Zithinta Umzila Wokugoqa

Kuye ngomklamo wesixhumi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwebhodi, izingxenye zemigodi edlulayo zingase zifakwe i-wave solder, zifakwe i-solder ngokukhetha, noma zifakwe i-solder ngesandla ngemva kwe-SMT. Ukukhululeka kokushisa, usayizi wemigodi, uxhumano lwethusi, kanye nokugcinwa kude nezingxenye eziseduze kufanele kuhambisane nenqubo ekhethiwe. Insizakalo yokuhlanganisa i-SMT PCB ye-Highleap ingahlanganiswa ne-through-hole assembly yama-PCBA aphelele okushintsha.

6. Isu Lokuhlola Nokusebenza Kokuhlola Ama-PCBA E-Ethernet Switch

Uhlelo oluhle lokuhlola luhlukanisa amaphutha okukhiqiza ekusebenzeni kwe-Ethernet ezingeni lesistimu.

6.1 Ibhodi Elingenalutho

Ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka/ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi okungu-100% kuyindawo evamile yokuqala yamabhodi enziwe. Amakhuphoni e-impedance ayengezwa uma kucacisiwe i-impedance elawulwayo. Ubukhulu, i-solder-mask, ukuqeda, ukubhoboza, kanye nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhodi elibonakalayo lihambisana nezidingo ezikhishwe.

6.2 Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlanganiswa

I-SPI ingahlola ukufakwa kwe-solder-paste ngaphambi kokubekwa. I-AOI ihlola ukuba khona kwezingxenye, i-polarity, i-alignment, kanye nama-solder joints abonakalayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kwengezwa ku-BGA, LGA, QFN, noma ezinye izixhumi ze-solder ezifihliwe. Lezi zindlela ziyahambisana; ayikho yodwa efakazela ukuthi i-Ethernet port isebenza kahle.

6.3 Yini Okufanele Imbozwe Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza Kwe-Ethernet Switch PCBA?

Ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo kungafaka phakathi ama-power rails, ukusetshenziswa kwamanje, ukulandelana kwe-boot, uhlelo, isikhombimsebenzisi sokuphatha, i-port link-up, i-loopback noma ukuhlolwa kwethrafikhi, ukusebenza kwe-LED, kanye nokuqashelwa kwe-optical-module lapho kufanele khona. Ukujula kokuhlolwa kuncike ku-fixture kanye nesofthiwe enikeziwe noma ethuthukiswe ngokubambisana yephrojekthi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-PCB/PCBA akuthathi indawo ye-IEEE 802.3 interoperability, i-EMC, ukuphepha, noma i-regulatory qualification yeswishi esiqediwe.

7. Uhlu Lokuhlola Lwephakheji Yobunjiniyela: Kusukela ku-Prototype Ethernet Switch PCB kuya Ekukhiqizweni

Ukuze uthole ikhotheshini enembile kanye nokukhishwa komkhiqizo okulawulwayo, faka:

• Amafayela edatha kanye ne-drill e-Gerber/ODB++
• Umdwebo wokukhiqiza onezilinganiso zebhodi, ukubekezelelana, kanye nezinqubo ezikhethekile
• Izidingo ze-stackup nezinto ezivunyiwe
• Uhlu lwe-control-impedance olune-target, tolerance, kanye ne-reference layer
• I-BOM enezinombolo zezingxenye zomkhiqizi ezivunyiwe kanye nenqubomgomo ehlukile
• Imidwebo yedatha yokukhetha nokubeka kanye nokuhlanganisa
• Imininingwane yomshini wokuxhumanisa/wekheji yezixhumi ezibalulekile
• Amafayela okuhlela kanye nemiyalelo
• Inqubo yokuhlola ukusebenza, isofthiwe, izinto ezidingekayo, kanye nemikhawulo yokupasa/yokwehluleka
• Uhlobo lwesibonelo, umshayeli, kanye nobuningi bokukhiqiza kanye nezidingo zokulandelela

Ukwakhiwa kwe-prototype ye-PCB ehleliwe kuwusizo ekuqinisekiseni i-stackup, ukulingana komshini, inqubo yokuhlanganisa, ukuziphatha kokushisa, kanye nendlela yokuhlola ngaphambi kokuba isethi yedatha yokukhiqiza iqandiswe. I-Highleap Electronics ingasekela ukwenziwa kuphela, ukuhlanganiswa okuthunyelwe, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB okujikayo ngokuya ngobubanzi bokuthola kanye nokuhlolwa obuchazwe yithimba lakho. Ukuze uthole ukwakheka kokushintsha okuhlobene nezihloko zokuqinisekisa, bheka ukubuka konke kwe-PCB yokushintsha kanye nomhlahlandlela wokuhlola ukuthembeka kwe-PCB yokushintsha kwenethiwekhi.