Umhlahlandlela Ojulile Wokuhlola I-X-Ray Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Ye-PCB

Ama-PCB abe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eminyakeni edlule ngokwezinga lezingxenye, ukubalwa kwezingqimba kanye nokuxhuma okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu bunzima obukhulayo kwenza ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okusebenzayo kanye nokutholwa kwamaphutha kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwesiko, ukuhlolwa kwe-PCB kuye kwathembela ezindleleni ezibonakalayo njenge-manual microscopy noma ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-optical (AOI). Kodwa lawa masu anemikhawulo ebalulekile ekutholeni amaphutha kumabhodi amaningi noma kumajoyinti afihliwe e-solder.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kunikeza izindlela ezinamandla ezingonakali zokubona ngaphakathi kwama-PCB futhi ukhombe ngokunembile iziphambeko ezifana nama-voids, amabhuloho, amalunga avulekile njll. Lokhu kuvumela ukubamba izinkinga kusenesikhathi futhi kuvimbele ukwehluleka kwenkambu phansi komugqa. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebanzi yezimiso zokuhlola ze-PCB x-ray, izingxenye zesistimu, amakhono, izinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela kanye neqhaza ezinqubweni zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi.

Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwe-X-Ray kwama-PCB?

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwama-x-reyi ukuhlola izici zangaphakathi ngokungabhubhi nezimo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezintweni ezihlolwayo. Isebenzisa imvelo yokungena kanye nezici zokumunca ezihlukene zama-x ray.

Ekuhlolweni kwe-PCB, i-x-ray imaging isetshenziselwa ukuveza amajoyinti e-solder afihliwe, okunamathiselwe kwezingxenye kanye nemininingwane yesakhiwo kumabhodi wesekethe we-multilayer angafinyeleleki ngokuhlola okubonakalayo kwangaphandle.

Njengoba ama-X-ray emfushane kakhulu, amaza kagesi avame kakhulu angangena ezintweni eziqinile. Lapho ama-x-ray ehlangana nento yokuhlola ye-PCB , ukuhlukahluka kobukhulu bezinto kanye nobuningi ebhodini kuholela ekumuncweni okuhlukile. Lokhu kudala isithombe se-x-ray esibonakalayo esifaka imininingwane yesakhiwo sangaphakathi esingaveza amaphutha.

Ngabe I-PCB X-Ray Inspection isebenza kanjani?

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kuhilela ukusebenzisa umthombo we-x-ray, isistimu yokukhohlisa into yokuhlola, i-detector array kanye nokucubungula ama-electronics ukuze kukhiqizwe amasampula ezithombe ezihlaziywayo ukuze kutholwe amaphutha:

• Umthombo we-x-ray ukhiqiza ama-x-reyi (kungaba kusetshenziswa ishubhu le-x-ray noma isotope ekhipha imisebe). Le nsimbi iyahlanganiswa futhi igxile kusampula ye-PCB.
• I-PCB ibekwe kahle futhi isetshenziswe ngesiteji ukuze inike amandla ukuskena izigaba ezihlukene noma imibono.
• Amajoyinti aminyene we-solder nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zimunca ama-x-reyi ngaphezu kwe-substrate/resin materials. Lokhu kwakha iphethini yezithunzi ze-x-ray ezithathwe umtshina.
• Idatha yomtshina icutshungulwa ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha i-2D yedijithali noma ukumelwa kwesithombe se-3D sesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-PCB.
• Ama-opharetha ahlola izithombe ze-x-ray kumamonitha okuhlola ukuze abone noma yimaphi amaphutha afana nokuqhekeka, ama-voids, amalunga avulekile njll.
• Amasu okucubungula isithombe afana nokususa, ukuthuthukiswa nokusiza ukwakha kabusha ukungaboni ngaso linye.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray kunikeza izindlela ezingezona zokuxhumana zokuhlola ama-PCB amaphutha afihliwe avame ukugejwa izindlela zokuhlola okubukwayo zangaphandle.

I-X-Ray Inspection Systems yama-PCB

Amasistimu okuhlola ama-x-ray azinikele asetshenziselwa ukwenza ukuhlaziya kwe-x-ray imaging kuma-PCB. Lezi zihlanganisa:

Umthombo we-X-Ray – Lokhu kudala umsebe we-x-ray. Imithombo yamapayipi esebenzisa i-voltage ephezulu ku-vacuum diode noma ama-radioisotopes ivamile. Ama-control collimators akha umsebe.

Uhlelo Lokulawula i-PCB – Beka izigaba zerobhothi ngokunemba okuphezulu bese uhambisa isampula ye-PCB emsebeni we-x-ray ukuze uvumele ukuskena kwe-2D noma kwe-3D.

Ama-Detector - Ama-sensor arrays athwebula ama-x-ray adlula ebhodini bese ewaguqula abe amasignali kagesi ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha isithombe.

Ukucutshungulwa Kwesithombe - Amaprosesa aqinile enza ukwakhiwa kwesithombe, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nama-algorithm okubona amaphutha.

Isibonisi - Amamonitha anesinqumo esiphezulu avumela opharetha ukuthi bahlole ngokubonakalayo izithombe ze-x-ray ukuze babone amaphutha.

Ukuvikela - Ukuvikela umthofu ozungeze uhlelo kuvikela abaqhubi ekuchayweni yimisebe.

Isofthiwe - Ilawula amapharamitha wehadiwe kanye nezingxenye zesistimu ezixhumanisayo zemizila yokuhlola ezenzakalelayo.

Lezi zinhlelo zokuhlola i-x-ray ezithuthukisiwe zinika amandla ukuskena okuphindaphindekayo kwama-PCB kusuka kuma-engeli ahlukene kanye nokutholwa kokukhubazeka kwamaminithi.

2D vs 3D X-Ray Ukuhlolwa

I-X-ray imaging ingaveza izethulo ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili nezintathu ze-PCB:

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-Ray kwe-2D

• Izithombe ze-X-ray zitholwa ngendlela eyodwa ekuskeneni okukodwa.
• Izikena eziningi ze-2D ezivela kuma-engeli ahlukene wokubuka zingahlanganiswa ukuze kunikwe amandla ukubonwa okulinganiselwe kwe-3D.
• Indlela yezindleko eziphansi kodwa ayinakho ukubonwa okuphelele kwe-volumetric okunikezwa yi-imaging ye-3D yangempela.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-Ray kwe-3D

                     

• Isithombe se-X-ray CT (i-computed tomography) sakha imodeli ye-3D ngokufanisa izikena ze-2D eziningi cishe ngo-360°.
• Ivumela ukubona ngeso okungakonakali kwesakhiwo esiphelele sangaphakathi se-PCB ku-3D.
• Inika amandla ukukhomba izindawo ezinesici kubukhulu obu-3 nosayizi wamaphutha okulinganisa.
• Inikeza idatha enemininingwane yevolumu kodwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuphezulu kanye nezindleko.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray ye-3D kunikeza ukutholwa kokukhubazeka okuqaphela kakhulu kuma-PCB athembeke kakhulu lapho izindleko zingeyesibili. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray ye-2D kwanele ekunikezeni ukubonakala kwesigaba esiphambanayo se-PCB okwanele ukukhomba amaphutha nokwenza izinqumo zokudlula/ukwehluleka.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-Ray kwezingxenye

I-X-ray imaging ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni izingxenye ze-PCB ezifana nalezi:

BGA/CSP Amaphakheji

• Iqinisekisa okunamathiselwe kwebhola le-solder ngezansi kwephakheji efihliwe ukuthi ingabonwa.
• Ithola ama-voids, izikhindi, amalunga avulekile kanye nezinkinga zokuhlukanisa ngaphansi kwengxenye.
• Amasheke e-silicon ephukile noma eyonakele afela ngaphakathi kwephakheji.
• Iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuphakanyiswa kwephedi ye-PCB noma ukulandelela umonakalo ngaphansi kwengxenye.

Amaphakheji we-QFN/DFN

• Ihlola amajoyinti e-solder e-J angabonakali ukusuka phezulu.
• Ithola ama-solder voids, ukumanzisa okunganele nokuphakamisa amaphedi.
• Iqinisekisa ukuqondanisa kwengxenye namaphedi.

Izixhumanisi

• Ihlola amajoyinti e-solder yendawo ezindaweni ezingemuva kwezixhumi ezingafinyeleleki ngenye indlela.
• Iqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokukhetha, amagagasi noma ukusoda ngesandla.
• Ithola izikhonkwane ezigobile noma ezihlezi ngendlela engafanele.

Amaphakheji we-IC

• Ivumela ukuhlola amalunga e-solder afihliwe amaphakheji aholayo njenge-SOIC, QFP, PLCC njll.
• Izikrini zamaphinikhodi amafushane, amatshe ethuneni, izingxenye ezitshekile.
• Iqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa kwephedi eline-slot okwanele nge-solder.
• Ihlola umonakalo noma imifantu.

Izihlanganisi ezingenalutho

• Ihlola uxhumo oluphelele lwe-solder eyindilinga.
• Ithola amatshe ethuneni, ama-capacitor/resistors antantayo noma asontekile.
• Ihlola izinqamuleli ezibekwe ngokungalungile noma ezingekho.

Ngakho-ke, izingxenye ezinokunamathiselwe okufihliwe zingamakhandidethi afanelekile wokuhlolwa kwe-x-ray ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-Ray kwamajoyinti e-Solder

Njengoba ama-alloys e-solder equkethe izakhi zensimbi eziminyene njengethayela, ithusi noma isiliva, anciphisa kakhulu ama-x ray. Lokhu kuvumela ukubonwa okucacile kwamalunga e-solder ngaphakathi kwe-PCB:

Izingxenye Ezihlukile - Qinisekisa ukuthi amalunga e-solder azungeze izingxenye ezinamalambu aqediwe.

Ukushiswa kwe-SMT – Qinisekisa ukumanzisa amaphedi, ukuma kwe-fillet kanye nokushiswa okwanele.

Imigodi Egqitshwe Ngesivikelo - Hlola ikhwalithi yokugcwaliswa kwemigodi kanye nesimo sezingxenye zemigodi egqitshwe ngesivikelo.

Ama-Vias - Hlola ama-vias angabonwa futhi agqitshwe ngezingqimba eziningi.

I-BGA/CSP - Thola izikhala ezifihliwe, imifantu kanye namabhulukwe amafushane ngaphansi kwamaphakheji.

I-QFN/DFN – Thola inani nesimo se-paste ngemva kokugeleza kabusha ngaphansi kwengxenye.

Izixhumi ezifakwa ngokucindezela – Qinisekisa ukujula kanye nesimo esifanele sokufakwa kwephinikhodi.

Ukushisela Ngesandla – Hlola ukuma kwamalunga kanye namalunga ashiselayo abandayo.

I-X-ray ivumela ukuhlola ubuqotho bamalunga e-solder kusuka ezicini ezingenakwenzeka ngokuhlola okubonakalayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalunga aqinile angenasici.

Izinzuzo Zokuhlola I-X-Ray kuma-PCB

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kunikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile kunezindlela zokuhlola zendabuko zama-PCB. Okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, akukona ukubhubhisa, ukususa ingozi yokulimaza amabhodi noma izingxenye ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola. Le ndlela ivumela ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezakhiwo zangaphakathi zama-PCB, okuvumela ukutholwa kwamaphutha afihliwe njengama-voids kanye nemifantu engabonakali ngaphandle. Ukwengeza, ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray kungaqinisekisa ikhwalithi yamajoyini e-solder afihliwe, kunikeze isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuqinisekisa.

Enye inzuzo eyinhloko yokuhlolwa kwe-x-ray yikhono layo lokwenza izilinganiso ezinembile zobukhulu, okuhlanganisa amabanga, amadayamitha, namavolumu. Ubuchwepheshe buvumela ukudalwa kwamamodeli anemininingwane ye-2D ne-3D yabangaphakathi be-PCB, ukwenza imephu ngokunembile amaphutha ezindaweni zabo zangempela. Le ndlela yokuhlola ngokushesha ifaneleka kakhulu ukuqaliswa komugqa wokukhiqiza, lapho isivinini nokunemba kubalulekile. Ukunemba okuphezulu kokuhlolwa kwe-x-ray kuvumela ukuxazululwa kokukhubazeka okuhle kakhulu kwe-sub-millimeter, okubalulekile ekugcineni amazinga aphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlaziyeni izimbangela zamaphutha nokuqonda ukwenzeka kwamaphutha kanye nezimbangela zawo. Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-x-ray ziphakamisa isofthiwe ethuthukisiwe kanye ne-AI ukuze ihlaziye ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ihlukanise amaphutha, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle nempumelelo yenqubo yokuhlola. Idatha ebalulekile yangaphakathi yokukhubazeka ekhiqizwa ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray ayinakuqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi enye indlela, okuyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuliseni ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kokukhiqizwa kwe-PCB. Lokhu ekugcineni kuholela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe nokuphila isikhathi eside kwemikhiqizo yokugcina, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlangabezana namazinga aphezulu.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlolwa Kwe-X-Ray ku-PCB Quality Control

Njengoba kunikezwe ikhono layo lokubona amaphutha afihliwe, ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray kwama-PCB kunikeza izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele njengengxenye yezinqubo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi:

Bamba izinkinga kusenesikhathi - Thola amaphutha afihliwe avela ekwakhiweni noma ekuhlanganisweni ngaphambi kokuba aphume aye emikhiqizweni yokugcina.

Vimbela ukwehluleka kwensimu - Gwema ukwehluleka kwezicelo zamakhasimende ngokususa amabhodi anephutha ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.

Hlola ama-IC apakishiwe – Isikrini sokuthola imifantu edayiwe, izibopho zocingo, isivalo okungenakukwazi ukusethwa ngezindlela ezibonakalayo.

Amabhodi okuhlola awabhubhisi – Ngokungafani nokuhlukanisa noma ukuhlukanisa amabhodi amancane lapho amabhodi omonakalo ekhona.

Hlaziya izimbangela zokwehluleka - Ukuboniswa kwamaphutha angaphakathi okuvela ku-x-ray kusiza ukuhlaziywa kwembangela kanye nezenzo zokulungisa.

Vala iluphu yekhwalithi - Impendulo evela ekuhlaziyweni kokwehluleka kwe-x-ray ithuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nokuklama.

Qinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo - Linganisa ukwehla kwamazinga okukhubazeka okuvela ekungeneleleni kwenqubo.

Izitayela ze-Spot - Thola amaphethini eziphutha aguqukayo adinga ukulungiswa kokukhiqiza.

I-AOI Engeziwe - Ikhokhela imikhawulo yokuhlolwa kokukhanya ekutholeni amaphutha angaphansi komhlaba.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray kuyindlela esemqoka yokukhulisa amazinga ekhwalithi ngokuhlolwa kokukhubazeka okubucayi kanye nokushayela ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.

Iqhaza Lokuhlolwa Kwe-X-Ray Ekugelezeni Kwekhwalithi Ye-PCB

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kuhambisana nesinyathelo sezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokwenziwa, ukuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa kwe-PCB:

Ukuhlolwa Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswayo - Kuhlola ukuhambisana kwe-base laminates, ama-prepreg kanye nama-foil ensimbi.

Ibhodi Elingenalutho NDT - Ukuhlolwa kwamaphutha amafushane, okuvula, kanye ne-impedance.

Ukuhlolwa Kwangemva Kokuqoshwa Kwezinsika - Kuqinisekisa ubuqotho besakhiwo somqhubi ngemva kokuqoshwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kokubhaliswa Kwezingqimba - Kulinganisa ukuhambisana kwezingqimba nezici kuzo zonke izingqimba.

I-AOI - Ihlola amabhodi agcwele abantu ngokukhanya ukuze ibone amaphutha okuhlanganisa.

I-ICT - Ihlola ukuxhumana kukagesi kwamasekethe namajoyinti.

I-Flying Probe - Iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka ngokuphenya amaphuzu okuhlola.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-Ray – Izikrini zokuhlola amaphutha afihliwe e-solder, imifantu njll.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezithombe - Ukuxhumana komqhubi wezithombe kanye namaphutha emabhodini aqoshiwe.

I-SEM - Iskena izindawo zomqhubi ukuze kutholakale ubuqotho bejoyinti le-solder elingenalo i-lead.

Ukulingisa Ukuphinda Usebenze - Kuhlola umthelela wokuphinda usebenze ngokuphindaphindiwe ekuthembekeni.

Ukulandelana kokuhlola kunikeza umbono ophelele wekhwalithi ye-PCB kusukela ezintweni ezibonakalayo kuye kumabhodi aqediwe. Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kugcwalisa igebe elibalulekile lokuhlonza amaphutha esakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba kanye nomsebenzi phakathi kwamasu okuhlola angaphandle.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwedizayini Ukwenza Ukuhlolwa Kwe-X-Ray

Ukunikezwa kwedizayini ethile ye-PCB kunganika amandla ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray okusebenzayo kakhulu:

Amaphuzu Okuhlola - Ivumela ukugxila kwe-x-ray ezingxenyeni ezithile ezibalulekile noma amanethi avame ukuba nezinkinga zokuhlanganiswa.

Ama-Keepout - Nikeza izindawo ezanele ezizungezile izingxenye ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufinyelela kwe-x-ray beam egobile.

Izici Ezikhethekile - Faka ama-fiducial, amamaki noma izimpawu ukuze unikeze izinkomba zokuqondanisa isithombe.

Izingxenye Ezinohlangothi Olulodwa – Beka izingxenye ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela lapho ukuhlolwa kuhlose kakhulu amaphutha amalunga e-solder.

Amabhodi Amancane - Anciphisa ukumuncwa kwe-x-ray okuthuthukisa ukubona kahle amaphutha.

Ubuningi Obuphansi - Amalungiselelo ebhodi elincane alula ukuhlaziya uma kuqhathaniswa nokulungiselelwa okugcwele kakhulu.

Ama-Cutouts Anikezelwe - Ama-Cutouts ngaphansi kwama-BGA/ama-CSP asiza ekuthathweni kwezithombe ze-x-ray zamajoyinti afihliwe e-solder.

Lingisa Amaphutha - Shumeka ngamabomu amaphutha esampula ngesikhathi sokubhala ukuze uqinisekise ukutholwa.

Imihlahlandlela enjalo yokuklama i-x-ray iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zebhodi nezakhiwo zithuthukiswa ukuze kukhuliswe ukubonakala kwamaphutha kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okuhlola ama-x-ray.

Imikhawulo Nezinselele Zokuhlolwa Kwe-X-Ray

Nakuba kunamandla kakhulu, kukhona ukulinganiselwa okuthile ezindleleni zokuhlola i-x-ray:

• Ama-electronics amancane anezici ze-ultra-fine aphikisana nemikhawulo yokuxazulula ye-x-ray imaging.
• Amaphutha anomehluko ophansi ezintweni ezilinganayo kunzima ukuzibona ezithombeni ze-x-ray.
• Izingxenye ezisindayo njengama-BGA amakhulu, izixhumi noma izihlangu zensimbi zingavimba ama-x-reyi ekuvezeni izici eziyisisekelo.
• Izingxenye ze-RF, i-microwave ne-fiberoptic zidinga amasu akhethekile okuhlola ama-x-ray.
• I-x-ray ye-2D ayinawo amandla okubona ngeso wevolumu ukukhomba izindawo ezinokukhubazeka eziqondile.
• Ikhono lomsebenzisi liyadingeka ukuze kuhlaziywe izithombe ze-x-ray nokuhlonza amasiginesha anephutha.
• Izinqubo zokuphepha ezigunyazwe ukusebenzisa okokusebenza kwe-x-ray zengeza phezulu.
• Izindleko eziphezulu zezinhlelo zokuhlola i-x-ray zivimbela ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kuyo yonke imigqa yokukhiqiza.

Kodwa-ke, inqubekelaphambili emithonjeni ye-x-ray, izitholi, ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe kanye nokuqashelwa kokukhubazeka okusizwe yi-AI kuyaqhubeka nokwandisa ububanzi namandla okuhlolwa kwe-x-ray ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka kobuchwepheshe.

Isiphetho

Ukukhula komchazi kubunzima be-PCB kwenze ukuthwebula kwe-x-ray okungabhubhi kwaba inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola ingaphakathi lamabhodi ezendlalelo eziningi. Ihlinzeka ngamakhono ayingqayizivele okuthola isici angenakuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuhlola okubonakalayo njenge-AOI, i-microscopy noma izifanisi zezithombe.

Nge-aerospace ebaluleke kakhulu kumgomo, izicelo zezimoto, zezokwelapha nezokuvikela, izinzuzo zokuvimbela ukuphunyuka zidlula kude izindleko zamasistimu e-x-ray. Ngokuqondisisa kahle izimiso zokuhlola i-x-ray, izinto zobuciko kanye nezindlela, abakhiqizi be-PCB bangayisebenzisa kangcono kakhulu ukuze bakhulise amazinga ekhwalithi emikhiqizweni yabo.

Lo mhlahlandlela ufingqa ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile ekusebenziseni ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray ukuze kuhlolwe ngokugcwele ubuqotho bomhlangano we-PCB - kusukela ekushiyekeni okucashile kokudayiswa kanye nezingozi zokwethembeka kuya ezintweni eziwumgunyathi. Kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphelele ekulandelaneni kokuhlola nemihlahlandlela yokuklama i-x-ray, abakhiqizi be-PCB bangabona ukuthuthuka kwekhwalithi okukhulu.