Chiratidzo Kutendeseka mune Yakakwira Frequency PCB Dhizaini - Makiyi Zvinhu & Mazano

ziviso

Kuvimbika kwechiratidzo kunoreva kunaka uye kuvimbika kwezviratidzo zvemagetsi sezvazvinopararira kuburikidza nemaPCB traces mumashandisirwo e high frequency. Mumasystem emazuva ano ekutaurirana, radar modules, uye automotive electronics anoshanda pamusoro pe 1 GHz, kunyangwe kuora kwechiratidzo kudiki kunogona kukonzera zvikanganiso zvedata, kutyorwa kwenguva, uye kutadza kwesystem. Gwaro iri rinoongorora zvinhu zvakakosha zvinopesvedzera kuvimbika kwechiratidzo mukugadzirwa kwe high frequency PCB uye rinopa matekiniki anoshanda ekuchengetedza mhando yepamusoro yezviratidzo.

Chii Chinonzi Chiratidzo Kuperera?

Signal kutendeseka inotsanangura kugona kwechiratidzo chemagetsi kuchengetedza amplitude, chikamu, uye nguva hunhu sezvainofamba kubva kunobva kune kwainoenda. Mune yakakwirira frequency PCB dhizaini, masiginecha anoita semagetsi emagetsi kwete akareruka mazinga evoltage, achivaita kuti vagone kukanganisa kwakasiyana.

Zvakajairwa chiratidzo chekuvimbika matambudziko anosanganisira:

• chadzera - Signal bounce inokonzereswa nekusawirirana pakati pemutyairi, trace uye inogamuchira
• cross talk -Kubatana kusingadiwe pakati pematanho ari padyo anounza ruzha
• Kutora nguva -Kuparadzira kunonoka kusiyanisa munzira dzakafanana dzechiratidzo dzinokonzera kukanganisa kwekuyananisa
• Noise coupling -Kupindira kubva kumagetsi ekugovera magetsi uye kushandura maseketi

Iko kuongororwa kwechiratidzo chekutendeseka kunoenderana nezvose nguva domain uye frequency domain analysis. Madhayagiramu eziso anoratidza miganho yenguva uye mazinga eruzha mumasaini edhijitari, nepo S-maparamita anoyera kutapurirana uye hunhu hwekuratidzira pane ese frequency renji.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinokanganisa Chiratidzo Kutendeseka muPamusoro Frequency PCB

Transmission Line Migumisiro

Pamafafitera epamusoro, PCB inoteedzera inoshanda semitsara yekufambisa ine yakagoverwa inductance, capacitance, uye kuramba. Iyo hunhu impedance yeiyi mitsetse yekutapurirana inofanirwa kuenderana nemutyairi uye inogamuchira impedances kudzikisa chiratidzo chekuratidzira. Yakajairika inodzorwa impedance tsika dzinobva pa50 ohms kune imwe-inopera masaini kusvika 90 kana 100 ohms kune akasiyana mapeya.

Chero kusaenderera mberi munzira yechiratidzo kunogadzira misiyano ye impedance inodzikisira kutendeseka kwechiratidzo. Vias, connectors, uye layer transitions zvinounza kutarisisa uye kurasikirwa kwekuisa izvo zvinowedzera kunetsa sezvo ma frequency anopfuura gumi GHz.

Material Properties uye Dielectric Sarudzo

Chinhu chinoramba chichishandiswa mumagetsi (dielectric constant) uye chinhu chinoparara chePCB substrate zvinokanganisa zvakananga kupararira kwechiratidzo uye kuderera kwesimba remagetsi. Zvinhu zvakajairwa zveFR-4 zvinoratidza ma "dielectric constants" ari pakati pe4.2 ne4.5 ane ma "dissipation factors" e0.02, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwechiratidzo pamusoro pe5 GHz. Nemabhodhi eRO3003G2 enzira dzeRF dzinorasikirwa zvishoma , copper profile, dielectric thickness uye transitions zvichiri kuda kuongororwa nekuti kusarudza laminate chete hakuratidzi mashandiro echiteshi.

Mapurogiramu ePCB anowanzo shandiswa anobatsirwa nezvinhu zvine hunyanzvi zvinoderedza kurasikirwa:

• laminate yakakosha ine kurasikirwa kwakaderera - Dielectric nguva dzose ye3.48, dissipation factor ye0.0037 pa10 GHz
• Isola I-Tera MT - Dielectric nguva dzose ye3.45, dissipation factor ye0.0035 pa10 GHz
• Panasonic Megtron 6 - Dielectric nguva dzose ye3.4, dissipation factor ye0.002 pa10 GHz

Kusarudza zvinhu zvine yakagadzikana dielectric zvivakwa mukati metembiricha uye frequency renji inochengetedza inowirirana chiratidzo chekuvimbika mukati mehamvuropu inoshanda.

PCB Stack-up uye Dzosera Nzira Dhizaini

Yakakodzera layer stack-up dhizaini inomisikidza inoenderera ndege dzinopa yakaderera-impedance nzira dzekudzoka kune yakakwirira frequency masaini. Signal layers akamisikidzwa padhuze nevhu rakasimba kana ndege dzemagetsi dzinoderedza loop nzvimbo uye kutonga hunhu impedance zvinobudirira.

Kusona vias yakaiswa padhuze nekuchinja kwechiratidzo chengetedza nzira yekudzokera kuenderera kana masaini achichinja zvidimbu. Pasina kusonwa kwakaringana, mafungu ekudzoka anotsvaga dzimwe nzira dzinowedzera loop area, radiation, uye crosstalk. Kutsemuka kwendege kana mapana anomanikidza kudzosa mafaya nenzira refu, zvichigadzira discontinuities izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kutendeseka kwechiratidzo.

Crosstalk uye Electromagnetic Kupindira

Electromagnetic coupling pakati pemateki epadhuze inogadzira crosstalk iyo inosvibisa kutendeseka kwechiratidzo mune yakakwirira frequency PCB marongero. Iyo simba rekubatanidza rinowedzera nekutevera kuswedera uye kuenderana kureba kwenzira, zvichiita kuti nzira yepakati ive yakakosha. Mutemo we3W unokurudzira kuchengetedza nzvimbo yekutevera-kune-inopeta katatu hupamhi hwekutsvaga kuderedza crosstalk.

Differential pair routing inopa kudzivirirwa kweruzha rwepamusoro nekuramba kupindira kwakajairika. Ndege dzepasi uye nhanho dzevarindi pakati pezviratidzo zvinonzwisisika zvinopa imwe dziviriro, nepo inopindirana layer stack-up inoderedza kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kuburikidza nekudzora impedance.

Dhizaini Matekiniki ekuchengeta Chiratidzo Kutendeseka

Yakadzorwa Impedance uye Kureba Matching

Kuita inodzorwa impedance routing munzira yese yechiratidzo inogonesa inopindirana yekufambisa mitsara maitiro uye inoderedza kutarisisa. Tevera hupamhi, dielectric ukobvu, uye huremu hwemhangura hunofanirwa kudzorwa nemazvo kuti uwane chinangwa che impedance values ​​mukati me ± 10% kushivirira.

Kureba kuenzanirana pakati pemasaini anowirirana kana musiyano makumbo maviri anodzivirira nguva skew inokonzeresa kuvharwa kweziso mu-high-speed digital interfaces. Mambure akakosha anoda kufananidzwa mukati me5 mils kune mafrequency pamusoro pe5 GHz, ane kushivirira kwakasimba kunodiwa pama frequency epamusoro.

Via Optimization uye Layer Transitions

Via optimization inoderedza impedance discontinuities inodzikisira kutendeseka kwechiratidzo. Kuchera-kumashure kunobvisa hurefu husina kushandiswa hunoita kuti resonances panguva chaiyo frequencies, nepo mapofu uye kuvigwa vias kuderedza layer transitions. Imwe neimwe kuburikidza neshanduko inofanirwa kubatwa seyakadzorwa impedance chinhu nekutarisisa saizi yepadhi, anti-pad clearance, uye dhiramu dhayamita.

Reference plane kuenderera mberi kunofanirwa kuchengetedzwa munzvimbo yese yekufambisa chiratidzo kuti ipe isina kukanganiswa yekudzoka nzira dzazvino. Dzivisa masaini masaini mukati mekutsemuka kwendege, uye shandisa stitching vias akapatsanurwa chikamu chega chega chewavelength pamwe nekusaenderera mberi.

Pamusoro Pedzisa uye Simulation

Kusarudzwa kwepamusoro pekupedzisira kunokanganisa kuita kwepamusoro-soro kuburikidza nekuita kweganda uye kushata kwepamusoro. Electroless nickel kunyudzwa goridhe inopa yemhando yepamusoro chiratidzo kutendeseka kana ichienzaniswa nemhepo inopisa solder kuenzana nekuda kwekutsetseka kwayo uye kuenderana ukobvu. Kune mafrequency ari pamusoro pe20 GHz, foil yemhangura yakadzokororwa inoderedza kurasikirwa kwekondukita kunokonzerwa nekukasharara kwepasi.

Pre-layout chiratidzo chekuvimbika simulation uchishandisa maturusi akaita seHynxLynx, Ansys HFSS, kana Keysight ADS inosimbisa sarudzo dzekugadzira isati yagadzirwa. Simulation inotaridza zvingangoita impedance mismatches, crosstalk issues, uye resonance point, kuderedza iteration kutenderera uye mutengo webudiriro.

Kuedzwa uye Kusimbiswa kweChiratidzo Kutendeseka

Nguva uye Frequency Domain Analysis

Ongororo yedhiyagiramu yeziso inoratidza kunaka kwechiratidzo nekufukidza akati wandei nguva kuti utarise nguva yekumisikidza uye mazinga eruzha. Yakagadzirwa nemazvo yakakwira frequency PCB inoburitsa kuvhurika kwemaziso kwakachena nemagetsi akakwana uye nguva yekumisikidza. Time domain reflectometry inoratidza impedance discontinuities uye nzvimbo dzadzo nekuyera masaini anoratidzwa kubva kune mismatches.

S-parameter zviyero zvinoverengera kurasikirwa kwekuisa, kurasikirwa kwekudzoka, uye crosstalk mhiri kwefrequency spectrum. Maviri-chiteshi S-maparamita anopa kukwana kwakazara kwechiratidzo chekufambisa kwemhando, neS21 inoratidza kurasikirwa kwekuisa uye S11 inoratidza kurasikirwa kwekudzoka.

Manufacturing Quality Control

Kugadzira kudzora kwemhando kunosanganisira impedance kuyedzwa uchishandisa nyanzvi dzebvunzo makuponi akabatanidzwa muPCB pani. Eyedzo makuponi anodzokorora akakosha masaini zvimiro uye anogonesa kuoneswa kweinodzorwa impedance pasina kukuvadza anoshanda maseketi. Flying probe test inopupurira kuenderera mberi uye zvikabudura, ukuwo bvunzo dzekushanda panguva dzekushanda dzinosimbisa kuti mabhodhi akagadzirwa anosangana nechiratidzo chechiratidzo pasi pemamiriro chaiwo ekushanda.

mhedziso

Signal kutendeseka mune yakakwira frequency PCB dhizaini inoda kurongeka optimization mukati mekusarudza kwezvinhu, stack-up architecture, nzira yekufambisa, uye yekugadzira maitiro ekugadzirisa. Sezvo mafambisirwo ekushanda achiramba achiwedzera mumasisitimu emazuva ano emagetsi, kuchengetedza mhando yechiratidzo kunowedzera kunetsa uye kwakakosha pakuita kwehurongwa.

Kubudirira kunoenderana nekunzwisisa maitiro etambo dzekutumira, kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera zvisingarasikirwe zvakanyanya, kushandisa maitiro ekugadzira akaedzwa, uye kuita ongororo yakakwana kuburikidza nekuenzanisa uye kuyera. Sarudzo yega yega yekugadzira kubva pakusarudza substrate kusvika pakuiswa kwayo inokanganisa zvakananga kuvimbika kwechiratidzo uye kuvimbika kwehurongwa hwese.

KuHighleap Electronics, isu tine hunyanzvi mukugadzira maPCB ane frequency yakakwira nekutonga kwakaringana kweimpedance, zvinhu zvisingarasikirwe zvakanyanya, uye kusimbiswa kwakasimba kwemaitiro ekuona kuti masaini akavimbika ekutaurirana kwepamusoro, ndege, uye mashandisirwo emotokari. Chikwata chedu cheinjiniya chinopa dhizaini yekubvunzana kugona kugadzira uye kuongorora kuvimbika kwemasaini kuti zvikubatsire kuita basa rakanaka munzvimbo dzinoda frequency yakakwira.