Abashayeli Bezindleko ze-PCB Ezingqimba Eziyi-10 Zezinto Ezisetshenziswayo, i-HDI Nokuhlola

Izindleko ze-PCB enezingqimba eziyishumi azinqunywa ngokubalwa kwezingqimba kuphela. Ibhodi elincane eline-microvia-in-pad ehlanganisiwe, ama-conductor amahle kakhulu kanye nezinto ezilawulwayo ezilahlekelwa kancane zingabiza ngaphezu kwebhodi elivamile elikhulu kakhulu elinezingqimba eziyishumi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umklamo onamaphaneli aphezulu onamaphaneli amahle ku-stackup esungulwe ungaba nentengo ephansi yeyunithi kune-prototype encane lapho izindleko zayo zokusetha, ubunjiniyela kanye nokuhlola zihlukaniswe ngezingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela.

Ngokuhlela isabelomali, umbuzo owusizo kakhulu awusiwo othi “Libiza malini ibhodi elinezingqimba eziyishumi?” kodwa uthi “Yiziphi izinto zalo mklamo ezisebenzisa izinto, zengeza izihibe zenqubo, zinciphise isivuno sephaneli noma zandise inani lokuqinisekiswa?” Lesi sihloko siphendula lowo mbuzo futhi sithatha indawo yamathebula entengo aqinile ngemodeli yezindleko ehlala isebenza lapho ithusi, igolide, ukutholakala kwe-laminate, amazinga abasebenzi kanye nezimo zokuthutha impahla zishintsha.

I-Highleap Electronics ibuyekeza amanani ngemuva kokuba iphakheji yokukhiqiza ihlolwe ukuthi iyakwazi yini ukwenziwa. Ukubuka konke kobunjiniyela be-PCB obunezingqimba eziyi-10 kuchaza ukwakhiwa kanye nokukhetha okuhlanganisiwe, kuyilapho ukubuyekezwa kwe-DFM kukhomba izici ezingashintsha intengo ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe ikhotheshini yenkampani.

Kungani Intengo Yomhlaba Wonke Yebhodi Idukisa

Intengo eshicilelwe ngaphandle kwencazelo ephelele yesisekelo idala ukunemba okungamanga. Ngisho noma usayizi webhodi kanye nobuningi kushiwo, isilinganiso singashintsha kakhulu ngethusi eliqediwe, inani lemigodi, i-drill encane kakhulu, umndeni wezinto ezibonakalayo, uhlu lwamaphaneli, amakilasi e-impedance, ukuqeda kwendawo, isigaba somkhiqizo kanye nemibhalo. Isibonelo esithi “100 mm x 100 mm, ungqimba oluyishumi, i-ENIG” sisashiya iziguquguquki eziningi kakhulu ezingaxazululwa ukumela intengo yokuthenga.

Imininingwane ifihliwe ngaphakathi kwentengo elula

• Ingabe ukwakhiwa kuyindawo evamile yokuphuma, engabonakali/engcwatshwe nge-HDI noma elandelanayo?
• Ingabe ukujiya okuqediwe kungu-1.0 mm, 1.6 mm, 2.4 mm noma elinye inani?
• Ingabe izendlalelo zangaphakathi ziyi-0.5 oz kanti izendlalelo zangaphandle ziyi-1 oz, noma ingabe kudingeka ithusi elisindayo?
• Ingabe ibhodi isebenzisa i-high-Tg FR-4, i-laminate yedijithali elahlekelwa kancane, i-RF hybrid noma i-polyimide?
• Yiziphi izidingo zomugqa/isikhala esincane, usayizi wokubhoboza kanye nendandatho ejikelezayo?
• Zingaki izinhlobo ze-impedance ezikhona, futhi yikuphi ukubekezelelana nokubika okudingekayo?
• Yikuphi ukucaciswa komkhiqizo kanye nokwamukelwa kwesigaba okulawulwayo?
• Ingabe i-oda lidinga amakhuphoni, izingxenye ezincane, ukuhlolwa kwesihloko sokuqala noma ukulandelelwa kwesikhathi eside?
• Ingabe intengo yamabhodi ngamanye, i-routed array noma iphaneli?
• Ingabe amathuluzi, imithwalo, intela, izimali zasebhange kanye nokuhlanganiswa kufakiwe?

Uma abahlinzeki ababili becaphuna amanani ahlukene, umsebenzi wokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bahumushe lezi ziguquguquko ngendlela efanayo. Intengo ephansi ingabonisa izinto ezihlukile, ukubekezelelana okuxegayo, ukuhlolwa okushiywe ngaphandle, ukuhlanganiswa kwephaneli okuhlukile noma izibikezelo zesikhashana kunokuba kube yifektri esebenza kahle kakhulu.

Imodeli Yezindleko Ezisebenzayo Yamabhodi Anezingqimba Eziyishumi

Imodeli yomqondo ewusizo yile:

Intengo yeyunithi ~ izindleko zezinto kanye nenqubo ngephaneli ngayinye yokukhiqiza / amabhodi amahle alindelekile ngephaneli ngayinye + ubunjiniyela/amathuluzi abelwe + ukuhlolwa/amadokhumenti adingekayo + ukupakishwa kanye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla.

Ithemu ngayinye ibalulekile. Izindleko zamaphaneli ziyakhuphuka ngama-laminate abizayo, ithusi, i-lamination elandelanayo, ukubhoboza nge-laser, ukuqeda okukhethekile kanye nemizila yenqubo ende. Inani lamabhodi amahle alindelekile liyawa uma ibhodi likhulu, lingalingani kahle nephaneli, lisebenzisa amakhuphoni adla unqenqema noma linefasitela elincane lenqubo. Ubunjiniyela kanye namathuluzi kubusa ama-prototypes kodwa abonakala kancane uma ebangeni. Ukuhlolwa, imibhalo kanye ne-logistics kuncike ohlelweni lwamakhasimende kanye nemigomo yokulethwa.

Izigaba ezine zezindleko

Kungani ukusebenzisana kwezici kubalulekile

Izishayeli zezindleko azigcini nje ngokungeza. Ithusi elijiyile lenza ukugoba komugqa ocolekileyo kube nzima kakhulu. Ngokugcwalisa kungandisa ithusi elingaphezulu futhi kunciphise kakhulu ifasitela lomugqa/lesikhala. Izinto ezilahlekelwa kancane zingatholakala kuphela ezakhiweni ezithile, okuphoqa ushintsho lwe-stackup. Ukubekezelelana kwe-impedance eqinile kunganciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-etch kanye ne-dielectric okwamukelekayo, okwandisa ingozi yokukhiqiza. Ibhodi elikhulu likhulisa yonke le miphumela ngoba izingcezu ezimbalwa zilingana ephanelini kanti ingxenye eyodwa ehlulekile imelela indawo ecutshungulwe kakhulu.

Izakhiwo Zezindleko Eziqinile, Eziguquguqukayo Neziguquguqukayo

Amabhodi aqinile anezingqimba eziyishumi

I-stack eqinile evamile iyisibonelo sokubhekisela ngoba ukuphathwa kwezinto zayo, i-lamination kanye ne-profiling yayo kuyaziwa kabanzi. Izindleko ziyakhuphuka lapho ibhodi lidinga ama-vias angaboni/afihliwe, ukwakheka okulandelanayo, ukubhoboza okunesilinganiso esiphezulu, ithusi elisindayo, izinto ezilawulwayo ezilahlekelwa kancane, ukubhoboza emuva, ukumboza umphetho noma ukuqinisekiswa kokuthembeka okukhethekile. I-"Rigid" ichaza ukwakhiwa kwemishini, hhayi ubunzima benqubo.

Amabhodi anezingqimba eziyishumi aqinile futhi aguquguqukayo

Izindleko eziqinile neziguquguqukayo azikwazi ukumelwa yisiphindaphindi esisodwa phezu kwebhodi eliqinile. Intengo incike ekutheni izendlalelo zethusi eziyishumi zisatshalaliswa kanjani phakathi kwezindawo eziqinile neziguquguqukayo, inani lezindawo eziguquguqukayo, izinto ezinganamatheli uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezinamathelayo, ukuvuleka kwesembozo, izinti, i-controlled-impedance flex, izici ze-bookbinder, i-gond geometry kanye nokufakwa kwesidleke kwephaneli. I-scrap yezinto ezibonakalayo ivame ukuba phezulu ngoba imisila eguquguqukayo engajwayelekile kanye nezindawo zokuguquka azithayeli iphaneli kahle.

Izilawuli ezengeziwe zenqubo zingafaka:

• ukuthwebula izithombe okuhlukile kwe-flex-core kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-coverlay;
• izinto zokubopha ezigeleza kancane kanye nokulawula ukugeleza kwe-resin ekushintsheni okuqinile;
• ukususwa okukhethiwe noma ukuvikelwa kwezindawo eziguquguqukayo;
• amathuluzi akhethekile okulawula ukunyakaza okunobukhulu;
• ukubopha okuqinile kanye nokwelashwa kokunamathela;
• ukugoba noma ukufaneleka okuguquguqukayo uma kudingeka ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizo.

Amabhodi anezingqimba eziyishumi aguquguqukayo ngokuphelele

Ibhodi eliguquguqukayo elinezingqimba eziyishumi liyisakhiwo esikhethekile. Izidingo zokwakha ezimile neziguquguqukayo zihlukile. Umklamo okulindeleke ukuthi ugobe ngokuphindaphindiwe ungadinga ithusi eligoqiwe, ukujiya kwethusi okulinganiselwe, ama-staggered conductors, ukuhlela okungathathi hlangothi kanye nemithetho eqinile yendawo yokugoba. Umthelela wezindleko uqhutshwa ukwakhiwa kwe-flex okufanelekile kanye nokuphila okudingekayo, hhayi nje ngokufaka i-FR-4 esikhundleni se-polyimide.

Ungaqhathanisi izingcaphuno eziqinile, eziqinile neziguquguqukayo usebenzisa izinga lendawo elifanayo

Ukuqhathanisa okusekelwe endaweni akunaki ukusetshenziswa kwephaneli okuhlukile, ukuphathwa kwezinto, ukumbozwa, ukubopha kanye nezidingo zokuthembeka. Ukuqhathanisa okulungile kwenziwa ngemiklamo ekhishwe elingana nokusebenza kanye nezindlela zokwamukela ezifanayo.

Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo, Ithusi kanye Nezindleko Zokuqeda Okungaphezulu

Umndeni we-laminate

Izindleko zezinto zifaka okungaphezu kwentengo ngeshidi ngalinye. Ifektri ingadinga inani elincane lokuthenga, ukwakhiwa okukhethekile kokulungiselela, isitoreji esilawulwayo, imijikelezo yokunyathelisa ezinikele noma isikhathi eside sokuthola. I-hybrid stack ebeka izinto ezilahlekelwa kancane eduze kwezingqimba zesignali ezibalulekile inganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto, kodwa futhi iletha ukubopha kwezinto ezixubile kanye nokuziphatha okunobukhulu okumele kuqinisekiswe.

Izinto kufanele zikhethwe ezidingweni zesiteshi, ukushisa, imishini kanye nezinqubo. I-FR-4 ejwayelekile noma ephezulu ye-Tg ayikhawulelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kwisilinganiso sedatha esisodwa, futhi umndeni olahlekelwa kancane awudingeki ngokuzenzakalelayo esizukulwaneni se-PCIe noma se-SerDes esiqanjwe ngegama. Ubude besiteshi, isikhathi sokukhuphuka, ubulukhuni bethusi, ukulahlekelwa yisixhumanisi, ngokuguqulwa kanye nokulingana kwesamukeli kunquma ukuthi isabelomali sokulahlekelwa singahlangatshezwa yini.

Kungani izinto ezibonakalayo zifana ngokucaphuna ngendlela ehlukile

• osayizi beshidi kanye nosayizi wokulungiselela otholakalayo;
• izitayela zengilazi kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-resin okudingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe ndawonye;
• ukwelashwa kwe-copper-foil kanye nezindleko;
• imibandela ye-oda elincane noma yokwabiwa komhlinzeki;
• isimo sokufaneleka komkhiqizi kanye nesivuno somlando;
• izitifiketi zezinto ezidingekayo kanye nokulawulwa kwezindawo;
• izingcezu ezikhiqizwe yi-layup ehlanganisiwe noma ukuqondiswa kwephaneli.

I-Panasonic MEGTRON, i-Isola I-Tera noma i-Tachyon kanye nemikhiqizo ekhethekile ye-laminate ephansi yokulahlekelwa akufanele iphathwe njengezinto ezishintshaniswa kalula. Enye indlela evunyiwe ingashintsha ukujiya okucindezelwe, ukuvinjelwa, ukulahlekelwa kokufakwa kanye nesinxephezelo sokwenziwa. Umhlahlandlela wezinto ze-laminate ze-PCB uchaza izici zokukhetha.

Isisindo sethusi

Ithusi elisindayo landisa izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa futhi lishintsha inqubo. Lidinga isinxephezelo esengeziwe sokusika, i-resin eningi yokugcwalisa izici ezizungezile, isikhala esibanzi sokukhiqiza okufanayo, kanye nesikhathi esingaba side sokusibeka. Izisindo zethusi ezixubile zingasebenza kahle lapho izendlalelo zamandla zidinga amandla amanje amaningi kunezendlalelo zesiginali, kodwa isitaki kumele sihlale silinganisiwe futhi singakhiqizwa.

Ukuqedwa kwendawo

Izindleko zokuqeda zincike endaweni emboziwe, ikhemistri, ukulawulwa kwenqubo, isidingo sobukhulu, ukugoba okukhethiwe kanye nokuhlolwa. I-ENIG, i-ENEPIG, isiliva lokucwilisa, ithini lokucwilisa, i-OSP, i-HASL kanye negolide eliqinile zenza imisebenzi ehlukene yokuhlanganisa noma yokuxhumana. Ukuqeda akufanele kukhethwe kusuka ku-adder ejwayelekile. Igolide eliqinile elikhethiwe eminweni yomphetho, isibonelo, lengeza imisebenzi yokufihla kanye nokubopha noma ngabe indawo egobile incane.

Ukunyakaza kwemakethe yegolide kuthinta ukuqedwa kwegolide, kodwa izindleko zokuqeda azihambelani ngqo nentengo yendawo kuphela. Ukulungiswa kwebhavu, izendlalelo ze-nickel noma ze-palladium, isivuno senqubo, izindleko ezincane kanye nendawo efakwe ipulasitiki nakho kubalulekile.

Indlela Ukwakhiwa kwe-HDI kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Okuthinta Ngayo Izindleko

Izindleko ze-HDI zakhiwa yizihibe zenqubo eziphindaphindwayo kanye nokuzwela kwenzuzo yezici ezincane. Umbhalo 1+8+1, 2+6+2 noma 3+4+3 uyindawo ewusizo yokuqala, kodwa awuvezi i-sublamination efihliwe, ukuphakama kwe-stack, ukugcwaliswa kwethusi, ama-skip vias, ithusi elingaphezulu noma iphesenti lephaneli elihlalwa izici ezixinene.

Umthelela wezindleko ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo

Inani lemigoqo ye-laser akuyona yodwa umshayeli

Isikhathi se-laser sikhula ngenani lemigodi, kodwa imisebenzi yokucindezela, isikhathi sokugcwalisa, ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nokukhiqiza kungabusa. Ukunciphisa inani lama-microvia kancane kungase kungabi nomthelela omkhulu uma inani elifanayo lamazinga okwakheka lihlala. Ukususa izinga lonke lokwakheka kungadala ukonga okukhulu - uma nje ukuphuma okubuyekeziwe kusasebenza kahle ngogesi nangokomshini.

I-HDI engaphelele ingaba wusizo kakhulu

Uma ingxenye eyodwa exinene idinga ukuphuma kwe-microvia kodwa lonke ibhodi lingadingi, ukwakheka kwe-HDI okusendaweni noma okuphansi kungagwema izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe ezingadingekile. Ukonga kumele kuhlolwe ngokuqhathanisa nenqubo yangempela yephaneli; ifektri isacubungula lonke iphaneli ngokulandelana kokwakhiwa, ngakho-ke "indawo encane ye-HDI kuphela" ayisusi imisebenzi yokucindezela kanye nokufaka iplati.

Ukuze uthole ukukhetha ukwakheka kanye nokuthembeka kwe-microvia, bheka umhlahlandlela wobunjiniyela be-HDI PCB onezingqimba eziyi-10.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwephaneli, Inzuzo Yenqubo kanye Nosayizi Webhodi

Ukusetshenziswa kwephaneli

Ibhodi elithengiswayo lithatha ingxenye kuphela yephaneli yokukhiqiza. Izitimela, izimbobo zamathuluzi, amakhuphoni, ukweba amaplati, ukususwa komphetho kanye nezikhala zomzila phakathi kwamabhodi kudla indawo. Ibhodi elibonakala lilingana izikhathi eziyisithupha ephepheni lingalingana kane kuphela ngemva kokuba kufakwe imingcele yenqubo kanye nezidingo zamakhuphoni. Ukujikeleza kungathuthukisa inani lezingcezu kodwa kungangqubuzana nesiqondiso sengilazi, impedance elawulwayo, ukuma okuguquguqukayo noma izidingo zephaneli yamakhasimende.

Ngakho-ke ukubala indawo okulula akwanele. Ukuhlelwa kwephaneli ye-CAM kufanele kubike:

• usayizi wephaneli yokukhiqiza okhethiwe;
• amabhodi noma ama-array ngephaneli ngayinye;
• ukwabiwa kwesitimela kanye namakhuphoni;
• indlela yokuqondisa noma yokufaka amaphuzu;
• imikhawulo yokuqondiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo;
• ukuthi iphaneli ingaxuba yini izibuyekezo noma izinombolo zezingxenye;
• izingcezu ezingasetshenziswa ezilindelekile ngemva kokuvuna kwenqubo.

Amabhodi amahle alindelekile ngephaneli ngayinye

Inani lezindawo zamaphaneli alifani nenani lamabhodi angathengiswa. Inqubo enezindawo eziyisishiyagalombili kanye nesivuno samabhodi esilindelekile esingu-90% ikhiqiza isilinganiso samabhodi amahle angu-7.2, hhayi ayisishiyagalombili. Amabhodi amakhulu enza lo mphumela ube mubi kakhulu ngoba indawo eyodwa ehlulekile idla ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zamaphaneli.

Ukubikezela isivuno kusekelwe emlandweni wenqubo, ubuningi besici, indawo yamabhodi kanye namafasitela okukhiqiza amancane kakhulu. Akufanele kwethulwe njengephesenti lomphakathi eliqinisekisiwe lomkhiqizo ngamunye onezingqimba eziyishumi.

Izici zokuklama ezinciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwephaneli

• uhlaka lwebhodi elikhulu noma ukuma okungajwayelekile;
• ukubhaliswa okuqinile kakhulu kokubhoboza kube yithusi kanye nokwendlalelo;
• imigqa emincane ethusi eliqediwe elijiyile;
• amazinga amaningi e-microvia ahlanganisiwe;
• izakhiwo ezinkulu ezigeleza kancane noma eziqinile;
• ukugoba komphetho, imigodi noma umzila wokujula oyinkimbinkimbi;
• izidingo zobuhle eziqinile phezu kwendawo enkulu;
• ukugoba/ukusonta okuqinile esigxotsheni esingalingani;
• amakilasi amaningi okuvimbela aseduze nemikhawulo yenqubo.

Usayizi webhodi uthinta okungaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo

Ibhodi elikhulu lisebenzisa i-laminate eningi kodwa futhi landisa ingozi yokuthwebula izithombe, ukubhaliswa, ukubhoboza kanye nokuphathwa. Kungadinga isivivinyo esikhulu, indlela ende yokuhambisa kanye nokupakishwa okukhethekile. Ngakho-ke izindleko ngesentimitha lesikwele zingakhuphuka kunokuba zehle ngobukhulu obukhulu.

Ukungavimbeli, Isigaba Somkhiqizo, Ukuhlolwa kanye Nemibhalo

Impedance elawulwayo

Ukulawulwa kwe-impedance kwengeza ubunjiniyela, ikhuphoni kanye nomsebenzi wokulinganisa. Umthelela wezindleko uncike enanini lezigaba, ukubekezelelana, izakhiwo zezendlalelo, ukulawula izinto kanye nokuthi umklamo useduze yini nemikhawulo yenqubo yefektri. Ukubekezelelana okuqinile kunganciphisa ububanzi bomugqa, ukushintshashintsha kwe-dielectric kanye nethusi okwamukelekayo, okungenzeka kwehlise isivuno.

Akukho mthetho ojwayelekile wokuthi isikhombimsebenzisi esiqanjwe ngegama sidinga u-+/-5% noma u-+/-3%. Ukubekezelelana kufanele kuvele ekuhlaziyweni kobuqiniso besignali kanye nomkhawulo wesistimu. Ukucacisa u-+/-10% lapho kwanele kunengqondo; ukuqinisa ukubekezelelana ngaphandle kwesidingo sesiteshi kunezela izindleko kodwa akuthuthukisi ngokuzenzakalelayo umkhiqizo oqediwe.

Ikilasi lokusebenza

I-IPC Class 2 kanye ne-Class 3 akuzona izibanga ezilula zobuhle. Ikilasi elikhethiwe lishintsha izidingo zokwamukelwa futhi lingathonya ukusampula, izindlela zokwakha kanye nokulawula izinqubo. Kodwa-ke, isitatimende esithi "I-Class 3 ingeza u-20-40%" esijwayelekile asithembekile. Ukwenyuka kuncike kumkhawulo womklamo, ikhono lomhlinzeki, ukuhlolwa kanye namadokhumenti. Ibhodi elivele laklanywa kahle ngaphakathi kwezimfuneko ze-Class 3 lingabona ushintsho oluncane kunomklamo ongaphansi odinga ukulungiswa kwe-stackup, land noma plating.

Ukufaneleka kanye nokwamukelwa kwesabelo

Ukufakwa kwezingxenye ezincane zesihloko sokuqala, ukulingisa kabusha, ukujikeleza kokushisa okubangelwa ugesi, ukuhlolwa kwemvelo noma amakhuphoni athile amakhasimende anezela izindleko zokuhlola eziqondile futhi kungadla indawo yephaneli. Futhi kwandisa indlela yokukhululwa ngoba imiphumela ingadingeka ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Isicelo kumele sisho indlela, uhlelo lwesampula kanye nezindlela zokwamukelwa. Imisho ejwayelekile efana nokuthi “imijikelezo ye-IST 1,000” ayanele futhi akufanele iphathwe njengefakiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Amadokhumenti

Izitifiketi, ukulandeleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ama-TDR plots, idatha yokuqeda, izingxenye ezincane, ukulandelela kanye nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi isikhathi eside kudinga izinsiza zobunjiniyela kanye nekhwalithi. Izindleko zivame ukuba zincane uma ziqhathaniswa nebhodi, kodwa azikho zero - ikakhulukazi uma kudingeka amafomu amakhasimende, ukulayishwa kwephothali noma amadokhumenti ahunyushiwe. Amadokhumenti kufanele acashunwe ngesikhathi esifanayo nokukhiqiza.

Uhlobo lwesibonelo, Ubuningi Bokukhiqiza, i-NRE kanye nama-oda aphindaphindwayo

Kungani ama-prototypes enezindleko eziphezulu zamayunithi

Ukulungiswa kwe-CAM, i-DFM, ubunjiniyela be-stackup, izinhlelo zokubhoboza, ukusethwa kwamaphaneli, amakhuphoni kanye nokusethwa komshini kuyadingeka noma ngabe i-oda liqukethe amabhodi amahlanu noma amakhulu amahlanu. Amaphaneli esibonelo nawo angase asebenze wodwa kunokuba asebenze ohlelweni lokukhiqiza oluhlala luzinzile. Ukuhlukanisa lezi zindleko eziqinile nezilinganiselwe kancane ngenani elincane kudala intengo ephezulu yeyunithi.

Kungani intengo igcina inciphile

Njengoba inani likhuphuka, ukwabiwa kokusetha ngebhodi ngalinye kuyehla, kodwa izindleko zezinto zokwakha kanye nezinqubo zihlala zikhona. Uma i-oda selifakwe kahle kumaphaneli futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini kuzinzile, ukwehliswa okwengeziwe kwevolumu kuncike ekuthengweni kwezinto zokwakha, inzuzo yenqubo, ukuzenzekela kanye nesivumelwano sezentengiselwano. Isimangalo sokuthi intengo ihlala yehla ngamaphesenti amisiwe phakathi kwenani lesihlanu kanye nenani lenkulungwane eyodwa asithembekile kuzo zonke imiklamo.

Ukwakha Amathuluzi kanye ne-NRE

I-NRE ingafaka phakathi i-CAM, ubunjiniyela be-impedance, imishini ekhethekile yokubhoboza noma yokuqondisa, imishini yokuhlola kagesi, i-laser tooling, amakhuphoni aqondene nekhasimende kanye neziqu ze-first-article. Abanye abahlinzeki bafaka lezi zinto ngentengo yeyunithi; abanye bazibonisa ngokwehlukana. Azikho izinhlobo ezishibhile ngokwemvelo. Qhathanisa izindleko eziphelele zokufika kanye nenqubomgomo yoku-oda okuphindaphindiwe.

Phinda ama-oda

I-oda eliphindaphindwayo lingasebenzisa kabusha idatha evunyiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi athile, kodwa kuphela uma ukubuyekezwa, izinto zokwakha, iphaneli, izidingo zokwamukelwa kanye nesimo samathuluzi kuhlala kusebenza. Izinto zokuhlola ziyaguga, ukwakhiwa kwezinto zokwakha kungatholakali futhi amazinga noma izidingo zamakhasimende ziyashintsha. “Akukho NRE yokuphindaphinda ngakunye zingakapheli izinyanga eziyishumi nambili” akufanele kushiwo ngaphandle kokuthi kuyinqubomgomo yokuhweba yangempela kwikhotheshini.

Ama-oda e-blanket kanye nokukhishwa okuhleliwe

Isibopho esibanzi singasekela ukuthengwa kwezinto kanye nokuhlela ukukhiqiza ngenkathi sivumela ukulethwa okuhleliwe. Inzuzo yezentengiselwano incike emigomeni yokukhansela, isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezinto, ukuzinza okubikezelwe kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina. Akufani noku-oda inani eliphelele ngokuthunyelwa ngokushesha.

Ukunciphisa Izindleko Ngaphandle Kokudala Ingozi Yokwethenjelwa

Izinguquko zomklamo ezinenani eliphezulu

• Susa izinga lokwakheka okungadingekile. Qedela ucwaningo lokuphunyuka lwe-BGA bese usebenzisa ukwakheka okungajulile kakhulu okusebenza ngempela.
• Sebenzisa ama-microvia ahlanganisiwe lapho isikhala sivuma khona. Gwema izixhumi ezihlanganisiwe ezinganikezi inzuzo yokuhambisa.
• Khulisa izindawo zokubanjwa kanye nezindawo ezivulekile kude nezindawo eziminyene. Ungasebenzisi i-geometry encane kunazo zonke ebhodini lonke.
• Gcina ithusi eliqediwe lifanele ukusebenza. Sebenzisa ithusi elinzima kuphela ezingqimbeni noma ezindaweni eziludingayo.
• Khetha izinto ezivela kwisabelomali sesiteshi. Sebenzisa ukwakhiwa okulahlekelwa kancane lapho kushintsha khona ukusebenza, hhayi njengencazelo yengubo eqhutshwa ngumkhiqizo.
• Lungiselela uhlaka lwebhodi lwephaneli yokukhiqiza. Izinguquko ezincane zobukhulu zingathuthukisa izingcezu ngephaneli ngayinye, kodwa izidingo zomshini nezokuvala zihlala zilawula.
• Sebenzisa ukubekezelelana kwe-impedance okungokoqobo. Gwema ukuqinisa zonke izigaba ku-net edinga kakhulu.
• Iziqu ezihlukile kumarekhodi okuthunyelwa okuvamile. Ungaphindi izivivinyo zokuthembeka ezibizayo kuzo zonke izindawo ngaphandle kokuthi umkhiqizo uzidinga.
• Yenza kube nokulingana kwe-stackup kuyo yonke imindeni yemikhiqizo. Ukusebenzisa kabusha isakhiwo esifanelekile kunganciphisa ubunjiniyela kanye nokwehlukahluka kwezinto.
• Faka idatha ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amathuluzi. Ukubuyekezwa okuphuzile kungenza amaphaneli, izinto ezifakiwe kanye nomsebenzi wokufaneleka ungasebenzi.

Umnotho wamanga okufanele ugwenywe

• ukwamukela indawo ye-laminate engagunyaziwe ukuze kwehliswe intengo yezinto zokwakha;
• ukunciphisa ukuthunjwa komhlaba ngaphansi kwesabelomali sokubhalisa;
• ukusebenzisa isilinganiso se-microvia esiphezulu ukususa umjikelezo wokunyathelisa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso;
• ukususa amakhuphoni okuhlola adingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa noma isakhiwo;
• ukushintsha kusuka kuma-via-in-pad agcwele kuya kuma-via avulekile ngaphansi komhlaba we-BGA;
• ukukhetha isiphetho esingahambisani nokuhlanganiswa noma isitoreji;
• ukusebenzisa iKlasi 2 lapho imininingwane yomkhiqizo noma uhlelo olulawulwayo ludinga iKlasi 3;
• ukuhlanganisa imiklamo engahlobene kuphaneli eyodwa ngaphandle kokubuyekeza isivuno, ukulandeleka kanye nengozi yokulethwa.

Ukwabelana ngamaphaneli akumahhala ngokuzenzakalelayo

Ukuhlanganisa imiklamo eminingi kunganciphisa imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo kwezinye izimo zeprototype, kodwa ama-stackup ahlukene, ithusi, amasethi okubhoboza, ukuqeda noma inani lokulethwa kuvimbela ukwabelana. Amaphaneli axubile angenza kube nzima ukuhlolwa kukagesi, ukulandelela kanye nokubalwa kwenzuzo. Ithimba le-CAM kumele liqinisekise ukuthi izingxenye zabelana ngenqubo eyodwa ngempela nokuthi ingabe ukonga kudlula ukuphathwa okwengeziwe.

Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Izingcaphuno Ezimbili Ze-PCB Zezingqimba Eziyi-10

Lungisa ububanzi bobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa amanani eyunithi. Cela umhlinzeki ngamunye ukuthi aqinisekise amasimu afanayo ngokubhala.

Cela imibono kanye nezinto ezingafakwanga

Ikhotheshini yobungcweti kufanele isho ukuthi kwenzekani uma isibuyekezo se-DFM sishintsha ububanzi bomugqa, i-dielectric, izinto noma ngezakhiwo. Amanani esikhashana afanelekile uma idatha yomthombo ingaphelele, kodwa kufanele ibhalwe kanjalo. Ikhotheshini engakhombisi izibikezelo ingabonakala iqinile ngenkathi ishiya izinqumo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zingaxazululwa.

Iphakheji Yesilinganiso kanye Nemingcele Yezentengiselwano

Idatha yobuchwepheshe yamanani enkampani

• idatha ephelele yokwenziwa kanye namafayela okubhoboza/okuqondisa;
• umdwebo wokwenziwa kanye nobukhulu obuqediwe;
• ukuqoqa noma imvume yokuyiphakamisa;
• izidingo zezinto zokwakha kanye nokushintshana;
• ithusi eliqediwe kanye nomugqa/isikhala esincane;
• ngetafula elinezendlalelo zokuqala/zokumisa, izidingo zokugcwalisa kanye nesembozo;
• ithebula le-impedance elilawulwayo;
• ukuqeda ubuso kanye nokufaka okukhethiwe;
• ukulawula ukucaciswa komkhiqizo, ukubuyekezwa kanye nesigaba;
• iziqu ezidingekayo, amakhuphoni, imibiko kanye nokulandelelwa;
• inani, uhlu lokulethwa, isidingo sonyaka kanye neshejuli yokulethwa.

Izinkambu zezentengiselwano okumele zicace

• isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwemali kanye nesilinganiso;
• ukuthi amathuluzi kanye ne-NRE kufakiwe noma kuhlukile;
• Incoterm nendawo eqanjwe igama;
• umthwalo wempahla, umshwalense, intela kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wentela;
• indlela yokukhokha kanye nemigomo yesikweletu;
• irisidi ledatha yokuqala yokulethwa, ukuvunyelwa kwe-DFM, irisidi lezinto ezibonakalayo noma ukukhishwa kwe-oda lokuthenga;
• izindleko zokukhansela nokubuyekeza;
• inqubomgomo yokusetshenziswa kwethuluzi lokuphinda uku-oda kanye nokugcinwa kwedatha;
• ukuthunyelwa okuvunyelwe ngokweqile noma ukushoda;
• inqubo yewaranti kanye nokungalandeli imithetho.

Imigomo yokukhokha, amanani okuthutha kanye nemikhawulo yesikweletu iqondene ngqo namakhasimende kanye ne-oda. Akufanele ifakwe ikhodi eqinile esihlokweni sezindleko zobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokuthi iyinqubomgomo yenkampani eshicilelwe yamanje. Ngokufanayo, izimangalo zokulethwa kufanele zihlukanise isikhathi sokukhiqiza ekuthuthweni kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuvunyelwa kwempahla yamasiko.

Cela Isilinganiso se-PCB esinezingqimba eziyi-10

Ukulawula Ukuphatha Nokubuyekeza Ngekhotheshini

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezindleko kuhlala kusebenza kuphela ngenkathi isisekelo sobuchwepheshe singashintshi. Ngakho-ke ukulawulwa kokubuyekezwa kufanele kuxhume ikhotheshini, impendulo ye-DFM, i-stackup evunyiwe, umdwebo wokwenziwa, incazelo yephaneli noma uhlu lokulethwa kanye nokubuyekezwa kohlelo lwekhwalithi. Lapho umhlinzeki ephakamisa ukwakhiwa okuhlukile kwe-laminate, i-geometry yomqhubi, ngokugcwalisa, uhlelo lwekhuphoni noma ukuqondiswa kwephaneli, umphumela wezohwebo kufanele ubuyekezwe kanye nomphumela kagesi nowokuthembeka.

• Bhala phansi izibikezelo zesikhashana enkokhelweni bese uzivala ngaphambi kokukhishwa kokuthenga.
• Intengo yeyunithi ephindaphindayo ehlukile kusuka ku-CAM, amathuluzi, izinto zokuhlola, ubuncane bezinto ezibonakalayo, izindleko zokufaneleka kanye nezindleko zokuthutha.
• Sho ukuthi intengo isekelwe ezintweni ezi-odiwe, isivuno esilindelekile, ukudlula okuvunyelwe noma inani lokulethwa elihleliwe.
• Chaza ukusebenza kwesilinganiso, uhlobo lwemali, i-Incoterm, ukuphathwa kwentela/intela kanye nezimo ezibangela ukuphindaphindwa kwentengo.
• Uma uphinda ama-oda, qinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi, izinhlelo zokuhlola, amakhuphoni agciniwe kanye nezinto ezivunyiwe kusasebenza yini.
• Qhathanisa abaphakeli usebenzisa ithusi eliqediwe elifanayo, inqubomgomo yezinto ezibonakalayo, ikilasi lokwamukela, uhlelo lwesampula kanye nephakheji yombiko.

Ukunciphisa izindleko kuphephile kakhulu uma kususa ubunzima benqubo engadingekile kunokususa ukuqinisekiswa. Ukufakwa kwamaphaneli okungcono, amakilasi ambalwa okuvimba, uhlu olufushane lokubhoboza emuva, ukwakheka okulula kanye nezinto ezigciniwe ezivunyiwe kunganciphisa intengo ngaphandle kokwenza buthaka isidingo sokusebenza esikhishwe.

Indlela Izinguquko Zobunjiniyela Ezishukumisa Ngayo Isisekelo Sezindleko

Izinguquko zamanani kulula ukuziqonda uma ukubuyekezwa ngakunye komklamo kuxhunywe kumthombo wenqubo owusebenzisayo. Ushintsho losayizi webhodi luthinta indawo yokukhiya iphaneli nendawo yezinto ezibonakalayo; ushintsho lwethusi luthinta ukugoba, ukucwebezela kanye nokucwebezela; ushintsho oludlulayo lungangeza i-drill yonke, i-fill noma i-sequential-lamination loop. Ukuphatha zonke izinguquko njenge-adder yephesenti kufihla ukuthi kungani ukubuyekezwa okukodwa kunomphumela omncane kuyilapho okunye kusetha kabusha ikhotheshini.

Ukubuyekezwa kwekhotheshini kufanele kuqambe isicabango sobuchwepheshe esishintshile kunokuba kumane kusho inani elisha. Lokhu kudala umlando wezindleko ezisebenzisekayo futhi kusiza ithimba lokuklama ukuthi linqume ukuthi isici siyadingeka, singatholakala endaweni ethile, noma singahlehliselwa ekuqinisekisweni.

Idatha efanele izindleko okufanele igcinwe

Amaqembu okuthenga angathuthukisa ukuqhathanisa kwesikhathi esizayo ngokugcina idatha ejwayelekile evela kusakhiwo ngasinye esinikeziwe: usayizi wephaneli yokukhiqiza, amabhodi ngephaneli, umndeni wezinto zokwakha kanye nokwakhiwa, izihibe zenqubo, ukubalwa kokubhoboza kanye nokubalwa kwe-laser hit, amakilasi e-impedance, indawo yekhuphoni, indlela yokuhlola, inani lesivuno esilethiwe, izindleko zesikhathi esisodwa kanye nesisekelo sempahla. Le datha ayivezi izindleko zenqubo eyimfihlo yomhlinzeki, kodwa ikhombisa ukuthi yiziphi iziguquguquko zomklamo ezithuthelwe phakathi kokubuyekezwa.

Amanani okuphinda ama-oda kufanele futhi abhekisele ekubuyekezweni okuvunyiwe kanye nesimo sezinto ezibonakalayo. I-oda "lenombolo yengxenye efanayo" lingadinga ukuphindwaphindwa uma i-laminate isiphelelwe yisikhathi, i-foil yethusi ishintsha, isitsha sokuhlola kumele sakhiwe kabusha noma inani lingasasekeli uhlelo lwephaneli lwangaphambilini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umklamo ozinzile onamathuluzi angasetshenziswa kabusha kanye nezinto ezivunyiwe ezihlukile akufanele uqhathaniswe nesilinganiso sesihloko sokuqala njengokungathi umthwalo wokusetha ufana.

Ukugodla ubungozi kanye nokufunda ngenzuzo

Izingcaphuno zokuqala zokwakha okusha zingafaka phakathi ukungaqiniseki okungabonakali njengento ehlukile yomugqa. Umhlinzeki angase abe nomlando wesivuno esilinganiselwe wokuhlanganiswa kosayizi wephaneli, ama-microvia ahlanganisiwe, ithusi, ukuqeda kanye nokubekezelelana. Ngemva kokuba idatha yokukhiqiza ezinzile ikhona, ingxenye efanayo ngezinye izikhathi ingathengiswa ngentengo ephansi yokubeka ingozi. Okuphambene nakho kuyiqiniso: i-prototype edlula kanye ayibonakali njengewindi lokukhiqiza eliphindaphindwayo. Ukubuyekezwa kwezindleko kufanele kusebenzise umlando wenqwaba, hhayi iphaneli elilodwa eliphumelelayo.

Uma umklamo udluliselwa, buza ukuthi ikhotheshini ithatha umlando wenqubo ovuthiwe noma isakhiwo esisha seziqu. Umhlinzeki omusha angadinga amakhuphoni engeziwe, amaphaneli e-first-article noma ubuningi bamaphaneli alondolozayo kuze kube yilapho ukubhaliswa, ukufakwa kweplati kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kuhlobene. Lezi zindleko zisemthethweni uma zembulwa futhi kufanele zihlukaniswe nentengo yokukhiqiza ephindaphindayo noma nini lapho kungenzeka khona.