Umhlahlandlela Wokukhiqiza we-PCB Wokuphakelwa Kwamandla e-AC-DC

I -PCB yokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi ye-AC-DC iyibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe eliguqula amandla kagesi ashintshanayo (ngokuvamile i-100–240VAC) abe amandla kagesi aqondile alawulwayo njenge-3.3V, 5V, 12V, 24V noma i-48V. Akuyona umsebenzi owodwa kodwa uchungechunge lwezigaba ebhodini elilodwa - ukuvikelwa kokufaka kanye nokuhlunga kwe-EMI, ukulungiswa, isitoreji samandla amaningi, isigaba sokushintsha noma sokulawula, ukuhlukaniswa, ukulungiswa kokukhipha kanye nokulawulwa kwempendulo - futhi indlela lezo zigaba ezibekwe ngayo, ezihlukaniswe ngezikhala kanye nokulawulwa kwempendulo inquma ukuthi ukunikezwa kudlula yini ukuhlolwa kokuphepha, kugcina ukusebenza kahle ngaphansi komthwalo futhi kuyasinda ensimini. Kwa-Highleap Electronics sakha futhi sihlanganisa ama-PCB kagesi e-AC-DC kusukela kumabhodi asemaceleni owodwa kuya kumiklamo yezendlalelo eziningi, ngethusi elisindayo, ama-stackup e-dielectric axubile kanye nokuhlolwa okugcwele kwe-Hipot nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo yamandla.

Udinga i-PCB yokunikezwa kwamandla e-AC-DC eyakhelwe isigaba sakho se-schematic kanye nesezokuphepha? Thumela izidingo zakho ze-Gerbers, i-stackup kanye ne-isolation ukuze uthole isilinganiso esisheshayo sokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlanganiswa.

Lokho Okufanele Kwenziwe Yi-PCB Yokunikezwa Kwamandla E-AC-DC Empeleni

Isizathu sokuba kube nzima ukwakha i-PCB yokunikezwa kwamandla e-AC-DC kunebhodi elijwayelekile le-logic ukuthi imihlaba emibili ehlukene kakhulu ihlala ku-laminate efanayo. Ohlangothini oluyinhloko ulungise i-DC enamandla aphezulu — cishe i-325VDC ngemuva kokulungiswa komugqa we-230VAC — ishintsha kumashumi noma amakhulu ama-kilohertz. Ohlangothini lwesibili une-DC enamandla aphansi, enamandla aphezulu ondla umthwalo. Phakathi kwawo kuhleli isithiyo sokuhlukanisa ukuphepha, kumkhiqizo wezokwelapha noma wezimboni, okungase kudingeke sime ama-kilovolts amaningana. Ibhodi kufanele ligcine lawo ma-domain ahlukene ukuze kuphephe, ligcine izihibe zokushintsha ziqinile ze-EMI, futhi lisuse ukushisa kude nezingxenye ezishisayo, konke ngaphakathi kwanoma yikuphi unyawo oluvunyelwe yi-enclosure.

Ngenxa yalokho, i-PCB yokunikezwa kwamandla ayahlulelwa kancane ngobuhle bomzila wokulandelela kodwa ngokuzithiba ngokomzimba: ukuthi ithusi eliyinhloko nelesibili ligcinwa liqhelelene kangakanani, ukuthi ama-trace aphezulu angakanani, ukuthi ama-magnetics kanye ne-bulk capacitor zibekwe kanjani, nokuthi izingxenye ezikhiqiza ukushisa zihlangana kanjani ne-copper pour noma i-heatsink. Ibhodi elisebenza kahle ngogesi kodwa elingasebenzi kahle ngokwezinga lokushisa noma ngokwesikhala lizohluleka i-Hipot, lisebenze lishise futhi liwohloke, noma likhiphe umsindo owanele ukuze lihluleke i-EMC. Lezi izindlela zokwehluleka empeleni eziqeda amaphrojekthi kagesi, yingakho ukukhiqiza kanye nokubuyekezwa kwe-DFM kubaluleke kakhulu njengohlelo.

Amabhulokhi Okusebenza Ebhodini Elijwayelekile le-AC-DC

Okubalulekile ukuthi i-AC-DC power supply PCB iyinkinga yokwakheka ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinkinga yokwenziwa. Amabhodi amabili anezikimu ezifanayo angaziphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngokuphelele uma elinye ligcina i-switching loop iqinile kanye ne-isolation gap ihlanzekile kanti elinye aliyigcini. Uma sicaphuna ibhodi yamandla, into yokuqala esiyibhekayo ukuthi ngabe ukubekwa kanye nesikhala kakade kuyasekela yini isigaba sokuphepha esiqondiwe — ngoba ukulungisa lokho ngemuva kwento yokuqala kubiza kakhulu kunokukubamba ku-DFM.

I-Linear, i-Flyback noma i-LLC: Indlela i-Topology eqhuba ngayo iBhodi

I-topology ye-converter oyikhethayo iyona eyinhloko kunazo zonke kulokho i-PCB okufanele ibe yikho. Ukunikezwa okuqondile kulula futhi kuthule kodwa kulahla umehluko we-voltage njengokushisa, ngakho ibhodi lilawulwa yi-transformer enkulu kanye ne-heatsinked regulator futhi lisebenza kuphela ngamandla aphansi. Ukunikezwa kwe-switch-mode kusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi kuncane, kodwa kuyashintshana ngalokho ngama-node okushintsha ama-frequency aphezulu okumele abekwe ngokucophelela noma ibhodi libe yi-EMI radiator. Ngaphakathi kwe-switch-mode, i-flyback iwumsebenzi ongaphansi kuka-75W, kuyilapho imiklamo ye-resonant LLC kanye ne-PFC-plus-LLC ithatha izintambo ngamandla aphezulu lapho imigomo yokusebenza kahle kanye nokukhishwa komoya iba nzima khona.

Lokhu kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ngoba i-topology ngayinye igcizelela ibhodi ngendlela ehlukile. I-flyback igxilisa ukushisa nomsindo oshintshashintshayo nxazonke ze-transformer kanye ne-MOSFET eyinhloko, ngakho-ke lelo kona lidinga ithusi elishisayo kanye ne-tight loop. Isigaba se-LLC sibucayi ekulinganisweni kwesakhiwo kanye ne-resonant-tank parasites. I-PFC front end isunduza amaza amakhulu nge-boost inductor kanye ne-switch, ifuna ithusi elisindayo kanye nokuhlela ukushisa ngokucophelela. Ukuthola i-topology kanye ne-stackup kufanelane kusenesikhathi yikho okugcina ibhodi lamandla lisebenza kahle futhi likhiqizwa.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-Topology kokuhlela kwe-PCB

Ayikho i-topology "engcono kakhulu" emhlabeni wonke - efanele ibekwa yizinga lakho lamandla, umgomo wokusebenza kahle kanye nokuthi ukulungiswa kwamandla kuyadingeka yini ngokomthetho ekilasini lakho lomkhiqizo. Esikufakayo ukufanisa ukwakheka kwebhodi naleyo nketho: i-adapter ye-flyback engu-24V/60W kanye ne-1kW PFC-LLC server supply kokubili "ama-PCB okunikezwa kwamandla e-AC-DC," kodwa adinga izinsimbi zethusi ezahlukene, ukubalwa kwezingqimba kanye namasu okushisa, futhi ukuwacaphuna njengokungathi afanayo yindlela okwenzeka ngayo izimangalo zezindleko kanye nesikhathi sokuhola.

Izinto, Isisindo Sethusi kanye Nokwakhiwa Kokushisa Kwama-PCB Amandla

Ama-PCB amaningi kagesi e-AC-DC akhiwe ku-FR-4, kodwa i-“FR-4” ayiyona into eyodwa — kumabhodi kagesi izinga libalulekile. I-FR-4 ejwayelekile inokushisa kokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg) okucishe kube ngu-130–140°C, okulungile kuma-adapter anamandla aphansi, kodwa amabhodi asebenza ngokushisa noma ukugeleza kabusha kobuso kanye nokujikeleza kokushisa kwasensimini azuza ku-FR-4 ephezulu ku-170°C noma ngaphezulu, okumelana nokwehlukaniswa futhi okugcina ukuthembeka kwemigodi ehlanganisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lapho ubuningi bokushisa buphezulu — abashayeli be-LED, abaguquli abaqinile — ama-PCB asekelwe yi-aluminium (insimbi-core) noma isikhombikubona sokushisa ku-chassis aba yisinqumo esifanele.

Isisindo sethusi yisona esinye inketho esichazayo. Amabhodi e-logic asebenzisa ithusi elingu-1oz, kodwa ama-trace kagesi aphethe ama-amps amaningana adinga ama-2oz, ama-3oz noma asindayo ukuze kugcinwe ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Ubudlelwano bucishe bube ukuthi ukuphindwa kabili kwesisindo sethusi kuvumela ukuthi i-trace yobubanzi obufanayo ithwale amandla amaningi anamandla ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lokushisa okufanayo, yingakho ikhono lethusi elisindayo liyimfuneko eyisisekelo yomsebenzi we-PCB wamandla aqinile kunokuba kube inketho engavamile.

Isisindo Sethusi vs Umhlahlandlela Wokuthwala Ugesi

Isu lokushisa lihlanganisa lokhu ndawonye. Ngaphandle kwesisindo sethusi, amabhodi angempela asebenzisa ama-vias okushisa ukuhambisa ukushisa kuthusi elingaphakathi noma elingemuva, ukuthululwa kwethusi okukhulu njengesisabalalisi, indawo ebeka izingxenye ezishisayo kude nama-capacitor e-electrolytic (okuphila kwawo cishe kuyingxenye yokuphakama okungu-10°C), futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-heatsinks asebhodini noma ukwakhiwa kwensimbi-core. Uma sibuyekeza ukwakheka kwamandla, sihlola ukuthi uhlelo lwethusi nokushisa luhambisana ngempela nokusatshalaliswa - ibhodi elichazwe ngethusi elincane kakhulu lizodlula ebhentshini futhi lihluleke endaweni eshisayo.

Ukucasuka, Ukususwa kanye Nokuhlukaniswa: Imithetho Ebumba Ukwakheka

Akukho lutho olubumba i-PCB yokunikezwa kwamandla e-AC-DC ngaphezu kwesikhala sokuphepha. I-Creepage ibanga elifushane kakhulu ebusweni bebhodi phakathi kwama-conductor amabili, futhi ukuvuleka ibanga elifushane kakhulu emoyeni; zombili zinezilinganiso ezincane ezibekwe yi-voltage phakathi kwama-conductor, izinga lokungcola kwemvelo kanye nesigaba sokushisa esidingekayo. Ngesikhala esibhekiselwe kuma-mains, abaklami bavame ukubamba i-oda elingu-2.5mm noma ngaphezulu phakathi kwethusi eliyinhloko nelesibili ukuze kuhlukaniswe okuyisisekelo ku-230VAC, kanye nenani elikhulu kakhulu ukuze kuqiniswe ukuhlukaniswa emikhiqizweni yezokwelapha noma yangaphandle. Uma lokhu kungalungile bese ibhodi lihluleka i-Hipot, ukuma okuphelele.

Le mithetho ayiyona imihlobiso — inquma ukuthi izingxenye zingaya kuphi nokuthi ibhodi lisikwa kanjani ngokomzimba. Abaklami bavame ukufaka isikhala sokuhlukanisa esiqondiswe ngaphansi kwe-transformer kanye ne-optocoupler ukuze bandise ukuqhekeka ngaphesheya kwesithiyo, bagcine yonke ithusi eliyinhloko kanye nesikrini sesilika kude nendawo yesibili, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi akukho via, indawo yokuhlola noma ilebula elivala igebe. Ibhodi lingaba liphelele ngogesi futhi lihlale lingathengiswa uma isithiyo sisengozini, ngakho-ke lokhu kungenye yezinto zokuqala esiziqinisekisayo ku-DFM kunoma yiliphi ibhodi lokufaka eliyinhloko.

Amaphuzu Okubhekisela Ekuhlukaniseni kanye Nesikhala

Ngenxa yokuthi izinombolo eziqondile zincike esimisweni sokuphepha umkhiqizo wakho ongaphansi kwaso, indlela efanele ukulungisa isigaba sokuphepha kanye nesilinganiso kuqala, bese uvumela izikhala zigeleze zisuka kuso. Asiqinisekisi imikhiqizo, kodwa sakha imithetho yokukhukhuleka, yokususa kanye neyokuhlukanisa umklamo wakho oyicacisayo futhi siqinisekisa isithiyo ngokuhlolwa kwe-Hipot ekuhlanganisweni - ngakho-ke okushiya umugqa wethu kufana nalokho okucatshangwa uhlelo lwakho lokuthobela imithetho.

Lapho Kusetshenziswa Ama-PCB Okunikezwa Amandla Kagesi e-AC-DC

Ama-PCB kagesi e-AC-DC ahlala cishe ngaphakathi kwakho konke okuxhuma odongeni, kodwa uhlelo lokusebenza lubeka izinto eziza kuqala. I-adaptha yekilasi leshaja yocingo ibeka phambili ubukhulu obuncane namandla aphansi okulinda; ukunikezwa kwesitimela se-DIN sezimboni kubeka phambili ububanzi bokushisa obubanzi kanye nokuqina kokukhuphuka; ukunikezwa kwezokwelapha kubeka phambili ukuhlukaniswa okuqinisiwe kanye nomsinga wokuvuza ophansi kakhulu; umshayeli we-LED ubeka phambili ukulawulwa komshini oqhubekayo kanye nokuphila kokushisa. Isimiso esifanayo sokuguqula sikhiqiza amabhodi ahlukene kakhulu uma lezo zinto eziza kuqala sezisetshenziswa.

Yingakho "i-AC-DC power supply PCB" ingelona uhlelo olujwayelekile. Ukwazi uhlelo lokusebenza lokugcina kusitshela isisindo sethusi, isigaba sokuphepha, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kanye nokuhlolwa ibhodi okumele lidlule, futhi lokho kusetha izindleko ezingokoqobo kanye nesikhathi sokuhola. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezansi zibonisa ukuthi izidingo zisakazeka kangakanani.

• Ama-adaptha namashaja abathengi: amabhodi amancane okundiza, amandla aphansi okulinda, ayabiza kakhulu, avame ukuba nohlangothi olulodwa noma oluphindwe kabili ngethusi elingu-1–2oz.
• Izimpahla zesitimela zezimboni neze-DIN: ububanzi bokufaka, ukuqina kwe-surge kanye nokuqina kwesikhashana, izinto ze-Tg ephezulu, ungqimba oluhambisanayo lothuli kanye nomswakama.
• Izimpahla zikagesi zezokwelapha: ukuhlukaniswa okuqinisiwe, ukuvuza okuphansi, ukulingana kwesikhala kanye nokuqinisekiswa okugcwele kwe-Hipot.
• Abashayeli be-LED: ukukhishwa kwamandla kagesi angaguquki, ukuphathwa okuqinile kokushisa, ngokuvamile i-aluminium-core yokuphila kokushisa.
• Amandla e-Telecom kanye neseva: i-PFC-LLC enamandla amakhulu, ithusi elisindayo, izingqimba eziningi ezinezindiza, ama-target asebenza kahle kakhulu.
• Amashaja e-EV namabhethri: i-voltage ephezulu kanye nogesi, ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile, izidingo ezisindayo zokushisa kanye nokukhukhuleka.

Uma usitshela uhlelo lokusebenza kusengaphambili, isisho kanye nokwakheka kubuya kufane neqiniso kunokuba kufane nokucabanga okuvamile kwe-FR-4. Leyo ngxenye eyodwa yomongo - ukuthi amandla okunikezwa kwamandla nokuthi kuhlala kuphi - isusa iningi lokubuyela emuva nokubuyela emuva okuye kwanciphisa ijubane lephrojekthi yamandla.

Ukwakha ama-PCB e-AC-DC Power Supply e-Highleap

I-Highleap Electronics ikhiqiza futhi ihlanganise ama-PCB kagesi e-AC-DC njengomthombo owodwa, okubalulekile emikhiqizweni yamandla ngoba ibhodi, ukwakheka kanye nokuhlolwa konke kufanele kuvumelane. Sakha kusukela ohlangothini olulodwa kuya kolwelwesi oluningi, sisekela ukwakhiwa kwethusi okungu-1oz kuya ku-6oz+ okusindayo, i-high-Tg FR-4 kanye ne-metal-core, futhi sibuyekeza yonke idizayini yokufaka ye-mains yokudonsa, ukuhlanza kanye nokuhlukanisa ngaphambi kokuba siyibophezele ekukhiqizeni. Ohlangothini lokuhlanganisa siphatha ama-magnetics angena emigodini kanye nama-bulk capacitors kanye nabalawuli be-SMT abancane, futhi sihlola amabhodi wamandla e-Hipot kanye nokusebenza ukuze isithiyo sokuhlukanisa sifakazelwe, hhayi ukuthi sicabanga.

Esikucelayo kuwe ukuze wenze isilinganiso samandla sibe sinembile kulula: Ama-Gerber noma amafayela okuklama, isisindo se-stackup nesethusi, imininingwane yokufaka/yokukhipha, isigaba sokuphepha noma indinganiso ibhodi okumele ihlangabezane nayo, kanye nomthamo wokukhiqiza. Ngalezo ezisesandleni singaqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa, siphawule noma yisiphi isikhala noma ingozi yokushisa ngenkathi kusashibhile ukuyilungisa, futhi sibuyisele intengo engokoqobo nesikhathi sokuhola kokubili ukwenziwa nokuhlanganiswa. I-PCB yokunikezwa kwamandla ivuza ukuthola imininingwane kusenesikhathi, futhi lokho kubuyekezwa kwakhelwe endleleni esicaphuna ngayo.

Ukulungele ukwakha i-PCB yakho yokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi ye-AC-DC? Yabelana ngamafayela akho, ikilasi le-stackup kanye ne-isolation bese sizokubuyisela isilinganiso sokukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa kanye nempendulo ye-DFM. Cela isilinganiso sakho lapha.

Ukuze uthole ukukhishwa kokukhiqiza okuhlanzekile, qhathanisa inqubo yokukhiqiza i-PCB , izinketho zethusi ezisindayo zezinsiza zikagesi , izinketho zezinto ze-FR4 , ukuqeda ubuso bebhodi lesekethe , ukuhlolwa kukagesi kwe-PCB , kanye nohlu lokuhlola lwe-PCB DFM ngaphambi kokukhiya iphakheji yokwakha.