Izinsizakalo Zokukhiqiza Nokuhlanganisa I-PCB Elwa Nokuvinjelwa Kwe-Drone

I-PCB yedrone elwa nokujikijela akuyona ibhodi yokulawula ye-UAV ejwayelekile enesivikelo esengeziwe. Iyisakhiwo se-PCB esakhelwe ngenhloso esenzelwe ukugcina ukuzulazula, i-telemetry, ividiyo, kanye nokusebenza komyalo ngaphansi kokujikijela ngamabomu, ukuphazamiseka kwendawo eyodwa, kanye nomsindo we-electromagnetic ongavamile ovela kokubili emithonjeni esemotweni nangaphandle.

Lokhu kubalulekile kuzo zonke izindiza zezentengiselwano, zezimboni, nezokuvikela. Eduze kwezikhumulo zezindiza, imibhoshongo yokusakaza, iziteshi ezincane, noma izindawo ze-RF ezinonya, ukusebenza kwe-drone kungawohloka ngokushesha uma i-PCB ingaklanyelwe ukumelana nokuphazamiseka. I-PCB ye-drone ethembekile yokulwa nokujama incike ekwakhiweni okuhlanganisiwe kwe-stack-up, i-grounding, i-RF solidification, ubuqotho bamandla, ukubekwa kwezingxenye, kanye nokuvikela kusukela ekuqaleni.

Thola Isilinganiso se-PCB Esilwa Nokuvinjelwa

Lokho i-PCB ye-Anti Jamming Drone Okumelwe Ikumelane Nakho

Ukuze uklame i-PCB ye-drone elwa nokujikijela kahle, kubalulekile ukuchaza izindlela zokuphazamiseka okumele imelane nazo. Akuzona zonke "ukujikijela" okuhlosiwe. Ngokombono wokuklama ibhodi, indawo esongelayo ivame ukufaka izigaba ezine:

• Ukujima kwe-RF okuhlosiwe: ukuphazamiseka kwamandla aphezulu okuqondiswe ku-GNSS, i-telemetry, izixhumanisi zokulawula, noma izixhumanisi zevidiyo
• I-EMI yangaphandle engalindelekile: ukudluliswa okuqinile okuseduze okuvela ku-radar, ingqalasizinda yokusakaza, izinhlelo zamaselula, noma imishini ye-RF yezimboni
• Ukuziphazamisa ngaphakathi: umsindo odalwa ama-ESC, ama-motor, abalawuli bokushintsha, amaprosesa anesivinini esikhulu, amakhamera, kanye nemisakazo ehlanganyela uhlaka lomoya olufanayo
• Ukuphazamiseka kwendawo eyodwa: ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-GNSS, i-telemetry, ividiyo, umyalo, kanye ne-RF ze-drone uqobo

Ibhodi alikwazi ukuxazulula yonke inkinga yezinga lesistimu ngokwalo, kodwa lithonya kakhulu ukuzwela kwe-receiver, i-link margin, umsindo wesigaba, ukuhlanzeka kwamandla, kanye nokuthambekela ekuhlanganisweni okungafuneki. Empeleni, ukwakheka kwe-PCB okubuthakathaka kungaguqula umklamo okwaziyo ngokwemfundiso wokulwa nokujima ube umkhiqizo ongathembekile.

Izendlalelo Eziyinhloko Zomklamo Wokulwa Nokuvinjelwa Kwebhodi

Ukwakhiwa Kwezingqimba Nesisekelo Sezingqimba

Ibhodi elijwayelekile le-UAV elilwa nokuvinjwa kwe-jamming lisebenzisa izendlalelo eziyi-6 kuya kweziyi-10, yize amapulatifomu ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu angadinga izendlalelo ezengeziwe ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-RF, i-GNSS, izizinda zamandla zedijithali ezisheshayo, kanye nezamandla anamandla aphezulu. Isimiso esiyinhloko akusikho ukuhlukanisa umhlaba ngokungakhethi, kodwa ukugcina izindiza zokubhekisela eziqhubekayo kanye nezindlela zokubuya ezibikezelwayo ngenkathi kuhlukanisa imisebenzi enomsindo nebucayi ngokubeka, ukuqondisa umzila, ukuhlunga, kanye nokulawulwa kwamandla kwendawo.

Kuma-trace e-RF kanye ne-GNSS, izindiza zokubhekisela ezingaphazanyiswa zibalulekile. Noma yikuphi ukuhlukana, ukugoba, noma ukuguquka okungathungwanga kahle ngaphansi kwendlela yesignali ebucayi kungandisa ukungaqhubeki kwe-impedance, imisebe, kanye nokuzwela. Ngakho-ke, i-PCB yedrone eqinile yokulwa nokujama igcizelela ukulingana kwe-stack-up, ukubhekisela komhlaba okuqhubekayo, imingcele yokuvikela ethungiwe, kanye nokuphathwa kahle ngokushintshashintsha.

Emiklamo ephezulu, i-stack-up ivame ukuhlungwa ngemodeli ye-impedance kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-electromagnetic kunokuba kube ngokomthetho wesithupha kuphela. Lokhu kuba kubaluleke nakakhulu ezixazululweni ze-drone ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa i-telemetry, i-GNSS, ukudluliselwa kwevidiyo, ukubalwa kwe-onboard, kanye ne-payload electronics ngaphakathi kwepulatifomu efanayo encane.

Amasu Okuvikela kanye Nokuhlukanisa Ama-RF

Amathini okuvikela anemingcele yokusekela ethungiwe

Amathini esivikelo ahlala engenye yezindlela zokuzivikela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezingeni lebhodi ze-drone RF electronics. Umjikelezo wesivikelo kufanele uwele endandatho yephedi eqhubekayo egxilile enobukhulu ngokuthungwa kwenye noma ngaphezulu yendiza eqinile yomhlaba. Inhloso ukunciphisa ukuvuza kwensimu kagesi, ukucindezela ukuhlangana kwemigodi, kanye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka okudlula udonga lwesivikelo ngokusebenzisa i-substrate noma amaphuzu omhlaba angenalutho.

Izindawo ze-RF ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba

Kumabhodi e-RF ayinkimbinkimbi, kuvame ukuba wusizo ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ze-LNA, i-synthesizer noma i-VCO, i-PA, i-transceiver, kanye nezingxenye ze-baseband ezizwelayo zibe yizifunda ezivikelwe noma izindawo ezihlukaniswe ngokucophelela. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukuhlangana kwendawo, ikakhulukazi lapho amandla okudlulisa kanye nokuzwela kokwamukela kuhlangana khona eduze ngokomzimba.

Imigqa yokuphakelayo ye-impedance elawulwayo

Ukuphakelwa kwe-Antenna, imikhondo ye-GNSS, kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-RF okuphakathi kwesigaba kufanele kuqondiswe njengezakhiwo ezilawulwayo ze-impedance ezinezindawo zokubhekisela eziqhubekayo kanye nokuguqulwa okuphethwe ngokucophelela. Izici ze-grounding ezisekelwe ngocingo noma i-coplanar zingasetshenziswa lapho i-geometry ye-RF izisekela khona. Umgomo awukona nje ukwengeza ithusi elengeziwe, kodwa ukufeza ukuvinjelwa kwensimu okubikezelwayo kanye nokuthuthwa kwesignali okulahlekelwa kancane.

Isivikelo sokuxhuma kanye nokungena kwekhebula

Ngisho noma i-PCB ngokwayo iklanywe kahle, ukuphazamiseka kuvame ukungena ngezintambo zangaphandle, ama-harnesses, kanye nezixhumi ze-antenna. Izindlela ezivamile zokumelana nezinga lebhodi zifaka phakathi ukuvikelwa kwe-ESD, ukuhlunga kwemodi evamile lapho kufaneleka khona, isu lokubopha i-chassis-to-board, kanye nokubekwa kwesixhumi esilawulwayo maqondana nezisekethe zokwamukela ezibucayi.

Ubuqotho Bamandla Ngaphansi Kokucindezeleka Okuphezulu Kwe-EMI

Ubuqotho bamandla bungenye yezici ezinganakwa kakhulu zomklamo we-PCB omelene nokuvinjelwa. I-drone ingase ibonakale inenkinga yomsakazo lapho imbangela eyinhloko empeleni ingukungcola kwesitimela sikagesi, ama-harmonics e-converter, ukugxuma komhlaba okufushane, noma ukuwohloka kokunikezwa ngesikhathi sokushintsha komthwalo wemoto.

Ku-PCB yedrone elwa nokujima, ukwakheka kwamandla kumele kwakhiwe ukuze kugcinwe amabhlogo e-RF abucayi kanye ne-GNSS ethule ngogesi ngisho noma ifreyimu yomoya ihlangabezana nesidingo samandla aguqukayo. Lokho ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi:

• Ukwelashwa kwamandla okuhlukile kwezizinda ezibucayi: I-GNSS, i-RF front end, amawashi, kanye nezinzwa zokunemba akufanele zabelane ngezindlela zokunikeza ezinomsindo nezinjini, ama-transmitter anamandla amakhulu, noma ama-compute bursts
• Ukushintsha umthetho wangaphambi komthetho ngendawo yangemuva komthetho wendawo: ukwakheka okusebenzayo ukusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwe-DC-DC okuphumelelayo phezulu bese usebenzisa ukuhlanza kwe-LDO eduze kwamabhulokhi azwela kakhulu umsindo
• Ubuhlalu be-Ferrite kanye nokuhlunga okusetshenziswe ngamabomu: ubuhlalu bungasiza ekucindezeleni umsindo ovame kakhulu uma bukhethwe futhi bubekwe kahle, kodwa abuthathi indawo yomklamo wokubuyela komsindo
• Isiyalo sokubekwa kwe-Converter: gcina abalawuli bokushintsha, ama-inductor, kanye nama-hot current loops kude kakhulu nama-antenna e-GNSS, ama-LNA, ama-reference oscillator, kanye nokufakwayo kwe-receiver
• Isu lokuhlukanisa ukuvimba okuphansi: ukuhlukanisa kufanele kuhambisane nokuqukethwe kwemvamisa kanye nezikhathi zamanje zesizinda ngasinye, hhayi ukusetshenziswa njengohlu lokuhlola olujwayelekile

Lapho kuhileleke khona i-GNSS, abaklami kufanele baqinisekise nokuthi ukushintshashintsha kwamaza, ama-harmonics, ukukhishwa okungelona iqiniso, kanye nemikhiqizo yewashi akunciphisi ukuzwela kwe-receiver kuma-band afanele. Umklamo odlula ekukhulisweni okusebenzayo ungase ungasebenzi kahle ensimini uma ukukhishwa kwangaphakathi kuphakamisa umsindo osebenzayo eduze kwe-navigation receiver. Ukuze kwakhiwe ukuthembeka okuphezulu, lezi zidingo kufanele zibonakale nasekusebenzeni kokukhiqiza kanye nokuvumelana kwenqubo, ikakhulukazi lapho usebenza nomkhiqizi we-PCB we-drone ofanelekayo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-GNSS Kokuqina Nokuzulazula

Kwama-UAV amaningi, uhlelo olusengozini kakhulu akuyona irediyo ye-telemetry eyinhloko kodwa isamukeli sokuzulazula. Amasignali e-GNSS afika ngamandla aphansi kakhulu, okwenza abe sengozini yokuvinjwa ngamabomu kanye nokuphazamiseka okungahleliwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqina kwe-GNSS kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ezingeni lebhodi kunoma iyiphi i-PCB ye-drone elwa nokuvinjwa okukhulu.

Izinto ezibalulekile zokuklama zifaka:

• Ukusekelwa kwe-GNSS yama-constellation amaningi: I-GPS, i-Galileo, i-GLONASS, kanye ne-BeiDou zithuthukisa ukutholakala kanye nokusetshenziswa okuningana, yize ukuhlukahluka kwezinkanyezi kukodwa kungakhi amandla aphelele okulwa nokuqhekeka kwe-jamming
• Ukuhlunga okungaphambili kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-LNA: Izihlungi ze-SAW noma ze-BAW, ukukhulisa umsindo ophansi, kanye nokuhlanza i-antenna esebenzayo kusiza ukugcina ukuzwela kwe-receiver
• Umzila wokuphakelwa kwe-antenna ngokucophelela: imigqa yokuphakelayo emfushane, elawulwa yi-impedance, ebhekiselwe kahle inciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokufakwa kanye nengozi yokuxhumanisa
• Ukuhlukaniswa nomsindo wedijithali kanye nowamandla: gcina i-GNSS kude nezilawuli zokushintsha, amawashi eprosesa, imizila yekhamera, kanye nezindlela zokubuya komshini
• Usekelo lokuzulazula kokubuyela emuva: isikhombikubona se-IMU esihlanzekile kanye nendlela ethembekile yokuhlanganisa inzwa kuthuthukisa ukuqhubeka lapho ukusebenza kwe-GNSS kwehla

Kumapulatifomu athuthukile noma asezingeni lokuzivikela, izakhiwo ze-CRPA (i-antenna yephethini yokwamukela elawulwayo) zingacindezela ukuphazamiseka ngokwendawo ngokwakha impendulo ye-antenna. Ukusekela i-CRPA ezingeni le-PCB kudinga kakhulu kunokuhambisa i-GNSS feed eyodwa ngoba kudinga ukuhambisana kwesigaba, ukufaniswa kwesiteshi okulawulwa ngokuqinile, ukwakheka kwe-front-end okunomsindo ophansi, kanye nokulingana kwesakhiwo okuhlelekile. Izinhlelo ezinezidingo eziphakeme zokusinda zingase futhi zihlole izakhiwo ze-PCB ezikhethekile ze-fibre drone yezempi lapho iphrofayili yomsebenzi, ukuqina kokuxhumana, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu kudinga indlela eqinile kakhudlwana.

Empeleni, ukuqina kokuhamba okuqinile kuvame ukuvela ekuhlanganisweni komklamo omuhle we-GNSS front-end, ukuzwa okungenayo i-inertial, ukuqapha isikhathi, kanye nokuqonda kokulawula indiza okungase kuphele kahle esikhundleni sokwehluleka ngokuzumayo lapho izimpawu zesathelayithi zingase zingathembeki.

I-Link Diversity kanye ne-Fiber Optic Alternatives

Akukho ndlela eyodwa yomsakazo eyanele kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphazamiseka. Amapulatifomu amaningi e-drone alwa nokujama athuthukisa ukuqina ngokusebenzisa ukuhlukahluka kwezixhumanisi: izixhumanisi zomyalo kanye nemithwalo ehlukene, amabhendi amaningi emvamisa, ukuphathwa kweziteshi eziguquguqukayo, ama-antenna aqondisayo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba phakathi kwemisakazo ehlanganyela ifreyimu yomoya efanayo.

Ezingeni le-PCB, lokhu kudinga ukwakheka kokuhlalisana ngokucophelela. Ibhodi kumele linciphise ukuziphazamisa phakathi kwama-transmitter nama-receiver, lihlukanise iwashi kanye nokuvuza kwe-LO, futhi livimbele izigaba ze-RF ezinamandla aphezulu ekuweni kwebanga eliguquguqukayo le-receiver. Kuma-UAV amaningi, umkhawulo osebenzayo wokulwa nokujama akuyona inqubo yodwa, kodwa ukuhlukaniswa okwanele kwendawo eyodwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwehadiwe enomsindo.

Kumasistimu axhunyiwe, ukwakheka kwe-PCB ye-fiber optic drone kunikeza okunye okubalulekile. I-Fiber ayincikile ekusakazweni kwe-RF okungenantambo kwaleyo ngxenye yokuxhumana, okwenza imelane ngokwemvelo ne-RF yakudala endleleni yedatha exhunyiwe. Kodwa-ke, ama-transceivers ahlobene, ukuguqulwa kwamandla, kanye ne-interface electronics kusadinga ukwakheka kwe-PCB okufanelekile okuqaphela i-EMI.

Lapho ukuphathwa kwe-tether kuyingxenye yokwakheka kweplatifomu, indlela ye-optical incike futhi ku-electronics ezizinzile ze-spool-side kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuphathwa kwekhebula. Lowo mklamo wesistimu engaphansi uxoxwa ngawo ngokwehlukana kusifinyezo sethu se-PCB se-fiber optic tether spool.

Indlela Yokuhlola Ukusebenza Kokulwa Nokuqhekeka Kwezimbobo

I-PCB yedrone elwa nokujikijela kufanele iqinisekiswe isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokufaneleka kokugcina kwegumbi. Ukuhlolwa kwasekuqaleni kwezinga lebhodi kanye nezinga lesistimu encane kungabona izinkinga zokuzwela ngenkathi izinguquko zokwakheka zisasebenza.

Izindlela zokuqinisekisa ezinconyiwe zifaka:

• Kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kokuzwela: hlola ukuthi imigwaqo yokuphakelwa kanye nezixhumi zangaphandle ziziphatha kanjani ngaphansi komsindo ojoyiwe noma ukuphazamiseka kwesikhashana
• Ukuhlolwa kokuzwela ngenxa yemisebe: veza ibhodi noma i-subassembly ezinkambeni ze-RF ezilawulwayo ngenkathi uqapha ukukhiya kwe-GNSS, ikhwalithi ye-telemetry, kanye nokuqina kweprosesa
• Ukufakwa kokuphazamiseka kwe-antenna-port: linganisa ukuwohloka kokwamukela, ukungazinzi, impendulo yokuvimba, kanye nokuziphatha kokululama ngaphansi kokuphazamiseka okulawulwayo
• Ukucaciswa komsindo wamandla ngaphansi komthwalo: qaphela ama-ripple, ama-transients, kanye nezinto zokushintsha ezisebenzisa ama-motor, i-payload, i-compute, kanye nama-radio asebenza ngasikhathi sinye
• Ukusebenza kwe-GNSS ngaphansi komsebenzi wohlelo oluphelele: qapha ukuziphatha komphathi womsindo, ukusebenza kokutholwa kabusha, ukuzinza kwesikhundla, kanye nokuzwela ngenkathi zonke izinhlelo ezingaphansi kwebhodi zisebenza
• Ukuhlolwa kokuphazamiseka kwendawo eyodwa: qinisekisa ukuthi izixhumanisi ezingaphakathi aziwohloki kakhulu uma zithunyelwa ngasikhathi sinye
• Ukubuyekezwa kwe-EMC ngaphambi kokuthobela imithetho: sebenzisa ama-probe aseduze nensimu, ama-probe amanje, kanye nokulinganisa ama-spectral ukuthola ama-emitters amakhulu kanye nezindlela zokuxhuma ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kokuthobela umthetho okusemthethweni

Lokhu kuhlola akuthathi indawo yeziqu ezigcwele zemvelo noma ze-EMC, kodwa kungaveza ingxenye enkulu yezinkinga zokubeka phansi, ukuvikela, ukubeka, kanye nokuqina kwamandla esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa. Uma kuhileleke uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe, isikhombikubona se-optical sohlangothi lomhlabathi kufanele siqinisekiswe njengengxenye yochungechunge oluphelele lokuxhumana, kufaka phakathi izinto ze-elekthronikhi ezichazwe kumklamo we-PCB we-fiber optic canister.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Nge-Anti Jamming Drone PCB

Ingabe yonke i-drone idinga i-PCB ye-drone elwa nokujama?

Akuwona wonke ama-drone adinga ukwakheka kwe-anti-jamming okusezingeni lokuzivikela, kodwa cishe wonke ama-UAV ochwepheshe azuza ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB okuqaphela i-EMI. Izinga elidingekayo lokuqina lincike ekubalulekeni komsebenzi, indawo ye-RF, ukuphakama kokusebenza, ukuzwela komthwalo, kanye nengozi eyamukelekayo.

Ingabe ikhono lokulwa nokujima lingafakwa kabusha kwi-PCB ekhona?

Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kungangezwa kamuva, okuhlanganisa ukuvikela, ukuhlunga, ukuphathwa kwekhebula, kanye nokuhlanza ugesi. Kodwa-ke, izici ezibaluleke kakhulu—ukufakwa kwe-stack, ukuqhubeka kwendlela yokubuyela emuva, ukubekwa, amabanga okuhlukaniswa, kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwe-RF—kuvame ukunqunywa esigabeni sokuqala sokwakheka. Ukulungiswa kabusha kungasiza, kodwa akuvamile ukufana ne-PCB eyenzelwe ukumelana nokuphazamiseka kusukela ekuqaleni.

Yiziphi izindinganiso ezifanele?

Izidingo ezisebenzayo zincike ohlelweni kanye nemakethe. Izindinganiso ze-EMC, ezemvelo, zokudlidliza, kanye nezinhloso ezithile zingasebenza. Ezimweni zempi, izinhlelo zivame ukubhekisela ezindinganisweni ezifana ne-MIL-STD-461 yokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic kanye ne-MIL-STD-810 yokuqina kwezemvelo, kodwa izidingo eziqondile zokufaneleka kufanele ziqinisekiswe njalo ezingeni lesistimu kanye nelenkontileka.

Ingabe i-GNSS enama-constellation amaningi yanele ukusho ikhono lokulwa nokujima?

Cha. Ukusekelwa kwe-multi-constellate kuthuthukisa ukutholakala kanye nokuqina, kodwa akuqinisekisi ngokwako ukumelana nokujikijela ngamabomu. Ukusebenza kwangempela kokujikijela ngokuvamile kuncike ekuhlungeni okungaphambili, ukuvikela, amandla ahlanzekile, ububanzi obuguquguqukayo besamukeli, isu le-antenna, kanye nomklamo wokubuyela emuva wokuzulazula.

Umklamo we-PCB ungawuthuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kokulwa nokuvinjelwa kwemishini ezinhlelweni zama-drone?

Umklamo we-PCB udlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kokulwa nokuvinjelwa kwe-drone ezinhlelweni ze-drone. Ukuhlela ukuhlanganiswa okuqashelwa yi-RF, ukuqondisa okulawulwayo kwe-impedance, ukuvikela okusebenzayo, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamandla ahlanzekile kusiza ekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic futhi kuvikele i-GNSS ebucayi kanye nezifunda zokuxhumana ekuphazamisekeni kwesignali.

I-Highleap isekela ukwenziwa nokuhlanganiswa kwamaphrojekthi e-PCB e-anti jamming drone amapulatifomu e-UAV ezimboni, aboshwe, futhi aqondiswe ekuvikeleni, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kwe-controlled-impedance, ukwakhiwa kwebhodi elivikelwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuthembekile kakhulu. Siphinde sinikeze izinsizakalo zokwenziwa kwe-PCB ezizinikele kanye nezinsizakalo zokuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwe-electronics ye-drone ezwela i-RF kanye ne-mixed-signal.