Umhlahlandlela ophelele we-Plated through-Hole Technology (PTH) ku-PCB Manufacturing

Ama-PCB akha umgogodla cishe wawo wonke amadivayisi kagesi esimanje, kusukela kuma-smartphone kuya kuma-electronics ezimoto. Isici esibalulekile kula mabhodi ayinkimbinkimbi yi-Plated Through-Hole (PTH), ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ekusunguleni ukuxhumana kukagesi okuthembekile kuzo zonke izendlalelo ezahlukene ze-PCB. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ophelele wobuchwepheshe be-PTH, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB.

Iyini i-Plated through Hole (PTH)?

I-Plated Through Hole (PTH) iyimbobo enwebeka kubo bonke ukujiya kwe-PCB futhi ifakwe ulayini wezinto eziqhutshwayo, ngokuvamile ithusi. Ngamagama alula, iyimbobo eyenziwe ngensimbi. Le lining conductive ivumela amasignali kagesi noma amandla ukuthi adluliselwe phakathi kwezingqimba ezahlukene ze-PCB. Ama-PTH abalulekile ekuxhumeni izingxenye ezifakwe ku-PCB kanye nokwenza kube lula ukuxhumana kwezendlalelo eziningi. Baphinde badlale indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ukusekelwa kwemishini ezingxenyeni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zinamathele ngokuphephile ebhodini.

Umsebenzi onemininingwane kanye nesakhiwo

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-PTH ukwenza kube lula ukudluliswa kwamasignali kagesi ukusuka kungqimba olulodwa lwe-PCB kuya kolunye. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumabhodi ezendlalelo eziningi, lapho izendlalelo ezihlukene zingase zenze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njengokusabalalisa amandla, ukubeka phansi, noma umzila wesignali. I-copper plating ngaphakathi kwe-PTH iqinisekisa indlela yokumelana okuphansi, igcina ubuqotho besignali nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka okungenzeka.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-Plated Through Holes (PTH) kanye ne-Vias

Ngenkathi iPlated Through Holes (PTHs) kanye ne-vias zombili zisebenza ukusungula ukuxhumana kukagesi kuma-PCB, zinezici nemisebenzi ehlukile:

PTHs

Ama-PTH ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukufaka izingxenye nokuxhumanisa izindlela zikagesi ezingqimbeni eziningi ze-PCB. Lezi zimbobo zinikeza kokubili ukuxhumana kukagesi kanye namandla omshini, ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezimbobeni ezifana nama-resistor, ama-capacitor, kanye nezixhumi. Ngokuvamile makhulu kune-vias, okubalulekile ekunamathiseleni izingxenye ebhodini ngokuphephile. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-vias ne-PTHs ngoba, ngokombono wonjiniyela we-CAM , ukulungiswa kosayizi be-via kungadingeka ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nobunzima bokuklama, ngaphandle kwamacala lapho i-vias inezimo ezithile zokubekezelelana.

Nge

Ama-Vias mancane kunama-PTH futhi asetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko umzila wesignali ngaphakathi kwe-PCB. Ngokungafani nama-PTH, i-vias ayinikezi usekelo lwemishini lokuhola ingxenye. Zibalulekile kumiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi yezendlalelo eziningi, lapho ukulungiselelwa kwendawo nobuqotho besignali kubalulekile. Uma usebenzisana namafayela e-PCB ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimbobo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimbobo zokucindezela nokuhlola, okuzochazwa kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nazi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-vias:

• Nge-Hole Vias: Ngokufanayo nama-PTH, lawa ma-vias anwebeka kubo bonke ukushuba kwe-PCB kodwa awasetshenziselwa ukukhweza izingxenye. Baxhuma izingqimba zangaphakathi zebhodi.
• I-Blind Vias: Lawa ma-vias axhuma izingqimba zangaphandle kuzendlalelo zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokudlula ebhodini lonke. Zisiza ukonga indawo futhi zigweme ukubhoboza okungenasidingo.
• Ukungcwatshwa Ngezi: Akhiwe ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwe-PCB, ama-vias angcwatshwe axhuma izingqimba zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuthinta indawo yangaphandle. Asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kanye nomzila we-PCB.
• I-Microvias: Lawa ama-vias amancane kakhulu, ngokuvamile anobubanzi obusuka ku-0.1 mm kuya ku-0.2 mm, asetshenziswa ekuxhumekeni okuphezulu kakhulu (I-HDIAma-PCB. Ama-Microvias axhuma izingxenye ezisondelene kakhulu noma izendlalelo futhi abalulekile kuma-elekthronikhi athuthukile adinga ukujikeleza okunokuminyana okuphezulu kanye ne-miniaturization.

Inqubo Yokukhiqiza ye-PTH

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Plated Through Holes (PTHs) kuhilela inqubo ecophelelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuthembekile nokuqinile. Ekuqaleni, onjiniyela be-CAM kumele baqinisekise imininingwane yokubhoboza kumafayela e-Gerber. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola ukuphelela kwamafayela, ukuqinisekisa izimfanelo zokubhoboza, ukubalwa, ukubekezelelana, kanye nosayizi. Noma yikuphi ukungahambisani kumele kuxazululwe ngezincomo ezisebenzayo futhi kuqinisekiswe neklayenti. Njengoba onjiniyela be-CAM besingatha amafayela amaningi e-Gerber nsuku zonke, ukugcina amarekhodi obunjiniyela anemininingwane kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukudideka.

Ukwehlukanisa ama-vias kusuka kuma-PTH kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi kumabhodi esekethe ayinkimbinkimbi futhi anabantu abaningi. Kumabhodi alula, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kungase kungabi nomthelela omkhulu enqubweni, kodwa kumabhodi ayinkimbinkimbi, kubalulekile. Uma ngamasayizi amakhulu kakhulu, kwenza kube nzima ukudalwa kwamanye amafayela e-Gerber. Isibonelo, ama-vias amakhulu adinga osayizi bephedi abakhulu, okubuye kufune ukwanda kwesikhala phakathi kwamaphedi nokulandela ithusi. Lokhu kuyinselele ikakhulukazi kumiklamo enezimbobo ezikabili. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulungisa amafayela e-solder mask kanye ne-silkscreen nakho kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ama-PTH abalulekile kumjikelezo jikelele. Nasi isifinyezo esifushane senqubo yokukhiqiza yokumba:

1. Ukumba: Kudingeka ukumba okunembe ukuze kudaleke izimbobo ezindaweni ezithile. Ubukhulu nokubekwa kwalezi zimbobo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuqondanisa okufanele kwezingxenye kanye nokuxhumana kukagesi.
2. Ukuhlanza nokukhipha: Lesi sinyathelo sisusa udoti nokungcola ezindongeni zembobo. Amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izimbobo nokuzilungiselela ukufakwa kwethusi.
3. I-Microetching: Inqubo ye-microetching yenza indawo yethusi ibe lukhuni, ithuthukise ukunamathela kongqimba lwethusi olufakwe i-electroplated.
4. Ukwenza kusebenze: I-catalytic layer, ngokuvamile equkethe i-palladium, isetshenziswa ezindongeni zembobo. Lesi sendlalelo sibalulekile enqubweni elandelayo ye-copper plating njengoba isiza ukufaka ungqimba lwethusi olufanayo.
5. I-Electroless Copper Plating: Kulesi sinyathelo, ungqimba oluncane lwethusi lufakwa ngamakhemikhali ezindongeni zembobo. Lolu ngqimba lokuqala lusebenza njengesisekelo sokuqhutshekiselwa phambili kwethusi.
6. I-Electroplating: Ugqinsi lwezendlalelo zethusi luyanda nge-electroplating, esebenzisa amandla kagesi ukufaka ithusi elengeziwe. Lesi sinyathelo sithuthukisa amandla emishini kanye nokusebenza kwe-PTH.

Iqhaza Lonjiniyela Be-CAM Ekubholeni kwe-PTH

Onjiniyela abasiza ikhompyutha (i-CAM) badlala indima ebalulekile ekwenziweni kwe-PCB, ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lokumba lwe-PTH. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhumusha idatha yedizayini ye-PCB ibe yimiyalelo yokukhiqiza imishini engayilandela, iqinisekise ukubhola okunembile kwama-PTH. Lokhu kuhilela ukucacisa indawo eqondile, ubukhulu, nokujula kwezimbobo, kanye nokuhlola amaphutha amafayela e-Gerber. Onjiniyela be-CAM baphinde baqinisekise ukuthi inqubo yokumba ihambisana nokubekezelelana kokuklama kanye nokucaciswa kokuvimbela ukungahambi kahle, okungaholela ezikhindini zikagesi noma amakhefu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, onjiniyela be-CAM babambisana eduze nethimba lokukhiqiza ukubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinkinga eziphakama ngesikhathi senqubo yokubhoboza nokufaka amapulangwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-PTH ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ezidingekayo kanye nokuklama. Ubuchwepheshe babo bubaluleke kakhulu ekuphatheni amabhodi wesekethe ayinkimbinkimbi, njengoba izimboni eziningi zingase zingabi nolwazi ngemiklamo ye-PCB eyinkimbinkimbi , okungase kuholele ekubuyekezweni kwamafayela njalo. Amaqembu obunjiniyela abanolwazi abalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho nokusebenza kwe-PCB yokugcina, ukugwema ukubambezeleka okungadingekile nokuqinisekisa umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphezulu.

Izinkinga Ezivamile Nezixazululo Ekwenziweni Kwe-PTH

1. Ubuqotho Bodonga Lwembobo
   • Inkinga: Ikhwalithi yodonga lwembobo engalungile ingase ibe umphumela wokubhoboza okungalungile, ukuhlanzwa okungafanele, noma ukufakwa kwamapulangwe okwanele, okuholela ekuxhumekeni kukagesi okubuthakathaka noma ukwehluleka kwemishini.
   • Isixazululo: Qinisekisa ukubhoboza okunembayo ngezingcezu zokubhola ezicijile, ezinakekelwa kahle, nokuhlanza ngokuphelele izimbobo ngaphambi kokucwenga. Hlola njalo futhi ulondoloze okokusebenza kokucwenga ukuze uqinisekise ukubekwa kwethusi okungaguquki futhi okwanele.
2. Plating Voids
   • Inkinga: Izikhala ku-plating zingabangela ukungaqhubeki kukagesi, kuthinte ukwethembeka kwe-PCB.
   • Isixazululo: Thuthukisa inqubo yokwenza kusebenze ukuze uqinisekise ukusetshenziswa kwe-palladium efanayo, uthuthukise inqubo yokucwenga yethusi engena-electroless, futhi ugcine ikhemikhali yesixazululo esifanele kanye nokuyaluza ukuvimbela ukwakheka okuyize.
3. Ukungahambi kahle Kwezimbobo
   • Inkinga: Izimbobo ezingaqondani kahle zingaholela ekubekweni okungalungile kwengxenye, ukwakheka okungalungile kwamalunga e-solder, nezikhindi zikagesi.
   • Isixazululo: Sebenzisa idatha ye-CAM enembayo kanye nokulinganiswa kwemishini. Sebenzisa ukuhlola okuqinile kokulawula ikhwalithi ukuze uthole futhi ulungise ukungahambi kahle kusenesikhathi inqubo yokukhiqiza.
4. Ukuqina Kwethusi Okwanele
   • Inkinga: Ukuqina kwethusi okunganele kunganciphisa amandla omshini we-PTH futhi kwandise ukumelana nogesi.
   • Isixazululo: Bheka futhi ulawule inqubo ye-electroplating ukuze uqinisekise ukufakwa kwethusi okwanele. Namathela ezindinganisweni zemboni zobukhulu obuncane bekhopha kuma-PTH.
5. Izinkinga Zokungcoliswa Nokulungiswa Kwendawo
   • Inkinga: Ukungcola noma ukulungiswa okungalungile kwendawo kungaholela ekunamatheleni okungalungile kwe-plating, okuholela ekulimaleni.
   • Isixazululo: Sebenzisa ukuhlanza okuqinile kanye nezinqubo ze-microetching. Qinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kanye nokugcinwa kwama-PCB ukuze uvimbele ukungcola.
6. I-Thermal and Mechanical Stress
   • Inkinga: Ama-PTH angaqhekeka noma anciphise ngaphansi kwengcindezi eshisayo neyomshini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-soldering noma i-PCB.
   • Isixazululo: Dizayina ama-PTH ane-aspect ratios efanele kanye nogqinsi lwethusi ukuze amelane nezingcindezi ezilindelekile. Sebenzisa amasu okunamathisela afanele kanye nezilawuli zokushisa ukuze unciphise ingcindezi yokushisa.

Amasu e-PTH athuthukile

• I-Laser Drilling: Ukugaya i-laser kusebenzisa imishayo ye-laser egxilile ukudala izimbobo ezincane, ezinembile kuma-PCB. Le ndlela ibalulekile kumadizayini we-high-density interconnect (HDI), okuvumela ukudalwa kwezici ezinhle nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka komshini PCB impahla.
• I-backdrilling: I-backdrilling isusa izingxenye zethusi ezingasetshenzisiwe ezimbotsheni zembobo. Le nqubo ithuthukisa ubuqotho besignali, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinesivinini esikhulu, ngokususa ithusi elingadingekile elingabangela ukubonakaliswa kwesignali.
• I-Resin ixhunyiwe nge-Vias: I-resin exhunyiwe nge-vias gcwalisa i-vias nge-resin, udale indawo eyisicaba, eqinile. Le ndlela ithuthukisa ukwethembeka kwe-PCB, ivimbela ukufuduka kwe-solder, futhi iqinisa i-vias, ibalungiselele ukwelashwa okwengeziwe njenge-via-in-pad.
• Nge-Pad: I-Via-in-pad ihlanganisa ukubeka i-vias ngokuqondile ngaphakathi kwamaphedi okukhweza. Le nqubo yonga isikhala futhi inciphisa ubude bendlela yesignali, ebalulekile kumadizayini aminyene we-PCB futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kukagesi.
• Ukumba Okujulile Okulawulwayo: Ukumba ukujula okulawulwayo kulawula ukujula kwemigodi ebhoboziwe ngokunembile, okubalulekile ekudaleni ama-vias athembekile nagqitshiwe. Iqinisekisa ukuxhumana okunembile kuma-PCB anezingqimba eziningi ngaphandle kokulimaza izendlalelo zangaphakathi.
• I-Microvia Technology: Ama-Microvias ama-vias amancane asetshenziswa kuma-HDI PCB ukusekela umzila wokuminyana okuphezulu nokubekwa kwengxenye. Lobu buchwepheshe bubalulekile ekwenzeni amadivaysi e-electronic amancane kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwawo wonke.
• I-High Aspect Ratio PTHs: I-aspect ratio ephezulu ye-PTH ifaka i-vias enesilinganiso esikhulu sokujula ukuya kububanzi. Le nqubo idinga izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokucwenga ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubethelwa okufanayo, okubalulekile ekuxhumekeni okuthembekile kukagesi ezindaweni eziwugqinsi, ama-PCB amaningi.
• Izimpumputhe Nezingcwatshwa Ngezindlela: I-Vis eyimpumputhe ixhuma izendlalelo zangaphandle kwesendlalelo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokudlula kuyo yonke i-PCB, konga isikhala futhi kuncishiswe usayizi webhodi. I-Vis engcwatshiwe ixhuma izendlalelo zangaphakathi kuphela, ihlinzeka ngoxhumano olungathinti izendlalelo zangaphandle, okuthuthukisa ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nokuminyana kwama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi.

Izicelo Nezinzuzo

Amasu e-PTH athuthukile azuzisa kakhulu ezimbonini ezidinga ukwethembeka okuphezulu nokusebenza, okufana ne-aerospace, izimoto, ezokuxhumana, kanye nogesi wabathengi. Anika amandla ukukhiqizwa kwamadivayisi amancane, anamandla kakhulu anokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe nokusebenza. Kubaklami be-PCB, ukuqonda nokusebenzisa lawa maqhinga athuthukile kungathuthukisa kakhulu amakhono okuklama, kunikeze ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokuqanjwa okusha ekuthuthukisweni komkhiqizo.

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa lawa masu emiklamo ye-PCB yakho, noma ukuxoxa ngezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi, sicela uthinte ithimba lethu lochwepheshe. Silapha ukuze sisekele izidingo zakho zedizayini ye-PCB ethuthukisiwe ngobuchwepheshe bamuva kanye nemikhuba ehamba phambili.

Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Ekwenziweni Kwe-PTH

Ukugcina amazinga ekhwalithi ephezulu ekukhiqizeni i-PTH kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukwethembeka kwemikhiqizo yokugcina ye-elekthronikhi. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulawula ikhwalithi zihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwedizayini ye-PCB kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwamafayela obunjiniyela be-CAM. Onjiniyela be-CAM kufanele bathuthukise inqubo yokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokushintsha inhloso yomklamo wangempela. Ukwenza lula ubunkimbinkimbi bokukhiqiza kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amabhodi esifunda anesivuno esikhulu.

Ngaphambi kokubhoboza, kubalulekile ukuqhathanisa itafula lembobo ohlelweni lwe-ERP namafayela we-Gerber wangempela ukuze uqinisekise ukuhambisana nokuthi amafayela akamuva asetshenziswa. Kuma-vias amancane, ama-drill bits amboziwe kufanele asetshenziswe, futhi isivinini sokumba kufanele silungiswe ngokuya ngezilungiselelo ezifanele ezinikezwe kumhlahlandlela wenqubo. Izinguquko ezingagunyaziwe ezivinini zokumba kufanele zigwenywe. Ngemuva kokubhoboza, kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi izimbobo eziboshiwe zihambisana nokucaciswa kwefayela le-Gerber. Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo nokuhlola okubukwayo kusiza ukuhlonza iziphambeko ezifana nokucwenga okungaphelele noma izimbobo ezingaqondile.

Ngezimbobo ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zokucwenga ithusi, ukuhlaziywa kwe-cross-sectional kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi efanayo kanye nokuhambisana nokucaciswa. I-X-ray imaging ihlinzeka ngokuhlolwa okungabhubhisi ukuze kuqinisekiswe isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-PCB futhi kutholwe amaphutha afihliwe. Ukuhlola okulimazayo ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ubuqotho besakhiwo sama-PTH, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezibucayi lapho ukwethembeka kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezindleko Ekwenziweni Kwe-PTH

Ekwenziweni kwe-PTH, izindleko zingahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezinto ezibalulekile ezimbalwa. Ukuze usize amakhasimende aphathe izindleko ngaphandle kokufaka ikhwalithi engozini, kubalulekile ukugxila ekwandiseni lezi zinto.

1. Usayizi Wezimbobo Nokuminyana: Ubukhulu kanye nokuminyana kwezimbobo kuma-PCB abashayeli bezindleko ezibucayi. Izimbobo ezincane nezakhiwo eziminyene zidinga amasu okukhiqiza anembe kakhulu futhi abizayo, kukhuphule izindleko. Amakhasimende angakwazi ukunciphisa lezi zindleko ngokukhetha izimbobo ezikhudlwana kancane futhi anciphise ngamasu inani lama-PTH lapho kungenzeka khona. Lokhu kwenza kube lula akunciphisi nje inkimbinkimbi yenqubo yokumba kodwa futhi kunciphisa isidingo semishini yokumba esezingeni eliphezulu nemba eqolo.
2. Usayizi wendandatho ye-Annular: Iringi ye-annular, indawo yethusi ezungeze i-PTH, ibalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho bemishini kanye nogesi wokuxhuma. Kodwa-ke, izindandatho ze-annular ezinkulu ngokweqile zingaholela ezindlekweni zezinto ezibonakalayo ngenxa yokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwethusi. Ngokusebenzisana eduze nomkhiqizi wabo we-PCB, amakhasimende angakwazi ukuhlonza usayizi wendandatho ofanele ohlinzeka ngokuqina okudingekayo ngaphandle kokumosha impahla engadingekile, ngaleyo ndlela azuze umklamo ongabizi ngaphandle kokudela ukwethembeka.
3. I-Drilling Precision: Ukufinyelela ukunemba okuphezulu kokumba kuyadingeka ukuze ugweme amaphutha afana nezimbobo ezingaqondile noma ukucwenga okungaphelele, okungafaka engozini ukusebenza kwe-PCB. Kodwa-ke, ukunemba nakho kuza nethegi yentengo ephezulu ngenxa yesidingo semishini ekhethekile nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi okucophelelayo. Amakhasimende kufanele ahlole izidingo ezithile zesicelo sabo ukuze anqume izinga elifanele lokunemba kokumba. Ezimweni eziningi, ukugwema ukucaciswa ngokweqile kungaholela ekongeni izindleko ezibalulekile, njengoba kuvumela izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezisezingeni futhi ezonga kakhulu.

Indlela elula nephumelela kakhulu ukuthumela umbuzo ngqo kumkhiqizi we-PCB futhi ubacele ikhotheshini. Uma i-PCB isesigabeni sokuklama, unganikeza ulwazi lwefayela futhi ucele izici ezibalulekile ezizoba nomthelela ekhotheshini. Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, ungalungisa izici ezifana nosayizi wokubhoboza bese unquma ukuthi usebenzise i-vias eyimpumputhe nengcwatshiwe, njll.

Isiphetho

Ubuchwepheshe be-Plated Through-Hole (PTH) buyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwe-PCB , okubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubuqotho bukagesi nobemishini be-PCB. Ukuqonda izinqubo, izinselele, kanye namasu athuthukile ahilelekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-PTH kungathinta kakhulu ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina we-elekthronikhi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumklami we-PCB onolwazi, umenzi, noma umuntu othanda izinto ze-elekthronikhi, ukuqonda kahle ubuchwepheshe be-PTH kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nobunzima bokwenziwa kwamadivayisi kagesi esimanje. Ubuchwepheshe bonjiniyela be-CAM ekwenzeni ngcono izindlela zokumba nokuqinisekisa ukunemba ekukhiqizweni kwe-PTH abunakweqiswa, njengoba indima yabo ibalulekile ekufinyeleleni amazinga aphezulu adingekayo kumadivayisi kagesi anamuhla ayinkimbinkimbi.