Izindleko ze-PCB ze-Transceiver ye-Optical: Qhathanisa Izilinganiso Ezilinganayo

Abahlinzeki ababili bangase bacaphune ibhodi le-transceiver elibonakalayo elinobubanzi obuyisithupha kodwa bafaka ama-laminate ahlukene, ngezakhiwo, ukwelashwa kokuxhumana kwegolide kanye nemibhalo yokuhlola. Ukuqhathanisa amanani eyunithi yabo yesihloko ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa leyo mininingwane kuqala kungaholela esinqumweni sokuthenga esingalungile.

Umbuzo oyinhloko ngezindleko ze-PCB ze-transceiver ye-optical akuyona ukuthi “yiliphi intengo eshibhile kakhulu ngebhodi ngalinye?” Kungukuthi “intengo ngayinye ithengani ngempela?” Lesi sihloko sisebenza ngezinto zokwakha, ukwenziwa, iminwe yegolide, amaphaneli kanye nezindleko zokulethwa, bese siqhathanisa okunikezwayo ababili abahlinzekayo ngesisekelo esifanayo.

Ukubuka konke kwesevisi yethu ye-PCB ye-transceiver ye-optical kuchaza ububanzi bomkhiqizo. Lapha kugxilwe ekuqhathaniseni ukuthenga. Zonke izindinganiso zemali zifundisa ukucabanga, hhayi izingcaphuno zangempela ze-Highleap ; amanani angempela ancike ekwakhiweni okuvunyiwe, ekuhlolweni, ebuningini kanye nasekulethweni.

Qhathanisa Ukwakhiwa Okufanayo Kwe-PCB Okuvunyiwe

Izitolo ezimbili zingathola umbuzo omfushane ofanayo—“izingqimba eziyi-6, 35 × 20 mm, i-PCB ye-transceiver ye-optical, ama-pcs ayi-1,200”—futhi zibuyisele okunikezwayo okuhlukile ngaphandle kokunikeza intengo efanayo. Imininingwane engekho ingafaka ibanga le-dielectric elivunyiwe, iphrofayili yethusi ezwela isiteshi, i-blind/efihliwe ngemephu, ubukhulu bokuxhumana obuqinile, isikhombimsebenzisi somshini, amakhuphoni okuhlola, ukushintshana okwamukelekayo kanye nenqubomgomo yeyunithi yokulethwa. Umthengisi oyedwa angafaka lezo zinto; omunye angase acabange ukuthi kukhona okuzenzakalelayo okungadingi kakhulu.

Ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa amanani, thola ukucushwa komkhiqizo olawulwayo . I-RFQ efanele kufanele inikeze ukubuyekezwa okukodwa okukhishwe kwefayela ngalinye lokukhiqiza, i-stackup, umdwebo womshini kanye nenothi yenqubo ekhethekile. Uma umklamo usashintsha, maka izinto ezithile okwesikhashana bese ucela umhlinzeki ukuthi acaphune lezo zicabango ngokwehlukana.

Izigaba eziyisithupha zezindleko ezidinga ubufakazi bazo

Umklamo ophelele we-optical-module ungase ube nezinto eziza kuqala ezengeziwe zeziteshi zikagesi ze-400G, 800G noma ze-1.6T, kodwa ilebula lesilinganiso sedatha elihlanganisiwe alimiseli inani elihleliwe lesendlalelo se-PCB noma iresiphi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Isihloko sobunjiniyela be-PCB se-optical module sinikeza umongo wezidingo zokwakha zesivinini esikhulu.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Nokuqoqwa Kwezinto Ezihlanganisiwe: Okumele Kucaciswe Yisilinganiso

Isicelo sokuthenga esithi "i-FR-4 esheshayo" noma "izinto ze-PCB ezilahlekelwa kancane" kuphela kushiya isikhala esikhulu sokuhumusha. I-stackup yangempela inquma ukukhetha okuyinhloko kanye nokubopha, ukujiya kokugcina kwe-dielectric, izinsimbi zethusi ezilawulwayo kanye ne-trace geometry. Iphrofayili yobuso bethusi kanye nezakhiwo ze-dielectric kungabaluleka ekulahlekelweni kokufakwa kwesiteshi; ukushintshwa akukwazi ukwamukelwa ngoba nje ama-laminate amabili anamalebula okumaketha afanayo.

Ukuze uthole ukuqhathanisa kwentengo okufanelekile, hlukanisa izimo ezintathu: (1) izinga eliqondile elivunyiwe , (2) okunye okucacile okuvele kuvunyelwe ngumnikazi womklamo , kanye (3) okunye okuphakanyisiwe okulindile izimfanelo . Okubili kokuqala kuphela okungalingana nezindleko uma imininingwane evunyiwe ivumela kokubili. Esesithathu yisiphakamiso sokushintsha kobunjiniyela, hhayi isilinganiso esivumelekile somkhiqizo okhishwe.

Ukuthengwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo nakho kuyingozi yokuhlela. Uma i-prepreg noma i-laminate eqanjwe ngegama ingekho, ikhotheshini kufanele ichaze izibikezelo zesikhathi sokulethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi intengo incike ekuthengeni ifomethi ethile yephaneli noma inani elincane. Ungasho ukuthi uhlobo olulodwa luhlala lubiza kakhulu; izindleko zincike ebangeni, ukujiya, umzila wokunikezwa kanye nezimo zoku-oda.

I-HDI, Ukubhoboza kanye Nokushintshwa Kwe-Lamination Kushintsha Izindleko Zenqubo

Ukubalwa kwezingqimba akulona ithuba elihle lokufaka esikhundleni semephu edlulayo. Ibhodi le-transceiver elinezingqimba eziyisithupha elakhiwe ngemigodi edlulayo ehlanganisiwe evamile lingadinga izigaba ezimbalwa zokubhoboza, zokuplata kanye nezokulamina kunelinye ibhodi elinezingqimba eziyisithupha elisebenzisa ama-microvia angaboni, ukulamina okulandelanayo kanye nama-via agcwalisiwe futhi avaliwe ngaphansi kwamaphakheji e-fine-pitch. Lokhu kokugcina kungadinga ukulawulwa okwengeziwe kwenqubo kanye nokuhlolwa noma ngabe ubukhulu bokugcina bufana.

Isilinganiso kufanele sibonise ukuthi yiziphi izendlalelo ezihlanganayo nge-blind noma i-blinded interconnect , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-microvia ahlanganiswe noma ahlanganiswe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-via-in-pad ichaziwe, nokuthi yikuphi ukuqeda okugcwalisiwe/okunezivalo ikhasimende elikulindele. Ukuxhuma okuvamile kwe-solder-mask akufanele kuphathwe buthule njengokufana ne-via-in-pad egcwalisiwe, ehlelwe nge-planari kanye ne-copper-capped lapho umdwebo udinga lokhu kwamuva. Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-PCB ye-transceiver ye-optical ichaza ukuthi le misebenzi ithinta kanjani umzila.

Buza le mibuzo emithathu ngaphambi kokwamukela inkokhelo eyengeziwe ye-HDI

1. Yimiphi imisebenzi eqondile engezwa kumhambi wokukhiqiza, futhi ingabe ikhona kuwo wonke amaphaneli?
2. Yiziphi izidingo zokuhlola nokuthembeka ezisebenza kulokho okuchazwe nge-geometry?
3. Ingabe ushintsho lomklamo oluhlongozwayo luvunyiwe ngogesi nangomshini, noma kumane kuyisiphakamiso se-DFM esingabizi kakhulu?

Ungacabangi ukuthi ukwandisa umugqa noma ukushintsha usayizi wokubhoboza akunangozi. Ebhodini elilawulwa yi-impedance, lezo zinguquko zingashintsha ukwakheka kukagesi ngakho-ke zidinga ukubuyekezwa okufanele.

Imininingwane Ekhethekile Yegolide Eliqinile kanye Nemishini Ithinta Amanani

Imojula exhunywayo ingaba nesiphetho sokuxhumana esingagugi esixhumini esinqenqemeni kanye nesiphetho esihlukile kuma-pads e-SMT. Uma umdwebo uthi “ENIG eneminwe yegolide” kuphela, umhlinzeki angase angazi ukuthi igolide eliqinile le-electrolytic elikhethiwe liyadingeka yini ngempela. Umehluko uthinta izinyathelo zenqubo, ukuxhumeka kwesikhashana kweplati, ukufihla, iphrofayili yokugcina kanye nokuqinisekiswa kobukhulu be-coating. Kumelwe kube sobala ku-RFQ efana neyakho.

Intengo ephezulu ayivunyelwe nje ngegama elithi “igolide”; buza ukuthi yini efakwe ipulasitiki, ukuthi iyiphi incazelo ye-nickel/igolide esebenzayo, yiziphi izilinganiso ezifakiwe nokuthi unqenqema lokuxhumana luqediwe futhi luvikelwe kanjani. Indlela eningiliziwe yokucacisa isekukhiqizweni kwe -PCB yeminwe eqinile yegolide.

Uma amabhodi ethunyelwa njengama-array amancane e-SMT esikhundleni sama-singles akhululekile, i-array ingathinta izinto ezisebenzisekayo, umzamo wokuhambisa, izici zesitimela, ingozi yokususa amapaneli kanye nezindleko zokupakisha. Xhumanisa imfuneko yeyunithi ediliviwe ne-oda lokuthenga esikhundleni sokwamukela "intengo ngesethi ngayinye" engachazwanga. Bheka ukulethwa kwe-PCB SET kanye nokufakwa kwamapaneli ukuze uthole imithetho yokubala inani kanye nokwamukelwa.

Ukuqhathanisa Okusebenzayo: Vumelanisa Izilinganiso Ezimbili Zabahlinzeki

Lesi sibonelo sonke siwumbono futhi sisebenzisa okokufaka kwezibalo okusunguliwe. Akuyona ikhotheshini ye-Highleap noma ubufakazi bamanani emakethe. Cabanga ngama-PCB angenalutho ayi-1,200 amukelwe wokubuyekezwa okukodwa okuvunyiwe. Umklamo udinga i-laminate eqanjwe ngegama, oxhumana nabo abakhethiwe begolide eliqinile, amakhuphoni okuhlola avunyiwe kanye nokulungiselelwa kokuthunyelwa okuvunyelwene ngakho.

Umthengisi A ubiza isakhiwo esivunyiwe ngama-$9.20 ngebhodi elamukelwe kanye namathuluzi angu-$600, kanye nokuqeda okucacisiwe, ukubika kwamakhuphoni kanye nokucushwa kokulethwa kufakiwe. Umthengisi B ekuqaleni ucaphuna ama-$8.40 ngebhodi kanye namathuluzi angu-$250, kodwa umbhalo omncane awufaki i-plating yegolide eqinile ekhethiwe, umbiko wekhuphoni ocacisiwe kanye nokupakishwa kwe-array. Bobabili abathengisi baceliwe ukuthi baqinisekise indlela efanayo ye-laminate kanye ne-HDI ngaphambi kokuqhathaniswa.

Ukuqhathanisa okungenangqondo kukhetha uMthengisi B ku-$10,330. Isamba esijwayelekile esicatshangelwayo siba ngu-$12,550 uma kuqhathaniswa nomthengisi A ongu-$11,640—umehluko ongu-$910 ngakolunye uhlangothi. Isifundo akusikho ukuthi umthengisi oyedwa ungcono, noma ukuthi lawa ma-adders ayizintengo zangempela zemakethe. Kungukuthi ukuqhathanisa kwezentengiselwano akusebenzi kuze kube yilapho umkhiqizo, ukuhlolwa kanye nobubanzi bokulethwa kufana.

Isici esibalulekile esingenakulungiseka ukulungiswa kwentengo

Uma uMthengisi B ephakamisa i- laminate ehlukile noma engavunyiwe ngenqubo , umthengi akanakumane engeze amadola ukuze amemezele ukuthi isiphakamiso silingana. Leso siphakamiso sisekholomu ehlukile yobunjiniyela elinde ukuvunyelwa okusemthethweni, ukufaneleka kabusha kukagesi okungenzeka kanye nokuhlolwa kweshejuli. Ispredishithi singalungisa ukushiywa; asikwazi ukusungula ukushintshana kobuchwepheshe.

Qhathanisa Izindleko Ngebhodi Elivunyelwe

Abathengi bavame ukunikezwa amanani angcono amayunithi ngobuningi obukhulu, kodwa lawo mazinga angasebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukene, izilinganiso noma izibikezelo zokukhiqiza. Qhathanisa inani elifanayo lebhodi elamukelekile, ukubuyekezwa kokudweba kanye nephakheji yokuhlola kuzinga ngalinye. Kumodeli yezindleko zangaphakathi, enye indlela ewusizo yokuhlukaniswa yile:

Izindleko ze-oda elihlanganisiwe = amathuluzi/iziqu ezingaphindaphindi + intengo yokwenziwa nokuhlolwa eyamukelekayo ebhodini × ubuningi + ukupakisha/impahla kanye nezinye izinsizakalo ezivunyelwene ngazo ngokwehlukana.

Izindleko ezisebenzayo nge-PCB ngayinye eyamukelwe engenalutho = inani eliphelele lezindleko ze-oda eliyimodeli ÷ inani le-PCB elithunyelwe elamukelwe.

Uma umhlinzeki eshaja ngephaneli ngayinye yokwenziwa ecutshunguliwe kunokuba kube ngengxenye ngayinye eyamukelwe, udinga inani lamasekethe ngephaneli ngayinye kanye nomphumela olindelekile owamukelwe. Ungabali isekethe enqatshiwe njengeyamukelwe noma ucabange ukuthi isivuno sangaphakathi senqubo yomthengisi siyaziwa. Ukuqhathaniswa kwephaneli yokukhiqiza ivolumu kufaka isibonelo esiphelele lapho iphaneli eliqinile libiza kakhulu ngebhodi ngalinye elamukelwe.

Lokho okufanele kubuze i-RFQ enezigaba ezintathu empeleni

• Isibonelo: Yibuphi ubuncane benani, ukubuyekezwa kobunjiniyela, amathuluzi kanye nokuhlolwa okufakiwe? Ingabe kukhona ukuphambuka ekwakhiweni kokukhiqiza okwamukelwayo ukuze kuhlolwe?
• Umshayeli wendiza/iziqu: Ingabe isakhiwo sisebenzisa indlela yokukhiqiza ehlosiwe ye-laminate, i-plating, i-via kanye ne-array, futhi yimiphi imibiko yesihloko sokuqala efakiwe?
• Ukuphinda ukukhiqizwa: Yikuphi ukucabanga okusekela izinga lentengo, ukushintshana okuvunyiwe, ukulandeleka kwenani, inani elivunyelwe elingaphezu/elingaphansi kanye nesheduli yesikhathi sokukhokha?

Iphrothokholi eyenziwe nge-laminate yesikhashana ehlukile ingasiza ekulungiseni amaphutha kodwa akufanele ibe yindleko yokubhekisela ngokuthula yokwakha umkhiqizo okuvunyelwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umklamo ozinzile one-array engaguquki nenqubo efanelekile ungavumela izindleko zokusetha ukuthi zabelwe amayunithi amaningi. Awekho umthetho odala isaphulelo samaphesenti jikelele.

I-PCB Engenalutho Ehlukile, i-PCBA kanye ne-Complete-Module Scope

Imingcele yesilinganiso kufanele icace. Umsebenzi webhodi elingenalutho ngokuvamile uphathelene ne-substrate ekhiqiziwe, ukuqeda, ukuhlolwa kukagesi kanye nokwamukelwa kwebhodi okuvunyelwene ngakho. Isilinganiso se-PCBA singangeza izingxenye ezithengiwe, i-stencil kanye nokusetha, umsebenzi we-SMT/THT, i-AOI/X-ray kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinga lebhodi okuvunyelwene ngakho. Imodyuli ephelele ye-optical ingadinga futhi izinjini ze-optical, ukuvumelanisa, ukulinganisa kanye neziqu zokusebenza kwesistimu ephelele. Lokhu akuzona izinto ezingashintshaniswa.

Uma umthengi edinga ukutholakala kwezingxenye kanye nenani lamabhodi, ikhasi lokuhlanganisa le-PCB le-transceiver ye-optical kufanele lisetshenziswe ukuchaza ububanzi obengeziwe kunokufaka izindleko ze-PCBA eziqageliwe entengo engenalutho.

Uhlu Lokuhlola Lokuqhathanisa Izilinganiso Zomthengi

Kumhlinzeki ngamunye, bhala phansi isimo esivunyiwe noma esiphakanyisiwe sazo zonke izici ezibalulekile. Sebenzisa izigaba ezingezansi kunokuthembela emagameni ajwayelekile njengelithi “i-premium laminate” noma “ukuthembeka okuphezulu.”

Ifulegi Elibomvu: Umhlinzeki wenqaba ukucacisa ukuthi yiliphi izinga lezinto noma isiphetho sokuxhumana asinikeza intengo kodwa uthi ibhodi lakhe "lilingana." Ukulingana kufanele kusungulwe ngumnikazi womklamo ngokumelene nesidingo esivunyiwe, hhayi esinqunyiwe encazelweni yokuthengisa. Ifulegi Eliluhlaza: Ikhotheshini ikhomba ngqo ukuthi yini ezokwenziwa futhi ihlolwe, ibala okuhlukile kobunjiniyela obuvulekile futhi inikeze incazelo ecacile yeyunithi eyamukelekayo.

Amaphutha Avamile Okunciphisa Intengo

1. Ukushintsha izinto ezichazwe ngokulahlekelwa okuphansi ngentengo kuphela. Ukonga kuyanyamalala uma isiteshi esiqediwe sidinga ukuqinisekiswa kabusha noma sehluleka ukwamukelwa ngogesi.
2. Ukuphatha zonke iziphetho zegolide ngendlela efanayo. Ukuphela kokuthintana okulungile kuqhutshwa yisidingo sokuhlanganisa, kuyilapho ama-pads athengiswayo enezidingo ezahlukene.
3. Ukucabanga ukuthi ibhodi elengeziwe ngephaneli ngayinye kuyonga imali kuphela. Izindleko zokucubungula amaphaneli, izindawo ezinqatshiwe kanye ne-SMT/ukupakisha okungezansi kumele kufakwe.
4. Ukunganaki ububanzi bokuhlola ekuqhathaniseni izingcaphuno. Ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kokuqhubeka kanye nohlelo oluthile lokuphazamiseka/ukulahlekelwa kokufakwa akuzona izinto ezifanayo ezingalethwa.
5. Ukuthenga indawo enkulu ukuze nje ufinyelele isaphulelo sentengo. Isitoko eseqile, izinguquko zokubuyekezwa, ubudala bezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokungaqiniseki kwesibikezelo kungase kudlule ukwehliswa kwentengo okujwayelekile.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngezindleko ze-PCB ze-Transceiver ye-Optical

Iyini intengo ejwayelekile ye-PCB ye-transceiver ye-optical?

Intengo enengqondo ayikwazi ukushiwo kusukela kulebula yomkhiqizo kuphela. Nikeza ukwakhiwa kwangempela, ubukhulu obuqediwe, ungqimba/ngesakhiwo, ukuqeda, izidingo zokuhlola kanye nobuningi obamukelekayo. Izibonelo zamanani omphakathi ezinemininingwane ehlukene azizona izipesheli ezifanayo.

Ingabe ama-PCB e-module angu-800G noma angu-1.6T abiza kakhulu ngokuzenzakalelayo kunama-PCB angu-400G?

Hhayi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukwakhiwa kwemizila kagesi okuvunyiwe, izinto zokwakha, i-geometry yethusi, ukwakhiwa kwe-HDI, uhlelo lwekhwalithi kanye nesivuno kunquma umthwalo wangempela wokucubungula. Izinga ledatha le-aggregate module akuyona iresiphi yokukhiqiza engaguquki.

Ingabe umhlinzeki angakwazi ukunciphisa izindleko ngokusebenzisa i-laminate ehlukile?

Umhlinzeki angase aphakamise enye indlela, kodwa kumele ihlolwe futhi ivunywe lapho izinto ziyingxenye yokwakhiwa kukagesi nokuthembeka okukhishwe. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, yinike intengo njengesiphakamiso esihlukile, hhayi i-PCB efanayo.

Ingabe uku-oda amaphaneli e-PCB engeziwe kuhlale kwehlisa intengo yeyunithi eqediwe?

Cha. Impendulo incike ekukhiqizweni okwamukelekile kwezingxenye, ukusetha, ukuvezwa kwesici, ukupakishwa kanye nenkontileka. Yenza izingcaphuno zifane nesidingo esifanayo sokulethwa kwezingxenye ezinhle.

Yini okufanele ngiyithumele ukuze ngithole isilinganiso sokukhiqiza esingokoqobo?

I-Gerber/ODB++ ekhishwe noma okunye okuvunyelwene ngakho kokukhiqiza, idatha yokubhoboza ye-NC, i-stackup, amashejuli ezinto zokwakha kanye nokuqeda, imidwebo yesixhumi, ifomethi yephaneli/yokulethwa evunyiwe, izindlela zokuhlola, amanani amukelwe ngokwezinga kanye nosuku lokulethwa oludingekayo. Uma kuceliwe ukuhlanganiswa, engeza i-BOM, amafayela okubeka kanye nohlelo lokuhlola.

Cela Isilinganiso se-PCB se-Optical Transceiver esibhalwe ngamagama

Ukuze uthole ikhotheshini yokukhiqiza ye-PCB ye-transceiver ye-optical , thumela amafayela avunyiwe bese ukhomba noma yiziphi izinto ezisalindile, ngezinqumo zokuthintana noma zokulethwa. Cela umhlinzeki ngamunye ukuthi abuyisele amanani anesilinganiso esibhaliwe kanye nezinqumo ezihlukile. Lokho kunikeza ubunjiniyela isakhiwo esingalandeleka futhi kunikeza ukuthenga ukuqhathaniswa kwentengo ngokusekelwe kumkhiqizo ahlose ukuwuthenga.