Ukuhlaziywa Kokungcola Kwe-PCB Ionic

Ukuhlaziywa kokungcola kwe-ionic kwe-PCB kusiza ama-OEM ukuthi anqume ukuthi izinsalela ze-ionic ezingakhishwa ezishiywe ebhodini lesifunda elingenalutho noma i-PCBA ehlanganisiwe zingaba negalelo ekuvuthweni kwamandla kagesi, ukugqwala, ukufuduka kwe-electrochemical, noma ukuncipha kokumelana nokufakwa kokushisa komhlaba ngaphansi komswakama kanye nokuthambekela kukagesi. Eqenjini lokuthenga noma lekhwalithi, umbuzo owusizo awukhona nje ukuthi “Ingabe i-PCB iyaphumelela ukuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka?” Kungukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuhlola efanelekile, ukuthi ukungcola kungavela kuphi, nokuthi yibuphi ubufakazi bokukhiqiza obudingekayo ngaphambi kokuvuma umhlinzeki.

I-Highleap Electronics ikhiqiza ama-PCB angenalutho kanye nezinhlangano ze-PCB ezigcwele abantu eShayina, ezihlanganisa ukwenziwa, ukutholakala kwezingxenye, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-SMT/THT, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza okuchazwe yiphrojekthi. Kumakhasimende adinga ukuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka kwe-ionic kwe-PCB noma umbiko wokungcola osemthethweni, indlela yokuhlola, uhlelo lwesampula, isisekelo sokwamukelwa, kanye nokuthi ukuhlaziywa kwelebhu okukhethekile kuyadingeka yini kufanele kuvunyelwane ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa kobunjiniyela. Amakhono okukhiqiza e-PCB/PCBA ashicilelwe akufanele aphanjaniswe nesimangalo sokuthi yonke i-ROSE, i-ion chromatography, noma i-SIR test yenziwa ngaphakathi endlini.

Ukuhlaziywa Kokungcola Kwe-PCB Ionic: Lapho Ama-OEM Ekudinga

Ukuhlaziywa kokungcola kwe-ionic kwe-PCB kulinganisa noma kukhomba izinsalela ezingaba yi-ionizing ezingasala ngemva kokwenziwa, ukushiswa, ukuhlanza, ukulungiswa kabusha, noma ukuphathwa. Kubaluleke kakhulu lapho i-assembly inesikhala esincane somqhubi, i-circuitry ebucayi ye-impedance, i-electrical bias ephezulu, ukuvezwa kwe-condensation, noma isidingo esidinga ukuthembeka komkhiqizo. Ukuhlaziywa kungenziwa kuma-PCB angenalutho, amabhodi ahlanganisiwe, amasampula amele, noma izimoto zokuhlola ezinikezelwe ngokwenhloso.

I-PCB ingabukeka ihlanzekile futhi iphumelele ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka ngenkathi isaphethe izinsalela ezingabonakali ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okuvamile. Ngomswakama owanele kanye nensimu kagesi, izinhlobo ze-ionic ezihambayo zingafaka isandla ekwandeni kokuvuza, ukugqwala kwe-electrochemical, noma ukwakheka kwe-dendrite eqhubayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutholakala kwezinsalela ze-ionic akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi umkhiqizo uzohluleka: uhlobo lwezinsalela, indawo, ukuncibilika, umswakama, isikhala se-conductor, i-voltage yokusebenza, kanye nomklamo wokuvikela konke kubalulekile.

Isibonelo, isilawuli sezimboni esincane singabeka okokufaka kwe-analog okune-impedance ephezulu eduze kwe-QFN enabantu abaningi, noma ibhodi lokuxhumana elihlukanisiwe lingasebenza kumakhabethe emishini emanzi. Inani elincane lezinsalela eziyingozi eziboshwe ngaphansi kwengxenye ephansi yokuma lingathinta kakhulu indlela yalo yokuhluleka kunenani elikhulu elisakazeke endaweni engengozi. Yingakho inani lokuhlanzeka eliphakathi kwebhodi elilodwa kungeyona isahlulelo sokuthembeka jikelele.

Izinsizakalo zokwenziwa kwe-PCB ze-Highleap kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-SMT kanye ne-PCBA engena emgodini zimboza zombili izigaba ezinkulu lapho izingozi zokuhlanzeka kufanele zicatshangelwe khona. Ngakho-ke, i-OEM ingaxoxa ngesimo sebhodi elingenalutho, izinto zokunamathisela, indlela yokuhlanza, kanye nokwamukelwa kokugcina ndawonye, ​​​​ngemithwalo yemfanelo echazwe ngokwakhiwa okuthile.

Umthengi kufanele acele nini ukuhlolwa kokungcola kwe-ionic?

• Isingeniso somkhiqizo omusha: fanele inqubo yokunamathisela nokuhlanza ngaphambi koku-oda okuphindaphindiwe, ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezine-pitch encane noma eziphansi.
• Umhlinzeki noma ukudluliselwa kwenqubo: qhathanisa i-PCB entsha, i-solder paste, i-flux, i-cleaning chemistry, noma indawo yokuhlanganisa ngokuqhathanisa nesisekelo esivunyiwe.
• Uphenyo lokwehluleka: hlola iminikelo engaba khona yezinsalela lapho kukhona ukuvuza okuhlobene nomswakama, amaphutha ngezikhathi ezithile, ukugqwala, noma ukukhathazeka ngokufuduka kwe-electrochemical.
• Ukukhishwa kwe-pre-coating: hlola ukulungiswa kwendawo ngaphambi kokufaka isembozo esingavimbela ukuhlanzwa noma ukuvuselelwa okulandelayo.
• Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqondene nekhasimende: nikeza irekhodi lokuhlanzeka elichaziwe noma umphumela ozimele welabhorethri uma kudingeka encazelweni yokuthenga.

Inhloso inquma isevisi efanele. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-PCB lungadinga ukuqapha izitayela, kanti uphenyo lokubuyisela insimu lungadinga ukuhlonza ama-ion aqondiwe, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo, indawo yokwehluleka, kanye nobufakazi bokuthembeka kwemvelo. Lezo yizikophu zokuhlola ezahlukene futhi akufanele zicashunwe njengokungathi ziyashintshana.

I-Rose vs. Ion Chromatography vs. I-SIR: Ukukhetha Ukuhlolwa Okufanele

I-ROSE ikhombisa izinga elikhulu lokungcola okungakhishwa nge-ionizable; i-ion chromatography ikhomba futhi ilinganise izinhlobo ze-ionic ezikhethiwe; ukuhlolwa kokumelana nokushisa kobuso (SIR) kuhlola ukuziphatha kukagesi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Baphendula imibuzo ehlukene. Ukuhlaziywa kokungcola kwe-ionic kwe-PCB okunengqondo ngobuchwepheshe kungasebenzisa indlela eyodwa noma inhlanganisela, kuye ngokuthi i-OEM idinga ukuqapha inqubo, ukuhlonza umthombo, noma ubufakazi bokusebenza kukagesi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-PCB ROSE kulinganisani ngempela?

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Resistivity of Solvent Extract (ROSE) kukhipha izinto ezincibilikayo ezincibilikayo ohlelweni oluthile lwe-solvent futhi kukala ukuhanjiswa noma ukuqina kwe-extract. Umphumela uvame ukuvezwa njengama- micrograms e-sodium-chloride equivalent per square centimeter (µg NaCl Eq./cm²) . Leyo iyunithi yokulingana kagesi, hhayi ubufakazi bokuthi ibhodi liqukethe i-sodium chloride. Imiphumela incike ezimweni zokukhipha, ukusethwa kwethuluzi, ukubalwa kwendawo yesampula, nokuthi yiziphi izinsalela ezitholakala ku-solvent.

Indlela ye-IPC-TM-650 2.3.25 iphatha ngokusobala i-ROSE njengethuluzi lokulawula inqubo kunokuba ibe yisibikezelo sokuthembeka . Iphinde ixwayise ngokuthi amathuluzi ahlukene kanye nezindlela zokukhipha kungaveza imiphumela engashintshaniswa ngqo. Imikhawulo yayo ebhaliwe ifaka phakathi ukungcola okungafinyeleleki, okungancibiliki, noma okukhishwe ngokuphelele. Bheka indlela yokuhlola esemthethweni ye-IPC ROSE.

I-chromatography ye-ion ingeza nini inani?

I-chromatography ye-ion ingakhomba izinhlobo ezikhethiwe njenge-chloride, i-bromide, i-sodium, i-potassium, i-ammonium, kanye nama-acid athile abuthakathaka e-organic, kuye ngendlela yokuhlaziya kanye nephaneli yokuthola. Lokho kusiza onjiniyela ukuthi bahlole ukuthi izinsalela zingase zihlotshaniswe yini nokushintshashintsha kwe-soldering, ukuhlanza okunganele, ikhemikhali yokucubungula, noma ukuphathwa. Kuwusizo kakhulu lapho umthengi edinga umbiko we-ion othize kunenombolo yokuqhuba i-bulk. Inqubo yokukhipha kanye namayunithi okubika kumele aqoshwe ngoba izimo zokubuyisa ezahlukene zithinta umphumela.

Kunini lapho ukuhlolwa kokufuduka kwe-SIR noma kwe-electrochemical kufaneleka khona?

Kumkhiqizo onengozi enkulu yokuvuza kukagesi okubangelwa umswakama kanye nokubandlulula, i-SIR noma ucwaningo lokufuduka kwe-electrochemical oluchaziwe lunganikeza ubufakazi obufanele kakhulu kunokulinganiswa kwezinsalela eziningi kuphela. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo kusebenzisa izinto ezimele, amaphethini omqhubi noma izimoto zokuhlola umkhiqizo ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka ezicacisiwe. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kokusebenza kwamandla akukwazi ukuzithatha indawo, futhi umphumela we-SIR ovela ezintweni/inhlanganisela yenqubo eyodwa akufanele uhlanganiswe kuwo wonke umklamo wesikhathi esizayo.

Lapho Ukungcola Kwe-Ionic Kungena Khona Ekwenziweni Nokuhlanganiswa Kwe-PCB

Uhlelo oluhle kakhulu lokulawula ukungcola lukhomba ukuthi izinsalela zingafakwa kuphi nokuthi zisengasuswa nini. Ukwenziwa kwebhodi elingenalutho kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-PCBA kunezingeniso zamakhemikhali ezahlukene kanye namajiyometri. Ukubukeza ibhodi lokugcina kuphela kungashiya umenzi engenabo ubufakazi obanele bokuthola inkinga.

Ukushisela okungahlanzekile kusadinga iziqu zenqubo

I-"No-clean" ichaza inqubo yokunamathisela ehlosiwe kusetshenziswa izinto nezimo ezihambisanayo; akusho ukuthi zonke izinsalela ezisele azinangozi kuyo yonke indawo yomkhiqizo. Ukusebenza kwe-Flux, umlando wokushisa kabusha, ivolumu yokunamathisela i-solder, ukuphinda kusebenze ngesandla, ukuma kwezingxenye, kanye nokuvezwa komswakama okulandelayo konke kungathinta ukuziphatha kwezinsalela. Ukugeza ngaphandle kwendlela eqinisekisiwe kungenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu ngokusakaza izinsalela noma ukubamba uketshezi lokuhlanza ngaphansi kwezingxenye.

Ukubuyekezwa kwe-PCB okusebenzayo kanye ne-DFM yokuhlangana kufanele kubonise ukungezwani kwezingxenye okuphansi kakhulu, isekethe eliminyene elinokumelana okuphezulu, izindawo zokugeza ezingafinyeleleki, kanye nokuvalwa kokumboza ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kokuhlola. Onjiniyela bokukhiqiza banganquma ukuthi indlela engahlanzeki, isinyathelo sokuhlanza esifanelekile, ukuhlanza kwendawo okuqondisiwe, noma ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kufanelekile. Impendulo kumele ilandele izinto zokwakha kanye nezidingo zomkhiqizo kunokuba ilandele umthetho ojwayelekile.

Kungani ukuhlolwa kwe-AOI, i-X-ray, kanye nokuhlolwa kokumboza kungezona izivivinyo zokungcola

Ukuhlolwa kwe-AOI kanye ne-X-ray kusekela ukusonta kanye nokuhlolwa komsebenzi wokuhlanganisa; abakwazi ukusungula ukuhlanzeka kwe-ionic ngokwabo. Ibhodi lingaba namajoyinti e-solder abonakala kahle kakhulu futhi lisenezinsalela ezincibilikayo. Ngokufanayo, ukugqoka okuhlanganisiwe kuyisinyathelo sokuvikela imvelo, hhayi ukuthatha indawo yokulungiselela indawo efanele. Uma kukhona ukungcola ngaphambi kokugqoka, ukugqoka akukwenzi kube lula ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwe-PCBA kokugcina kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuziphatha kukagesi okuvunyelwene ngakho, kodwa ukuhlolwa okufushane kokushisa kwegumbi kungase kungabonisi indlela yokwehluleka okubangelwa umswakama. Kumabhodi ezinzwa ezivimbela kakhulu, izilawuli zezimboni, kanye ne-elekthronikhi ezenzelwe isevisi enomswakama, indlela yokufaneleka kufanele ixhumanise izilawuli zokuhlanza nobufakazi obufanele ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kanye nemvelo.

Izidingo Zokuhlanzeka kwe-IPC kanye Nohlelo Lokwamukelwa Kokukhiqiza

Ayikho inombolo eyodwa ye-ROSE efakazela ukuthi wonke ama-PCB noma ama-PCBA athembekile. Isibalo esingumlando esingu-1.56 µg NaCl Eq./cm² sisatholakala emidwebweni yakudala kanye nohlu lokuhlola lokuthengwa, kodwa ukusebenzisa lowo mkhawulo wodwa njengobufakazi bokuthembeka kwenqubo noma umkhiqizo wokugcina akuvunyelwe ngokobuchwepheshe. Ukwamukelwa kokuhlanzeka kwanamuhla kungcono ngokusekelwe enkambisweni yokukhiqiza efanelekile, inkontileka esebenzayo kanye nokubuyekezwa okujwayelekile, kanye nobufakazi obuqondile obufanele ingozi yomklamo.

I-IPC ibala i-IPC-TM-650 2.3.25D ye-ROSE kanye ne-2.3.28B ye-ion chromatography ; izindlela ezihlobene ze-IPC-TM-650 2.6.3 zibhekana nokufakwa komswakama noma ukumelana nomswakama/ukufakwa komswakama. Ekusebenziseni izidingo ze-IPC J-STD-001, umthengi kanye nomhlanganisi kufanele bacacise ukubuyekezwa okusebenzayo, okuhlukile kwamakhasimende, indlela yokuthatha amasampula kanye nobufakazi obamukelekayo. Inombolo yendlela yokuhlola yelabhorethri ichaza ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa kanjani; ayimiseli ngokuzenzakalelayo inani lokudlula/lokwehluleka kwawo wonke umkhiqizo.

Uchungechunge olusebenzayo lokulawula ukuhlanzeka kwe-NPI kanye nama-oda aphindaphindwayo

1. Hlela ingozi ngezigaba. Isikhala somqhubi wombhalo, ukuthambekela kukagesi, ukuvezwa komswakama/ukufiphala, amazinga omkhiqizo afanele kanye nanoma yimuphi umlando wokuvuza noma ukugqwala.
2. Khomba inqubo efaneleka. Chaza ukuphakelwa kwebhodi elingenalutho, ukunamathisela kwe-flux kanye ne-solder, iphrofayili yokugeleza kabusha, imisebenzi yokungena embobeni, ikhemikhali yokuhlanza, ukuphinda usebenze, ukuphatha kanye nokuqedwa kokuvikela okuhleliwe.
3. Khetha ubufakazi bokuhlola. Sebenzisa i-ROSE ukuze uthole ukuqapha okufanele kwenqubo, i-ion chromatography lapho ubunikazi bezinsalela bubalulekile, kanye nobufakazi be-SIR/obunye bezemvelo lapho ukuthembeka kukagesi ngaphansi komswakama kanye nokubandlulula kufanele kuqinisekiswe.
4. Setha uhlelo lwesampula olumele. Vumelana ngobuningi besampula, isigaba sokwakha, indawo yokukhipha, indawo noma imoto yokuhlola, imvamisa kanye nokuhlolwa okuzimele okudingekayo; ungacabangi ukuthi wonke amabhodi ahlanganisiwe ahlolwa ngokubhubhisa noma ngokukhipha i-solvent.
5. Buyekeza ukwehluleka kanye nezinguquko zenqubo. Phenya izitayela ezingalawuleki, izinguquko ekuguqukeni, i-ejenti yokuhlanza, umhlinzeki we-PCB, indlela yokulungisa kabusha noma i-geometry yezingxenye, bese ubhala phansi izenzo zokulungisa ngaphambi kokukhishwa.

Ngezinhlelo zokukhiqiza ze-PCB zezimboni eziphindaphindwayo , umbiko wokuhlanzeka owusizo kufanele ukhombe inombolo yengxenye ye-PCB/PCBA kanye nokubuyekezwa, isampula/inqwaba, indlela yokuhlola kanye nokubuyekezwa, ilabhorethri noma ithuluzi, izimo zokukhipha, indawo yesampula ebaliwe, imiphumela elinganisiwe namayunithi, imikhawulo ecacisiwe, ukuphambuka kanye nokuhlelwa. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-IC, bhala uhlu lwezinhlobo ze-ionic kanye nemikhawulo yokuthola/yokubika. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-SIR, bhala phansi ukucindezeleka kwayo kwemvelo kanye nezimo zokuhlola zikagesi.

Lawa marekhodi asiza umphathi wekhwalithi ukuqhathanisa ukukhiqizwa kwesikhathi esizayo nesisekelo esifanayo esifanelekile . Aphinde avimbele iphutha elivamile lokuthenga: ukuqhathanisa imiphumela emibili ye-ROSE yezinombolo etholwe kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezahlukene zokukhipha njengokungathi zingashintshaniswa ngqo.

Ukubuyekezwa Kokuhlanzeka Kwe-PCB Ionic kanye Nokukhiqiza i-RFQ nge-Highleap

I-Highleap ingaxoxa ngezidingo zokungcola kwe-ionic kanye nokuhlanza njengengxenye yophenyo lokukhiqiza lwe-PCB noma lwe-turnkey PCBA. Ububanzi bethu besevisi obusunguliwe buhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-PCB, ukutholakala kwezingxenye, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-SMT/THT, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza okuchazwe yiphrojekthi. Uma iphrojekthi yakho idinga umbiko othize we-ROSE, iphrofayili ye-ion chromatography, ucwaningo lwe-SIR noma ilabhorethri egunyaziwe yomuntu wesithathu, ukutholakala kwayo, indlela yokuhlola, izindleko kanye nesisekelo sokwamukelwa kumele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe i-oda.

Kumakhasimende ahlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlinzekwa kwebhodi elingenalutho kanye ne-elekthronikhi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PCB ye-turnkey kanye nokuthola izingxenye kunikeza indlela ewusizo yokuvumelanisa ukubuyekezwa kwebhodi, inqubo yokunamathisela, ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa kanye nezidingo zokuhlanzeka kwephrojekthi ethile kwiphakheji eyodwa yokukhiqiza. Akususi isidingo sohlelo lokuhlola oluvunyiwe yikhasimende noma iziqu zemvelo.

Okufanele ukuthumele ukuze uthole isilinganiso sokuhlaziywa kokungcola kwe-ionic kwe-PCB

• Amafayela okuklama: I-Gerber/ODB++ noma okulinganayo, umdwebo wokwenziwa, ukufakwa kwe-PCB kanye nokuqeda; I-BOM, idatha ye-centroid kanye nemidwebo yokuhlanganisa uma umkhiqizo ugcwele.
• Inhloso yokuhlaziya: ukuqapha ukuhlanzeka okuvamile, ukufaneleka kwenqubo entsha, ukwehluleka kwensimu okusolwayo, ukwamukelwa kwebhodi elingenalutho, ukukhishwa kwesembozo sangaphambi kokugqoka noma umbiko oqondiswe yikhasimende.
• Indlela eceliwe: I-ROSE, i-ion chromatography, i-SIR noma inqubo yokuhlola ikhasimende, okuhlanganisa nokubuyekezwa okujwayelekile kanye nefomethi yombiko wokuhlola uma kwaziwa.
• Ingozi yomkhiqizo: i-voltage yokusebenza, amasekethe azwelayo, izikhala ezincane zomqhubi, izinga lokushisa/umswakama wesevisi, ukuvezwa kokuminyana kanye nanoma yiziphi izindawo ezaziwayo zokwehluleka.
• Imininingwane yokukhiqiza: umndeni we-flux/paste, inqubo yokuhlanza noma yokungahlanzi, umlando wokusebenza kabusha, imfuneko yokumboza, inani lesampula kanye nesibikezelo sokukhiqiza.
• Izidingo zezentengiselwano: Usayizi wamasampula kanye nezindawo, isigaba sokufaneleka esidingekayo, indawo yokuthunyelwa, inhloso yokulethwa kanye nokuthi umbiko welabhorethri ozimele uyadingeka yini.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa ye-OEM

Ingabe i-Highleap inganikeza ukuhlolwa kokungcola kwe-ionic kwe-PCB? I-Highleap inikeza izinsizakalo zokukhiqiza ze-PCB/PCBA kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi futhi ingabuyekeza imfuneko yokuhlanzeka kwe-ionic ethile yephrojekthi ngesikhathi se-RFQ. Ukutholakala kokuhlolwa kwe-ROSE, IC noma i-SIR, kufaka phakathi noma yiliphi ilabhorethri yangaphandle edingekayo, kumele kuqinisekiswe ngokusobala. Asizivezi lezi njengezifakiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kuwo wonke ama-oda ajwayelekile e-PCB.

Ingabe ukuhlolwa kwe-ROSE kwanele ukufakazela ukuthi i-PCBA ihlanzekile futhi ithembekile? Cha. I-ROSE iyisilinganiso sokuqapha inqubo esekelwe ekukhishweni kwenqwaba. Ayibonisi izinhlobo ze-ionic, ayitholi zonke izinsalela ezibanjiwe, noma ngokwayo ifakazele ukuthembeka ngaphansi komswakama kanye nokuthambekela kukagesi. Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwamakhemikhali noma kukagesi kungavunyelwa ukusetshenziswa.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kwe-ionic kwe-PCB engenalutho kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka kwe-PCBA okuhlanganisiwe? Ibhodi engenalutho liyahlolwa ngaphambi kokuba kungeniswe izinto zokunamathisela kanye ne-geometry yezingxenye. I-PCBA ehlanganisiwe ingaqukatha izinsalela ezengeziwe zokushintshashintsha kanye nokusingatha, kufaka phakathi izinto ezivaleleke ngaphansi kwezingxenye. Ziyizibonelo ezahlukene ezinezisekelo zokufinyelela zokukhipha kanye nokuhlanzeka ezingase zihluke.

Ingabe inani eliphansi le-ROSE lisho ukuthi i-ion chromatography ayidingeki? Akunjalo ngempela. Uma isidingo siwukuhlonza i-ion ethile, ukuphenya inkinga yasensimini, noma ukuqhathanisa imithombo yezinsalela, i-IC ingase isanikeza ulwazi oluwusizo ngisho noma ukufundwa kwenqwaba kuphansi. Indlela yokuhlola kufanele ilandele umbuzo wobunjiniyela.

Ingabe ukuhlanzeka kwe-ionic kwe-PCBA kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokugqoka okuvumelanayo? Uma kuchazwa ukugqoka, ukusungula izimo ezivumelekile zezinsalela ngaphambi kokugqoka ngokuvamile kubalulekile ngoba ukugqoka kungavimbela ukufinyelela nokusebenza kabusha kamuva. Iphuzu eliqondile lokwamukelwa kanye nobufakazi kufanele kuchazwe enqubweni yokukhiqiza evunyiwe.

Inothi lobunjiniyela: I-ROSE, i-IC kanye ne-SIR ziyizindlela ezahlukene futhi imiphumela yazo ayishintshisani. Ukutholakala kokuhlolwa, ukugunyazwa kwelabhorethri, izindleko, isampula, ububanzi beziqu, imikhawulo yokwamukelwa kanye nokuguqulwa kumele kuqinisekiswe kuphrojekthi ethile. Akukho ukufundwa kokungcola kwe-ionic okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwensimu.