Ukulawula Okusebenzayo Okubambekayo kuma-mmWave PCB ane-PTH Vias

I-PTH vias (PTH vias) yizici ezibalulekile kumabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe (ama-PCB), ahlinzeka ngoxhumano lukagesi phakathi kwezendlalelo ezihlukene. Kodwa-ke, lapho usebenza ngamafrikhwensi we-mmWave (imvamisa engaphezu kuka-30 GHz), ukwakheka kwalawa ma-vias kuba nzima kakhulu. Njengoba imvamisa ikhula, ukuziphatha kwamasignali kuyashintsha, ngisho nokungapheleli okuncane ngedizayini kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuthembekeni kwesignali, kubangele izinkinga ezifana nokuboniswa nokukhala. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuklama i-plated through-hole vias kuma-mmWave PCB, ihlinzeka onjiniyela ngemininingwane edingekayo yokuthuthukisa imiklamo yabo.

Ukuqonda Iqhaza Le-Plated Through-Hole Vias ku-mmWave PCB Application

Emiklamo evamile ye-PCB, i-PTH vias isetshenziselwa ukuhambisa amasignali kagesi phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zebhodi. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-mmWave PCB, lezi zindlela zisebenzisana namasiginali ngezindlela ezingathinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yesiginali. Kumafrikhwensi e-mmWave, ubude beza beza bezimpawu buba buncane kakhulu, okwenza i-vias iziphathe njengokunqanyulwa kwe-impedance. Lokhu kuholela ekubonakalisweni kwesignali enamandla kanye nokuwohloka. Ngokungafani nemiklamo evamile, ubukhulu bomzimba obuncane kanye nokuziphatha kwemvamisa ephezulu yamasiginali we-mmWave kudinga ukuphathwa okunembe kakhudlwana kobuqotho besignali ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela engadingeki njengokulahlekelwa kwesignali nokuhlanekezela.

Kumiklamo ye-mmWave PCB, onjiniyela babhekana nezinselele ezihlukile lapho befaka ama-vias e-PTH. Lawa ma-vias, avumela izimpawu zikagesi ukuthi zidlule phakathi kwezingqimba eziningi zebhodi, angaletha ukugqama kanye nokuphambuka uma kungalawulwa kahle. Kumaza e-mmWave, ngisho nokungafani okuncane kwe-impedance kungabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kwesignali, njengoba izimpawu zithola ukubonakaliswa okunamandla lapho zidlula kuma-vias. Le nkinga iba yinkinga ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza eziphezulu njengokuxhumana kwe-5G , lapho ubuqotho besignali ngayinye bubalulekile ekugcineni ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile.

Ukuze babhekane nalezi zinselele, onjiniyela abaklama ama-mmWave PCB kumele bacabangele ngokucophelela izici ezifana nokufanisa i-impedance, ubude be-via, kanye nokuhlelwa kwebhodi iyonke. Amasu okuklama akhethekile avame ukusetshenziswa ukunciphisa umthelela omubi wama-via, njengokusebenzisa ama-blind vias noma ama-hrimped vias , noma ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinganciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwesignali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi okulingisa avame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya imiphumela yama-PTH vias kuma-mmWave frequency ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo wokugcina uzosebenza kahle. Ukuphatha lezi zici ngempumelelo kubalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukudluliselwa kwesignali okusheshayo nokusebenza okuphezulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-mmWave PCB.

Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile ku-mmWave Via Design

Ukulawula Impedance kanye Nobuqotho Besignali

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zomklamo we-mmWave PCB ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PTH vias igcina i-impedance eqondiwe, ngokuvamile engu-50 Ohms, kuyo yonke indlela yesiginali. Ubuqotho besignali buhlobene eduze nokufanisa i-impedance; noma yikuphi ukungaqhubeki ku-impedance-njengalokho okubangelwa ukwakhiwa ngendlela engalungile-kungase kuholele ekuboniseni isignali, ukulahlekelwa amandla, nokulahlekelwa kokufakwa okwandisiwe.

Kumafrikhwensi e-mmWave, i- via akumele yethule noma yiluphi ushintsho olubalulekile ekubambeni kwesici. Lokhu kudinga ukubalwa okunembile kosayizi ngesayizi, usayizi wephedi, kanye nebanga phakathi kwe-via kanye ne-trace ezungezile. Noma yikuphi ukuchezuka ku-impedance efanelekile kungabangela ukuwohloka kwesignali, okungamukeleki ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zamafrikhwensi aphezulu.

Ukulahlekelwa Kokufaka kanye Nomkhawulokudonsa Wemvamisa

Ukulahlekelwa kokufaka kungenye indlela ebalulekile lapho uklama nge-PTH nge-mmWave PCBs. Kumafrikhwensi aphezulu, ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokwenyuka kwesakhiwo, njengoba ingxenye yesiginali ihlakazwa nge-via material. Ukuphakama kwemvamisa, kukhulu ukulahlekelwa kokufaka, okuthinta ikhwalithi yesignali iyonke.

I-bandwidth yefrikhwensi yesiginali ihlobene eduze nedizayini. Kumafrikhwensi e-mmWave, umkhawulokudonsa uvame ukuba mncane uma uqhathaniswa namasignali edijithali anesivinini esikhulu. Lo mkhawulokudonsa omncane wenza lula ezinye izici zedizayini, njengoba onjiniyela badinga kuphela ukucabangela ukuziphatha eduze nemvamisa yenkampani yenethiwekhi. Isibonelo, ku-radar ye-77 GHz FMCW, umkhawulokudonsa wesiginali ungase ube cishe ku-5 GHz, ingxenye encane kuphela yefrikhwensi yenkampani yenethiwekhi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nokungahambi kahle okuncane ku-impedance noma imvamisa kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu ekusebenzeni.

Ukubambezeleka Kokusabalalisa kanye Nesikhathi Sesignali

Ngokungeziwe ekulawuleni i-impedance, abaklami be-mmWave PCB kudingeka baqinisekise ukuthi ukubambezeleka kokusabalalisa kuyo yonke indlela akuthinti kabi isikhathi samasignali. Ukubambezeleka isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze isiginali ihambe isuka kolunye ungqimba lwe-PCB iye kwenye ngokusebenzisa i-via. Ezinhlelweni ezinesivinini esikhulu, ngisho nokubambezeleka okuncane kungabangela ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwamasignali, okuholela emaphutheni esikhathi nokuvumelanisa isignali okungekuhle.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubambezeleka kokusabalalisa, i-via kufanele yakhelwe ngendlela yokuthi ubude bayo buncishiswe, futhi nesakhiwo sayo siminyene ngangokunokwenzeka kuyilapho kugcinwa isilawuli esidingekayo sokuvimbela. Kwezinye izimo, ukunciphisa usayizi we-via nokuthuthukisa izici zikagesi ze-via kungasiza ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka okukhulu.

Dizayina Izinselelo Nezixazululo ze-PTH Vias ku-mmWave Circuits

I-Parasitic Effects ku-Via Structures

Kumafrikhwensi e-mmWave, izakhi ze-parasitic ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, njenge-inductance, amandla, kanye nokumelana, kungabangela ukuphambuka okuphawulekayo ku-impedance okulindelekile. Lezi zingxenye ze-parasitic zingashintsha ukuziphatha kwe-via, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwesignali, ukuboniswa, kanye nokuhlanekezela.

Ku-PTH via structure, i-inductance ivela ku-loop eyakhiwe yi-via, ama- PCB traces , kanye nama-conductor azungezile. Lokhu kusabela kwe-inductive kunganda kuma-frequency aphezulu, kudala ukungafani kwe-impedance futhi kunciphise ukuthembeka kwesignali. Ngokufanayo, i-parasitic capacitance phakathi kwe-via kanye nama-conductor aseduze ingathinta isignali, ikakhulukazi kuma-mmWave frequency.

Ngokulawula ngokucophelela idizayini yesakhiwo ngesakhiwo, njengokulungisa usayizi wephedi ye-via nobukhulu be-antipad, abaklami banganciphisa le miphumela ye-parasite. Ukwengeza, ukuthunga nge-vias kungasetshenziswa ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo esengeziwe nokunciphisa inductance ye-parasitic.

Ngokucatshangelwa kwe-Stub ku-mmWave Interconnects

I-A via stub ingxenye yendlela ehlala ingaxhumekile kumzila wesiginali, okudala ukuphela komjikelezo ovulekile. Kumafrikhwensi ama-mmWave, ngama-stubs angabangela ukuboniswa okuqinile, ikakhulukazi uma ubude be-stub bude kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobude beza besignali. Lokhu kucabanga kungabangela ukulahlekelwa kokufaka, ukuhlanekezela kwesignali, kanye nokuphazamiseka okungase kube yingozi.

Ukuze unciphise umthelela wama-stubs, abaklami kufanele basebenzise i-backdrilling ukuze basuse i-stub noma, uma kungenzeka, basebenzise izimbobo ezingaboni kahle ezingadali ama-stubs kwasekuqaleni. I-Vis eyimpumputhe iqeda isidingo sokubhoboza yonke indlela nge-PCB, inikeze indlela yesiginali ehlanzekile futhi inciphise ukubonakaliswa okungafuneki.

Amasu Athuthukile we-mmWave Ngedizayini

Ukusebenzisa i-Grounded Coplanar Waveguides (GCPWs)

Enye yezindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokuthuthukisa i-PTH ngokusebenza kuma-mmWave PCB ukusebenzisa i-grounded coplanar waveguides (GCPWs). Ama-GCPW alungele ukuhambisa amasiginali wamafrikhwensi aphezulu njengoba enciphisa ukulahleka kwesignali futhi agcine i-impedance elawulwayo. Ngokuhambisa amasignali ebusweni be-PCB kusetshenziswa ama-GCPW, i-vias ingabekwa ngendlela enciphisa ukuwohloka kwesignali okuhlobene.

Ukusebenzisa ama-GCPW futhi kuvumela ukuthi izakhiwo zihlale zihlangene ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuthi i-impedance ihlala izinzile kuyo yonke indlela yesignali. Idizayini ye-GCPW isiza ukucindezela amamodi e-oda eliphezulu, angethula ukuzwakala okungafuneki nokuhlanekezelwa kwesignali.

Ukuthunga nge-Vias kanye nokulungiswa kwe-Antipad

Ukuthunga nge-vias kukhona ama-vias engeziwe abekwe eduze kwesakhiwo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuma okufanelekile kanye nokusiza ukulawula ukuthinta kwendlela yesignali. Lawa ma-vias abalulekile ekugcineni i-spectrum ye-impedance ezinzile kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwesignali kuyo yonke i-interconnect. Inani lokuthunga nge-vias kanye nokubekwa kwazo kufanele kuthuthukiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukubambezeleka kwesakhiwo ngesakhiwo kuhlala kufana phakathi kwebanga elibanzi lamafrikhwensi.

Ukulungisa usayizi we-antipad kungenye indlela esetshenziselwa ukulawula i-impedance. I-antipad yindawo ezungeze lapho kukhishwa khona ithusi. Ukukalwa kahle kwe-antipad kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-impedance iyalawulwa, futhi ingasiza ekwehliseni amandla e-parasitic kanye nemithelela engenisayo eyehlisa ubuqotho besignali.

Ukukhetha Izinto Ezilungile ze-PCB Yeziyingi zeRada ye-mmWave ezimotweni ezizimele

Kubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezizimele, amasekethe e-radar e-mmWave adlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni imisebenzi ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ku-Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS). Lezi zinhlelo zithembele ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ze-elekthronikhi, kufaka phakathi izinzwa ze-radar, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle. Kumasekethe e-radar asebenza kumaza angaphezu kuka-77 GHz, njengalawo asetshenziselwa ukuthola izithiyo nokunikeza ulwazi ngemvelo, ukukhetha izinto ze-PCB ezifanele kubalulekile. Izinto ze-PCB kumele zisekele izimpawu zemvamisa ephezulu ezijwayelekile ze-radar ye-mmWave, ngokulahlekelwa okuphansi kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile ebangeni elikhulu lokushisa. Izinto ezifana nalezo ezivela ku-laminate ekhethekile yokulahlekelwa okuphansi, ezenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-mmWave, zinikeza ukuzinza nokuvumelana okudingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwesignali okuthembekile kanye nokuwohloka okuncane kwesignali.

Amasistimu e-radar, ayingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zokuphepha kwezimoto, ancike kumasignali kazibuthe kagesi ukuze athole okuqondiwe futhi akale ibanga lawo, isivinini, nokunyakaza okuhlobene. Kuzinhlelo ze-radar ze-mmWave, izimpondo ze-PCB zidlala indima ebalulekile ekudluliseni nasekutholeni lezi zimpawu. Ngokwesibonelo, amasignali e-radar athunyelwa njengamaza kagesi abonisa izinto, avumela isistimu ye-radar ukuthi inqume indawo, ibanga, kanye nesivinini sezinto eziqondiwe. Ngokusebenza kwe-high-frequency ku-77 GHz noma 79 GHz, into ye-PCB esetshenziselwa uthi kufanele ibonise ukulahlekelwa kwesignali okuncane nokunemba okuphezulu ukusekela ukukalwa kwalawa mapharamitha abalulekile. Ukwengeza, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zidinga ukugcina ukusebenza kwazo ngokungaguquki naphezu kokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama, nezinye izici zemvelo, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ezimweni zomhlaba wangempela.

Njengoba izimoto ezizimele zithuthuka, isidingo sezinhlelo ze-radar ezithuthukisiwe ezinamakhono aphezulu okuvama siya ngokuya sicindezelwa. Izinhlelo ezisebenza kuma-band angu-77 GHz kanye no-79 GHz ziya ngokuya zibaluleke ngenxa yokucaca kwazo okuphezulu, okuvumela izimoto ukuthi zithole izinto ezikude kakhulu nangokunemba okuphezulu. Kulezi zinhlelo, izinto ze-PCB kumele zinikeze ukulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric okuphansi, ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa, kanye nokulawula okunembile kwama-dielectric constants. Izinto ezifana ne-laminate ekhethekile yokulahlekelwa okuncane, i-laminate ye-PTFE ephansi kanye ne-laminate ye-hydrocarbon ephansi yokulahlekelwa zifanelekela kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-mmWave ku-radar yezimoto, zinikeza amakhono okusebenza okuphezulu adingekayo ekulinganisweni okunembile. Lezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo ze-radar zingenza ngokwethembeka ezimweni zokushayela ezahlukahlukene, zinegalelo ekuphepheni nasekusebenzeni kwezimoto ezizimele.

Isiphetho: Ukuthuthukisa I-Plated Through-Hole Vias for mmWave PCB Performance

Kafushane, ukuklama i-plated through-hole vias (PTH vias) yama-mmWave PCBs kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kokumataniswa kwe-impedance, ubuqotho besignali, imiphumela ye-parasitic, kanye nokuphathwa kwe-stub. Kumafrikhwensi e-mmWave, ukuziphatha kwamasiginali kungashintsha kakhulu, futhi nokungapheleli okuncane kumklamo owenziwe kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile ekusebenzeni. Ngokulandela izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu ezifana nokulinganisa, ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane, ukubuyela emuva, nokuthunga nge-vias, abaklami bangaqinisekisa ukuthi ama-mmWave PCB abo aletha ukusebenza kahle.

Kwa-Highleap Electronic, singochwepheshe ekuklanyweni kwe-PCB enemvamisa ephezulu futhi singakuqondisa ezinkingeni zomzila wesignali ye-mmWave. Amathuluzi ethu okulingisa athuthukisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe ekuklanyweni kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-PCB akho e-mmWave ahlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza eziqinile zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinemvamisa ephezulu. Uma udinga usizo ekwenzeni ngcono imiklamo yakho ye-mmWave, xhumana nathi namuhla ukuze uthole ukwesekwa kochwepheshe ekukhiqizweni nasekuhlanganisweni kwe-PCB.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ithini indima ye-plapped through-hole vias kumiklamo ye-mmWave PCB?

I-PTH nge-PTH ihlinzeka ngoxhumano lukagesi phakathi kwezendlalelo ezihlukene ze-PCB kodwa ingathinta ubuqotho besignali kumafrikhwensi aphezulu njenge-mmWave. Idizayini efanele kanye nokufaniswa kwe-impedance kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwesignali nokuboniswa.

Kungani ama-mmWave PCBs edinga okukhethekile ngomklamo uma kuqhathaniswa nama-PCB ajwayelekile?

Kumafrikhwensi e-mmWave, ubuqotho besignali buzwela kakhulu ekungafaniseni kwe-impedance. I-PTH vias ingethula ukuboniswa okubalulekile nokuzwakalayo uma kungaklanyelwe kahle, ikwenze kube semqoka ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okufanele kwe-impedance.

Yiziphi izinto ezibalulekile zokucatshangelwa kokulawula ukulahleka kokufakwa kuma-mmWave PCBs nge-PTH nge-PTH?

Ukulahlekelwa kokufaka kungancishiswa ngokukhetha izinto ezifanele, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kunembile ngosayizi, nokugwema ukuzwakala kwemisindo. Ukulawulwa okufanele kwe-impedance, ikakhulukazi ngesakhiwo, kubalulekile ekwehliseni ukuwohloka kwesignali.

Izakhi ze-parasitic ku-vias zikuthinta kanjani ukudluliswa kwesignali ye-mmWave?

I-Parasitic inductance kanye nekhono ku-vias kungahlanekezela amasiginali kumafrikhwensi we-mmWave, okuholela ekungahambelani kahle kwe-impedance kanye nokwanda kokulahleka. Le miphumela kufanele ilawulwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho besignali.

Kuyini ukubaluleka kokubuyela emuva ekwakhiweni kwe-mmWave PCB?

I-backdrilling isusa ngama-stubs, okungadala ukuboniswa okungafunwa kanye nokuzwakala kwemisindo, kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yesignali. Iwusizo kakhulu kuma-mmWave PCB, lapho nokungapheleli okuncane kungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza.

Ulungiselela kanjani nge-impedance yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-mmWave?

Ukuthuthukisa ngokusebenzisa i-impedance kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kusayizi ngosayizi, idizayini yephedi, usayizi we-antipad, kanye nokubekwa kwama-vias okuthunga. Lezi zici ziqinisekisa ukuthi i-impedance ihlala ifana futhi ihambisana nezidingo zesistimu.