Isibali Sobubanzi Bokulandelela Kwe-PCB: Indlela Yokulinganisa Ama-Traces Wamanje, Ukwehla Kwe-Voltage, kanye Nokuvinjelwa

Ububanzi be-trace bubukeka bulula kodwa kulula ukuphutha: buncane kakhulu futhi i-trace yamandla ishisa kakhulu noma yehlise i-voltage eningi kakhulu; ibanzi kakhulu futhi uchitha isikhala noma i-impedance ephazamisekile. I-trace width calculator inikeza inombolo yokuqala evikelekile, kodwa ukwazi ukuthi uzoyiphakela ini yikho okuhlukanisa ibhodi elithembekile kulelo elihlulekayo ngaphansi komthwalo. Lo mhlahlandlela uphendula imibuzo yangempela - ukuthi ububanzi buni bomshini wamanje onikeziwe, wangaphakathi noma wangaphandle, ukuthi ungalinganisa kanjani ama-trace angu-50-ohm - futhi ukhombisa ukuthi i-Highleap Electronics iqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ububanzi buyasinda ekwakhiweni.

1. Isebenza kanjani i-PCB trace width calculator?

Isibali sobubanzi bokulandelela se-PCB sisebenzisa ifomula ye-IPC-2221 ukuze sisebenze emuva kusukela ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lokushisa okuvunyelwe, isisindo sethusi, kanye nesendlalelo kuya kububanzi bokulandelela obuncane. Ugesi ungowokufaka oyinhloko - indawo edingekayo ikhuphuka kakhulu nayo - kuyilapho ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kunomthelela omncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukujaha izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elivunyelwe kuthenga umthamo omncane owengeziwe. Okufakwayo:

• yamanje – umkhawulo ophezulu wamandla aqhubekayo ozothwalwa yi-trace.
• Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa okuvumelekile – 10°C kuwumgomo ohlala njalo; 30°C uvame ukuboniswa ezibonelweni. Ukuphakama okuphansi kusho umkhondo obanzi.
• Isisindo sethusi – ngokuvamile i-1 oz noma i-2 oz; ithusi elisindayo lithwala ugesi ofanayo ngobubanzi obuncane.
• Isendlalelo (sangaphandle noma sangaphakathi) – iminonjana yangaphakathi idinga cishe ububanzi obuphindwe kabili ukuze kube nomsinga ofanayo.

Amanothi amabili okuhumusha avimbela amaphutha: ifomula isekelwe kudatha yokuhlola engenalutho futhi inethemba ngamabhodi angempela agcwele abantu, ngakho-ke engeza umkhawulo ezindleleni zamandla eziqhubekayo; futhi umphumela uba ubuncane, hhayi ithagethi - akuvamile ukuba khona ukulimala ku-trace yamandla ebanzi, kodwa ukulimala kwangempela ku-trace encane kakhulu. Lapho ububanzi obudingekayo buqala ukungasebenzi, ukukhuphukela ku- PCB yethusi esindayo kuvame ukuba kuhlanzekile. Izinto ezibalulekile zendlela ama-trace athwala ngayo ugesi bukhoma kule primer ye-trace ye-PCB.

2. Ngidinga ububanzi obungakanani be-trace kuma-amps angu-1, 3, noma angu-5?

Ukuze uthole ithusi elingu-1 oz engqimbeni yangaphandle ekukhuphukeni okulinganiselwe okungu-10°C, i-1 A idinga cishe u-0.5 mm (20 mil), i-3 A cishe u-1.8 mm (70 mil), kanye ne-5 A cishe u-3.3 mm (130 mil). Ishadi eligcwele liyindawo yokuqala esekelwe ku-IPC-2221, hhayi indawo yokubala ngokumelene nomgomo wakho wokushisa; imikhondo yengqimba yangaphakathi idinga cishe kabili:

Ububanzi bukhula ngokushesha ngogesi. Ngale kwama-amps ambalwa, umkhondo owodwa uba yinto engasebenzi futhi ukuthululwa kwethusi, i-plane, noma ithusi elisindayo kuyimpendulo efanele - imisele yamandla aphezulu ayifaneleki emigwaqweni emincane, lapho ubunjiniyela obukhethekile bomthamo wamandla kagesi wethusi osindayo buwagcina epholile.

3. Ububanzi bomkhondo wangaphakathi vs wangaphandle: kungani imikhondo yangaphakathi ibanzi

I-trace yangaphakathi idinga cishe ububanzi obuphindwe kabili be-trace yangaphandle ukuze ithwale ugesi ofanayo, ngoba ifakwe ku-laminate futhi ayikwazi ukukhipha ukushisa emoyeni. I-IPC-2221 isebenzisa ama-constant ahlukene kulezi zimo ezimbili ngenxa yalesi sizathu - i-trace yangaphandle iphola ngokudluliselwa emoyeni, kuyilapho i-trace yangaphakathi igqunywa ngokushisa futhi igcina ukushisa okwengeziwe ngobubanzi obufanayo.

Umphumela osebenzayo ukuthi ububanzi obuqinisekisiwe belendlalelo langaphandle bungashisa kakhulu buthule uma inetha elifanayo lihanjiswa endlaleni yangaphakathi yebhodi elinendlalelo eziningi. Uma uhambisa amandla phakathi kwezingqimba, usayizi wecala lendlalelo yangaphakathi kanye nama-via amaningi ahambisanayo ekushintsheni ngakunye ukuze ushintsho lwendlalelo lungabi yibhodlela elishisayo.

4. Indlela yokulinganisa umkhondo we-impedance olawulwayo ongu-50-ohm

Usayizi ube yi-trace engu-50-ohm kusuka ku-stackup, hhayi kusuka ku-current calculator: ububanzi bayo buxhomeke ekujikeni kwe-dielectric ngaphansi kwayo, isisindo sethusi, kanye ne-dielectric constant ye-laminate. Izimpawu zesivinini esiphezulu kanye ne-RF zilinganiswa nge-impedance - ngokuvamile i-50 ohm single-end, noma ama-differential pairs ku-target efana ne-90 noma i-100 ohm - futhi ububanzi obusekelwe ku-current abusebenzi.

Kulandela imiphumela emibili. Okokuqala, awukwazi ukukhetha ububanzi obulawulwa yi-impedance bodwa; bukhiyiwe ku-stackup, ngakho-ke i- stackup yesivinini esikhulu kumele inqunywe ngaphambi kwe-trace geometry. Okwesibili, umenzi wezinto kumele akhe leyo geometry ngokunembile ukuze i-impedance iphume kahle, okusho ukuthi i-controlled-impedance traces kufanele ivumelane nanoma ubani okhiqiza ibhodi, kusetshenziswa ukucubungula okufanele kokulawula i-impedance.

5. Amaphutha ajwayelekile obubanzi be-PCB trace

Amaphutha avame kakhulu obubanzi bokulandelela ukusebenzisa ububanzi obuzenzakalelayo obubodwa kukho konke, ukunganaki isijeziso se-inner-layer, ukukhohlwa ukwehla kwe-voltage, kanye nokulinganisa ama-signal traces wamanje esikhundleni se-impedance. Ngayinye inesisombululo esilula:

• Ububanzi obuzenzakalelayo obubodwa bakho konke – kuncane kakhulu uma kuziwa kumasignali, kuncane kakhulu uma kuziwa emandleni. Ubukhulu bamandla bulandela umugqa wawo wamandla.
• Ukunganaki isijeziso se-inner-layer – ububanzi obanele ngaphandle bungashisa kakhulu ungqimba lwangaphakathi, oludinga cishe ukuphindwa kabili.
• Ukukhohlwa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi – i-trace epholile isenganciphisa i-voltage eningi kakhulu ku-rail ene-voltage ephansi, enamandla amakhulu. Usayizi wokushisa nokwehla, ingxenye enhle ukuphathwa okushisayo.
• Ukulinganisa imikhondo yesignali yamanje – ama-trace asheshayo adinga ububanzi obusekelwe ku-impedance obuboshelwe ku-stackup, hhayi ububanzi bamanje be-IPC-2221.
• Ukucacisa ububanzi obuncane kakhulu kunalokho inqubo engakwakha – qinisekisa ububanzi obuncane kanye nesikhala ngomkhiqizi.

6. Ingabe ububanzi bomkhondo buyasinda ekukhiqizweni?

Ububanzi obudwebayo akubona ububanzi obutholayo – ukuqopha kususa ithusi elincane ezinhlangothini zawo wonke umkhondo, ngakho-ke umkhondo oqediwe unciphile kancane kunalokho okuklanyelwe, futhi ithusi elisindayo liyakwandisa lokho kubekezelela. Ukuze uthole umkhondo wamandla aqinile lokhu kushukumisa amandla wamanje kanye ne-voltage yehle ngendlela engafanele; ukuze uthole umkhondo olawulwa yi-impedance kungashintsha i-impedance. Uma ububanzi bubalulekile nganoma iyiphi indlela, qinisekisa inhloso yomklamo ngomenzi.

Ukuhlolwa kokuklama kokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokwakha kuqinisekisa ububanzi be-trace yakho kanye nezikhala kungaphakathi kwamandla enqubo, ukuthi i-trace yamandla ihlangabezana nezidingo zayo zamanje kanye ne-voltage-drop ngemva kokugqwala, nokuthi i-trace controlled-impedance traces ifaniswa ne-stackup eyakhayo. I-Highleap ibe isithwala ibhodi ngokwenziwa nokuhlanganiswa kwe-thick-copper , ngezinketho ze-heavy-copper zemiklamo yamandla aphezulu kanye nokucubungula i-controlled-impedance kanye nokuhlolwa kwamabhodi esivinini esikhulu. Uma ucela isilinganiso, chaza isisindo sethusi, i-current ephezulu kuma-power traces, noma yimaphi ama-rails azwela ukwehla kwe-voltage, kanye nanoma yisiphi isidingo se-controlled-impedance nge-target kanye ne-stackup yaso.

Caphuna ibhodi lami

7. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngobubanzi Bokulandelela Kwe-PCB

Ngidinga ububanzi obungakanani be-trace ye-1 amp?

Ukuze uthole ithusi elingu-1 oz engqimbeni engaphandle ekukhuphukeni okulinganiselwe okungu-10°C, cishe u-0.5 mm (cishe u-20 mil). Uma unethusi elingu-2 oz, cishe uhhafu walokho. Izimpawu zangaphakathi zidinga cishe ukuphindwe kabili ukuze kube nogesi ofanayo.

Kungani imikhondo yangaphakathi kudingeka ibe banzi kuneyangaphandle?

Imizila yangaphakathi izungezwe yi-laminate futhi ayikwazi ukukhipha ukushisa emoyeni, ngakho-ke idinga cishe ububanzi obuphindwe kabili bomzila wangaphandle ukuze ithwale ugesi ofanayo ekukhuphukeni okufanayo kwezinga lokushisa.

Ngingayilinganisa kanjani i-trace ye-impedance esikhundleni se-current?

Ububanzi obulawulwa yi-impedance busethwa ubukhulu be-dielectric, isisindo sethusi, kanye ne-dielectric constant yento, ngakho-ke iboshelwe ku-stackup. Nquma i-stackup kuqala, ubale ngokumelene nayo, bese uqinisekisa ukwakhiwa ngomenzi wakho.

Ingabe amandla kanye nemikhondo yesignali kufanele kusebenzise ububanzi obufanayo?

Cha. Izimpawu zamandla zilinganiswa ngokwehla kwamandla kagesi kanye nokwehla kwamandla kagesi futhi zivame ukuba zibanzi kakhulu; izimpawu zesiginali zilinganiswa ngokwendlela yokuqondisa noma, ngemigqa yesivinini esikhulu, ngokwe-impedance. Ububanzi obuzenzakalelayo obubodwa kuzo zombili buyimbangela evamile yokushisa ngokweqile.

Ingabe i-Highleap ingakha amabhodi ethusi elisindayo kanye ne-controlled-impedance?

Yebo. I-Highleap inikeza ithusi elisindayo lemiklamo yamandla aphezulu kanye nokucubungula okulawulwayo kanye nokuhlolwa kwamabhodi anesivinini esikhulu, kanye nokubuyekezwa kokukhiqiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ububanzi bakho bokulandelela buyasinda ekwakhiweni.