Izimpumputhe Zangempela Zingcwatshwe Nge-PCB Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezindleko

Izindleko zokumbozwa nge-blind through PCB ziqala ku-$28–$85 ngebhodi ngalinye le-Type I HDI ngamanani e-prototype kuya ku-$350+ kumadizayini ayinkimbinkimbi e-Type III — kodwa lawa manani acashuniwe amboza kuphela u-60–70% walokho amaqembu okuthenga akusebenzisayo ngempela. Ama-30–40% asele akhokhelwa yi-NRE izikhathi eziningi lapho amathuluzi engagcinwa, ukulahlekelwa kwenzuzo okubangela ama-oda kabusha, ukwehluleka kokuhlola okungenayo esitolo sokuhlanganisa, kanye nokuguqulwa komklamo okubangelwa ukubuyekezwa kwe-DFM okweqiwe. (bheka izindleko zobunjiniyela ezingaphindaphindi ) Lo mhlahlandlela uhlukanisa yonke ingxenye yezindleko ku-blind through through PCB supply chain, ngezinombolo ezithile endaweni ngayinye yesinqumo, ukuze ikhotheshini yokuqala oyitholayo ibe isimanga sokugcina ositholayo.

Thola Ungaboni Nge-PCB Cost Analysis

1) Izindleko Zokungcwatshwa Okungaboni Nge-PCB: Lokho Intengo Yebhodi Elilodwa Ekuhlanganisayo Ngempela

1.1 Izingxenye Ezinhlanu Zezindleko

Uma ifektri ibiza u-$65/ibhodi le-Type II HDI, lelo nani lihlanganisa umsebenzi wokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto, kanye nemali ekhokhwayo efektri. Alimbozi:

• I-NRE kanye namathuluzi — Ukusethwa kwe-CAM, izinhlelo zokubhoboza, amakhuphoni e-impedance, ukuhlolwa kwesihloko sokuqala. Ngokuvamile ku-$600–$1,800 ngomklamo ngamunye, kukhokhiswa kanye kodwa kuphindaphindwa njalo ekubuyekezweni komklamo ngakunye.
• Ukwabiwa kokulahlekelwa yisivuno — Izilinganiso zefektri zenani elilethiwe, kodwa ngaphakathi zimunca u-3–8% wezinto ezilahliwe. Ukhokha lokhu ngokungaqondile ngokusebenzisa amazinga entengo. Uma isivuno somhlinzeki wakho sehla ngaphansi kokucabanga kwakhe, zisebenza kabusha ngentengo noma zilethe izimpahla ezimfushane - zombili zibiza isheduli yakho.
• Izindleko zokwehluleka kokuhlola ezingenayo — Amabhodi ahluleka ukuhlolwa kwakho okungenayo noma akhiqiza ukwaliwa endaweni yokuhlanganisa adinga ama-oda okushintsha. Ku-$65/ibhodi ngesikhathi sokuhola samaviki ama-3, umcimbi ngamunye wokukwaliwa ubiza u-$65 kanye nomthelela weshejuli obiza okuphindwe kabili.
• Izindleko zokulungisa umklamo — Kutholakale inkinga ye-DFM ngesikhathi izindleko zokukhiqizauku-oda kabusha okugcwele, i-NRE entsha, kanye neshejuli elahlekile. Emazingeni obunzima be-HDI, isilinganiso sokuphinda sibuyele ku-$3,500–$9,000 ngokuqondile kanye nezindleko zeshejuli.
• Sheshisa amaphrimiyamu — Uma ukuhlela ishejuli kunciphisa isikhathi sokulethwa futhi kudingeka ukulethwa okuphuthumayo, izimali zokusheshisa zengeza u-25–120% entengweni eyisisekelo.

Ukuze uthole i-oda elijwayelekile lokukhiqiza lamabhodi angu-500 kumklamo we-Type II HDI:

• Intengo yeyunithi ekhonjiwe: $72
• I-NRE ikhokhe amabhodi angaphezu kuka-500: $2.40/ibhodi
• Ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno kanye namathuba okufaka esikhundleni: $3.60/ibhodi
• Ukwabiwa kwengozi yokuhlola engenayo: $1.80/ibhodi
• Ingozi yokuphendula i-DFM (ilinganiswe ngamathuba): $4.20/ibhodi
• Izindleko zangempela ngebhodi elilethwayo, elisebenzayo: ~$84 ​​— 17% ngaphezu kwentengo ecashuniwe

1.2 Izikali Zezindleko Ezingaqondile Ngohlobo lwe-HDI

Izindleko eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa nebhodi elijwayelekile elijwayelekile elisebenzisa imbobo:

Ukwanda kwezindleko ze-exponential akubangelwa ubuningi bezinto ezibonakalayo — kungenxa yesikhathi senqubo, ubunzima bokubhalisa, kanye nengozi yokukhiqiza ehambisana nomjikelezo ngamunye we-lamination.

1.3 Uhlobo lwesibonelo uma kuqhathaniswa nesakhiwo sezindleko zokukhiqiza

Ngobuningi beprototype (amabhodi angu-5–25), i-NRE ibusa imali iyonke esetshenzisiwe. Iprototype ye-HDI yohlobo lwe-1 engu-$75/ibhodi ene-$900 I-NRE inezindleko zangempela zeyunithi ngayinye ezingu-$111/ibhodi ngezingcezu ezingu-25. Kumabhodi angu-500, i-NRE inezela u-$1.80/ibhodi kuphela futhi ukwenza ngcono ukukhiqiza kunciphisa izindleko zeyunithi zibe ngu-$52. Leli jika lezindleko uma liqhathaniswa nevolumu liphakeme kakhulu kuma-HDI kunama-PCB ajwayelekile ngoba izindleko zokusetha kanye nohlelo ziphakeme.

2) Umthelela Wezinga Lezinto Ezibonakalayo Ekufunyanweni Kwezimpumputhe Ngezindleko ze-PCB

2.1 Izindleko Zezinto Ezibalulekile Ngebanga

Ukukhetha i-laminate kuyindlela ebiza kakhulu yokulawula ngaphambi kokuqala kokukhiqiza:

2.2 I-Hybrid Stackup: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezindleko Ezisebenzayo

Kumadizayini amaningi e-HDI asebenza ngaphansi kwe-15 GHz, ukuhambisa i-RF ebalulekile noma izendlalelo zesignali zesivinini esiphezulu ku-Megtron 6 ngenkathi kusetshenziswa i-standard high-Tg FR-4 kuma-cores angaphakathi kunciphisa izindleko zezinto ngo-40-55% ngokuwohloka kokusebenza kwesignali okungu-5-10% - ukuhweba okwamukelwa yizinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ngaphandle komthelela osebenzayo.

Isibonelo se-HDI yohlobo I esinezingqimba eziyisithupha:

• Iqoqo eliphelele le-Megtron 6: $94/ibhodi ngezingcezu eziyi-100
• I-Hybrid (Izendlalelo ze-Megtron 6 zangaphandle + i-high-Tg FR-4 yangaphakathi): $67/ibhodi
• Intengo ephelele ye-high-Tg FR-4: $52/ibhodi

Kumadizayini anobubanzi/isikhala esincane ezingqimbeni zangaphandle (lapho i-Megtron 6 ibalulekile) kodwa izidingo zengqimba zangaphakathi ezikhululekile, i-hybrid iyindlela engcono kakhulu. Kumadizayini e-FR-4 asebenzayo kuphela, ingxoxo ye-hybrid ayibalulekile — qala nge-high-Tg FR-4.

2.3 Ukushintshashintsha Kwendawo Yokulungiselela Ukukhulelwa Nokubikezela Izindleko

I-Prepreg Dk iyahlukahluka ±0.02–0.05 phakathi kwezindawo ze-FR-4 ejwayelekile. Kumadizayini e-controlled-impedance, lokhu kuphoqa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-TDR yekhuphoni yokuhlola kuzo zonke izindawo zokukhiqiza — kunezela u-$80–$180 nge-oda ngalinye ezindleleni zokuhlola. Ukucacisa izinto ezinokubekezelelana kwe-Dk okuqinile (i-Megtron 6: ±0.02 eqinisekisiwe) empeleni kunciphisa lo mthwalo wokuhlola wokukhiqiza okuphezulu. I-premium yezindleko zezinto ingase ixazululwe kancane ngokuhlola ukonga izindleko ngamanani okukhiqiza angaphezu kwamabhodi angu-200/i-oda.

3) Izindleko Zenqubo Yokukhiqiza: Ukubopha, Ukubhoboza, kanye Nokugoqa

3.1 Ukulinganiswa Kwezindleko Zokushiswa Kwelamination

Umjikelezo ngamunye we-lamination wengeza izindleko eziqondile ngesikhathi sokushicilela, izinto zokwakha (prepreg, copper foil), umsebenzi, kanye nengozi yokukhiqiza:

• Izindleko zesikhathi sokushicilela: $15–$35 ngephaneli ngomjikelezo ngamunye (amahora angu-8–12 okucindezela okuhlanganisa ukupholisa nokupholisa)
• Izinto ngomjikelezo ngamunye: $8–$25/iphaneli ye-prepreg kanye ne-copper foil kuye ngobukhulu be-stackup kanye nosayizi webhodi
• Ukubhaliswa kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-X-ray: $2–$8/iphaneli ngomjikelezo ngamunye wokubhaliswa kokubhoboza nge-X-ray
• Ingozi yesivuno ngomjikelezo ngamunye: Umjikelezo ngamunye owengeziwe we-lamination wethula ingozi eyengeziwe yokulahlekelwa yisivuno engu-1–3%. Ku-$75 ebhodini, ama-scrap engeziwe angu-2% abiza u-$1.50 ebhodini ngenani elilindelekile.

I-Net: umjikelezo ngamunye owengeziwe we-lamination ngale kokuqala unezela cishe u-$18–$45/ibhodi ngamanani e-prototype, wehla uye ku-$9–$22/ibhodi ngamanani okukhiqiza.

3.2 Izindleko Zokubhoboza Nge-Laser

Ukubhoboza nge-laser kwama-microvia angaboni kuyashajwa ngephaneli ngayinye, hhayi nge:

• Izindleko zokusetha: $45–$120/iphaneli yokulinganisa okubonakalayo nokuqinisekisa uhlelo
• Izindleko zokucubungula: $0.008–$0.025 nge-via ngayinye ye-laser ye-CO₂; $0.015–$0.040 nge-via ngayinye ye-laser ye-UV (iyadingeka kuma-laminate e-PTFE kanye nama-geometri aqinile)
• Kubekwe ngentengo eyengeziwe: Ama-Vias adinga ukugcwaliswa phakathi kwezigaba ze-lamination engeza u-$0.05–$0.15/ngokugcwalisa i-resin kanye no-$1.50–$5.00/iphaneli ukuze kuhlelwe kabusha

Ebhodini elinama-blind vias angu-600 (ukucushwa okuhlanganisiwe):

• Ukubhoboza nge-laser: 600 × $0.018 = $10.80/ibhodi
• Ngokugcwalisa: 600 × $0.09 = $54.00/ibhodi
• Ukuhlelwa kabusha: $3.50/ibhodi elikhokhisiwe
• Isamba ngezindleko: ~$68/ibhodi

Ukuguqula lawo ma-via angu-600 ahlanganisiwe abe yi-staggered kususa izindleko zokugcwalisa ngokuphelele: $10.80/inani lebhodi. (bheka i-staggered vs stacked ngokuqhathanisa ) Umkhawulo womklamo yindawo eyengeziwe yomzila engu-5–8% yama-pads e-offset — ukuhweba okucishe kube yinto ezuzisayo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngaphandle kwezifunda ze-BGA fanout ezixinene kakhulu.

3.3 Izindleko Zokufaka Amaplati

Ukufakwa kwethusi kwe-blind ngemigqomo kwengeza u-$3–$8/iphaneli ngomjikelezo ngamunye we-lamination. Kumiklamo yeKlasi 3 edinga ubuncane be-25µm barrel copper (uma kuqhathaniswa no-20µm weKlasi 2), isikhathi sokufakwa kwe-plating sanda ngo-20–30%, okwengeza u-$1–$3/iphaneli. Imiklamo ye-Via-in-pad idinga ukufakwa kwe-cap-plating eyengeziwe ngemva kokugcwalisa ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuthamba kwe-pad yokuhlanganiswa kwe-BGA, okwengeza u-$4–$9/iphaneli.

4) Izindleko Zokuhlola Nokuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi

4.1 Ukuhlolwa Kukagesi Kwebhodi Elingenalutho

Zonke izimpumputhe ezigqitshwe ngama-PCB zidinga ukuhlolwa kukagesi okungu-100%. Izindlela ezimbili kanye nemiphumela yazo yezindleko:

• I-probe yokundiza: Akukho zindleko zokufakwa. Isikhathi sokuhlola: imizuzu engu-4–12 ebhodini ngalinye ukuze kutholakale ubunzima be-HDI. Izindleko: $3–$8/ibhodi kuye ngokuthi inani lingakanani. Kufanelekela ama-prototypes kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphansi kwamabhodi angaphansi kwama-200/i-oda.
• Okusekelwe ku-fixture (umbhede wezipikili): Izindleko zokulungisa: $350–$1,200 kanye. Isikhathi sokuhlola: imizuzwana eyi-15–45 ngebhodi ngalinye. Izindleko: $0.50–$1.50/ibhodi ngemva kokunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa. Izindleko ezingcono kakhulu zingaphezu kwamabhodi angu-300–500/i-oda.

4.2 Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-Ray kokuqinisekisa okungaboni

I-Optical AOI ejwayelekile ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ayiboni ngobuqotho — i-X-ray iyadingeka. (bheka ukuhlolwa kwe-PCB ye-X-ray ) Izindleko:

• Ukusampula (5–10% wamabhodi): $3–12/iphaneli. Ibamba amaphutha ohlelweni; ayiphumeleli ukwehluleka kwebhodi ngalinye.
• Ukuhlolwa okungu-100%: $8–$18/iphaneli. Imininingwane efanele yeSigaba sesi-3 nanoma yiliphi ibhodi lapho ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno se-BGA kubiza khona.

Nge-oda lamabhodi ayi-100 eline-X-ray engu-100% ku-$12/iphaneli kanye namabhodi/iphaneli angu-4: $300 iyonke, noma $3/ibhodi. Nge-oda lamabhodi ayi-1,000 ngencazelo efanayo: $3/ibhodi efanayo — izindleko ze-X-ray zilinganiswa ngokulandelana ngoba izindleko zephaneli ngayinye zizinzile.

4.3 Ukuhlolwa Kokuvinjelwa Okulawulwayo

Ibhodi ngalinye le-impedance elilawulwayo kufanele lithunyelwe nedatha yekhuphoni ye-TDR. Izindleko: $45–$120 ngenqwaba yokukhiqiza yokwenza amakhuphoni kanye nokulinganisa i-TDR (hhayi ngebhodi ngalinye — kuyindleko yezinga elikhulu). Kumabhodi ayi-100/inqwaba: $0.45–$1.20/ibhodi. Kumabhodi ayi-500/inqwaba: $0.09–$0.24/ibhodi. Ukucela isitifiketi sokupasa/sokwehluleka esikhundleni sedatha ye-TDR eluhlaza akugcini lutho ekukhiqizeni — ukuhlolwa kuyafana — kodwa kuqeda ikhono lakho lokuqinisekisa ukuthi inhloso ye-impedance ihlangatshezwe ngempela.

5) I-NRE kanye ne-Tooling: Izindleko Zesikhathi Esisodwa Eziphinde Zenzeke Uma Zingaphathwanga

5.1 Ukwenziwa kwe-NRE kwe-HDI Fabrication

5.2 Umbuzo Wokugcina Amathuluzi

Amafektri amaningi agcina amathuluzi izinyanga ezingu-12-24 mahhala. Ngemva kwalokho, amathuluzi ayahlanzwa noma agcinwe ngemali yokugcina engu-$30–$80 ngenyanga. Uma amathuluzi ehlanzwa futhi ubeka i-oda elisha, yonke i-NRE iyakhokhiswa futhi. Kumadizayini anemijikelezo yoku-oda kabusha yezinyanga ezingu-12+, ukukhokha imali yokugcina ($360–$960 ngonyaka) cishe kushibhile njalo kune-NRE ephindaphindwayo. Njalo cacisa inqubomgomo yokugcina amathuluzi ngaphambi kokufaka i-oda lokuqala, hhayi ngemva kwelesibili.

5.3 Ukubuyekezwa kwe-DFM njengoMshuwalense we-NRE

Ifektri eyenza ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwe-DFM ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukwenziwa ivimbela isimo se-NRE esibiza kakhulu: impendulo ephelele. (bheka inqubo yokubuyekezwa kwe-DFM ) Ukubuyekezwa kwe-DFM emafektri adumile e-HDI akubizi lutho - kufakiwe ku-NRE. Okuhlukahlukayo yikhwalithi nokuphelela kokubuyekezwa. Buza ngokuqondile: ingabe ukuhlolwa kwe-DFM kufaka phakathi ukufaneleka kwe-via-in-pad, amathuba okuguqulwa okuhlanganisiwe, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-impedance stackup? Lezi zinto ezintathu zibamba u-80% wezinkinga ze-HDI DFM ezifanele impendulo.

6) Ngezinqumo Zokwakha Nokuklama Ezilawula Ngokuqondile Izindleko

6.1 Isinqumo Esihlanganisiwe vs. Esihlanganisiwe

Lolu khetho olulodwa lokuklama lunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu wezindleko ngebhodi ngalinye kunanoma yisiphi isinqumo se-HDI ngaphandle kokukhetha uhlobo lwe-HDI:

• Ama-microvia ahlanganisiwe: I-Via ku-L1–L2 ibekwe ngqo ku-via ku-L2–L3. Ivumela ukuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu komzila. Idinga ngokugcwalisa kanye nokuhlelwa phakathi kwemijikelezo ye-lamination. Isengezo sezindleko: $0.05–$0.15/ngokugcwalisa + $1.50–$5.00/iphaneli yokuhlelwa.
• Ama-microvia axakile: I-Via ku-L1–L2 incishiswe okungenani ngo-0.25mm kusukela ku-via ku-L2–L3. Idinga indawo yomzila engu-5–8% eyengeziwe. Izindleko zokugcwalisa noma zokuhlelwa azikho. Ngomklamo we-500-via, ukonga kungu-$25–$75/ibhodi.

Inhlawulo yendawo yokuqondisa ngokujikijela ingokoqobo kodwa iyalawuleka emabhodini angekho emikhawulweni yokuminyana ngokuphelele. Icala lezezimali lokujikijela linamandla kakhulu ngaphandle kwasemiklamo ye-HDI exinene kakhulu.

6.2 I-Via-in-Pad: Uma Kudingeka Futhi Kubiza Kangakanani

I-Via-in-pad (VIP) iyadingeka kuma-pitch e-BGA angu-0.30–0.35mm futhi ngokuvamile angu-0.40mm anenani eliphezulu le-I/O. Imiphumela yezindleko:

• Ukugcwaliswa kwethusi: $0.30–$0.70/nge
• Ukufakwa kwesivalo ukuze kube bushelelezi: kufakiwe enqubweni yokugcwalisa
• Ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe kwe-X-ray: $3–$8/iphaneli
• Ukwabiwa kokulahlekelwa yinzuzo yokuhlanganisa (i-VIP yandisa ingozi yokungabi nalutho kwe-BGA ngo-2–4%): $0.50–$2.00/ibhodi

Lapho iphimbo livumela ithambo lenja ngokusebenzisa i-routing (ngokusebenzisa i-offset engu-0.20–0.30mm ngaphandle kwephedi ye-BGA), lisebenzise. Ithambo lenja lisusa izidingo zokugcwalisa, longa u-$0.25–$0.60/ngokusebenzisa, futhi linciphisa ingozi yokuhlanganisa. Ku-200-via BGA: $50–$120/ngokusebenzisa ibhodi ngaphandle kokushintshana kokusebenza kukagesi.

6.3 Ukuthuthukiswa Kokubalwa Kwezingqimba: Lapho i-HDI Inciphisa Izindleko Eziphelele

I-HDI akuyona njalo inketho ebiza kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa izindleko zesistimu iyonke. Ibhodi elijwayelekile elinezingqimba eziyi-10 lingashintshwa yi-HDI yoHlobo II enezingqimba eziyi-6:

• Izinga elijwayelekile elinezingqimba eziyi-10: $38/ibhodi (izingcezu eziyi-100)
• I-HDI yohlobo lwesibili enezingqimba ezi-6: $62/ibhodi — kubonakala sengathi ibiza kakhulu

Kodwa uma i-HDI enezingqimba ezi-6 ivumela ukunciphisa usayizi webhodi ngo-25%: izindleko ezisebenzayo ezijwayelekile endaweni = $62 × 0.75 = $46.50/ibhodi, kanye nokonga okuvalekile kanye nomkhiqizo kusukela endaweni encane. Emananini okukhiqiza lapho ukunciphisa usayizi womkhiqizo kunenani lemakethe, i-HDI ivame ukunciphisa izindleko zomkhiqizo wonke naphezu kwentengo ephezulu ngebhodi ngalinye. Ukuhlola izindleko ze-PCB ezifihliwe ngaphandle kokubala inani eliphansi kuwukuhlaziywa okungaphelele.

7) Izimpumputhe Ezingabizi Kakhulu Ezingcwatshwe Ngokwenziwa Kwe-PCB Kwase-Highleap

7.1 Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindleko Okusobala Kuyo Yonke Isilinganiso

Yonke ikhotheshini ye-Highleap HDI ihlukaniswa: ukwenziwa kwesisekelo (kuhlukaniswe ngesinyathelo senqubo), i-NRE (ehlelwe ngohlobo olunenqubomgomo yokugcina eshiwo), indlela yokuhlola kanye nezindleko, isimo sekhuphoni le-impedance elilawulwayo, kanye nencazelo yokuhlola i-X-ray. Uyabona kahle ukuthi ukhokhela ini nokuthi yini efakiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthi yini engeziwe ongayikhetha.

7.2 Ukubuyekezwa kwe-DFM Okuvimbela Ukusabela Okusheshayo

Isibuyekezo sethu se-HDI DFM sihlanganisa izinto ezinhlanu ezivame ukuba nesibopho sokufihlwa okungabonakali ngokweqisa kwezindleko ze-PCB: amathuba okuguqulwa okuhlanganisiwe (ngokulinganiswa komthelela wendawo yomzila), ukuhlolwa kwesidingo se-via-in-pad (izindlela zokukhetha i-dog-bone ezitholakala lapho i-pitch ivumela khona), ukuhlaziywa kokunciphisa uhlobo lwe-HDI (ingabe uhlobo lwesibili lungatholakala ngenqubo yohlobo lwe-I?), ukuqinisekiswa kwe-impedance stackup ngokumelene nomgomo wakho ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukwenziwa, kanye nokuhlolwa kokusetshenziswa kwephaneli (izinguquko zobukhulu bebhodi ezithuthukisa ukusetshenziswa ngo-10%+ ziphawulwe ngokonga izindleko okulinganiselwe). Lokhu kubuyekezwa kufakiwe mahhala kuwo wonke umklamo omusha.

7.3 Intengo Yevolumu Nokugcinwa Kwamathuluzi Omjikelezo Wokuphila

I-Highleap igcina amathuluzi izinyanga ezingu-24 ezijwayelekile (izinyanga ezingu-48 zama-akhawunti evolumu) ngaphandle kwenkokhelo yokugcina. Uku-oda kabusha ngaphakathi kwesikhathi sokugcina akuna-NRE eyi-zero. Kumadizayini anemijikelezo yokukhiqiza yezinyanga ezingu-6-18, le nqubomgomo yokugcina yodwa isindisa u-$600-$1,800 ngomjikelezo ngamunye woku-oda kabusha.

7.4 Ukwehliswa Kwezindleko Ngokusebenzisa Isiyalo Senzuzo

Isivuno sethu se-Type I HDI sihlala sisebenza ngo-96–98%. I-Type III HDI isebenza ngo-90–94% — iphakeme kunesilinganiso semboni esingu-85–92% — ngenxa yamasango e-AOI aphakathi kwemijikelezo abamba izinkinga ze-lamination kanye nokubhalisa ngaphambi kokuqala komjikelezo olandelayo kunokuba kube sesivivinyweni sokugcina. Isivuno esiphezulu sisho izindleko ezimbalwa zokufaka esikhundleni ezifihliwe ezifakwe emananini akho kanye nokuphazamiseka okuncane kweshejuli okuvela emicimbini yokulethwa okufushane.

Thola Ukungaboni Kwakho Nge-PCB Cost Breakup