I-PCB Yokwandisa Imbobo ye-USB: Ukwakheka, Ukukhiqiza, Ukuhlanganisa

Isandisi sembobo ye-USB siguqula imbobo eyodwa ye-USB ibe yiningi. Kodwa i-“USB port expander” ichaza okungenani izigaba ezine zemikhiqizo ezihlukene ngokuphelele — ama-hub asebenza ngedeskithophu, ama-adaptha e-travel multi-port, ama-hub e-OEM ahlanganisiwe akhelwe kuma-laptop nama-monitor, kanye nama-replicator embobo yezimboni. Ngayinye inezindleko ze-BOM ezahlukene, i-form factor, umthombo wamandla, ububanzi besitifiketi, kanye nomthamo wokukhiqiza. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlukanisa konke ngezincazelo, amanani, kanye nezinqumo ze-PCB ngemuva kweyodwa.

Okuqukethwe

1. Izigaba Ezine Zomkhiqizo Ngaphansi Kwegama Elilodwa
2. Ama-Hub Asebenzisa I-Desktop kanye Neziteshi Zokushaja
3. Ama-Travel Hubs, Ama-adaptha E-USB-C Ama-Multi-Port kanye Neziteshi Zokudokha
4. Izikhulisi Zezimbobo ze-USB Ezifakiwe Zemikhiqizo ye-OEM
5. Ama-Replicator Ezindawo Zokukhiqiza kanye Nama-USB Hubs Afakwa Ku-Rack
6. Ukuletha i-USB Port Expander Emakethe nge-Highleap

1. Izigaba Ezine Zomkhiqizo Ngaphansi Kwegama Elilodwa

Lezi zigaba ezine zabelana ngobuchwepheshe obufanayo obuyinhloko — i-USB hub IC ku-PCB — kodwa ziyahlukahluka kuzo zonke ezinye izici: indawo ebiyelwe, ukwakheka kwamandla, uhlobo lwesixhumi, isilinganiso sokushisa, ububanzi besitifiketi, kanye nomthamo wokukhiqiza. Umkhiqizo ophumelelayo ufanisa ukucaciswa kwawo ngqo nesigaba sawo kunokuzama ukuba yikho konke.

2. Ama-Hub Asebenzisa I-Desktop kanye Neziteshi Zokushaja

Indawo emnandi kakhulu yemikhiqizo ye-USB yabathengi. Ikhasimende lifuna ama-port e-USB engeziwe edeskini lalo ngaphandle kokukhipha i-plug kumadivayisi akhona. Okushukumisa ukubuyekezwa komkhiqizo: ukubalwa okuthembekile (i-port ngayinye isebenza njalo) kanye nogesi wokushaja owanele (amafoni empeleni ayashaja, hhayi nje ukuconsa).

Ihabhu elinamandla le-USB 3.0 elinamachweba amane. Umkhiqizo ojwayelekile wedeskithophu. Ihabhu le-VL817 IC, i-USB-A engu-4 engezansi, i-adaptha engu-12 V/2.5 A, i-port ngayinye engu-900 mA enokutholwa kokushaja kwe-BC1.2 kumachweba angu-1–2. I-Aluminium evalekile yokushaja ukushisa kanye nomuzwa we-premium. Izinkomba ze-LED nge-port ngayinye kanye nokushintsha kwamandla ngamanye yizici ezihlukanisa izinhlobo ze-premium (i-Anker, i-Sabrent, i-UGREEN) emikhiqizweni ye-Amazon engadumile. I-PCB: Izingqimba ezi-4, 60 × 40 mm. I-BOM ku-10K: $5–8.

Ama-hub anama-port angu-7 kanye nama-port angu-10. Kwezindawo zokusebenza, ukuhlela amavidiyo, ukukhiqizwa komsindo. Ukwakhiwa kwangaphakathi: ama-IC amabili anama-port angu-4 ahlukaniswe nge-cascaded abelana nge-upstream eyodwa — lokhu kubiza kakhulu kunokusebenzisa i-IC eyodwa enama-port angu-7 kumadizayini amaningi. Ihlala ikwazi ukuzisebenzisa. I-BOM ku-10K: $8–15.

Isiteshi sokushaja + inhlanganisela yehabhu. Amachweba edatha ahlukene (i-USB-A) kanye namachweba okushaja kuphela (i-USB-C noma i-USB-A ene-DCP/QC/PD). Amachweba okushaja awadluli kwi-hub IC — axhuma ngqo kugesi nge-IC yokulawula iphrothokholi yokushaja. I-PCB idinga umzila we-VBUS wethusi osindayo ukuze kube nemisinga ephelele engu-10–15 A. I-PCB yethusi esindayo enezendlalelo zangaphakathi ezingu-2 oz iyinto ejwayelekile kulolu hlobo lomkhiqizo.

Ama-hub aphezulu e-USB-C. Izinga elisha: ikhebula le-USB-C eliya kwi-laptop, ama-port e-USB-A ezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezindala, i-PD yokudlula ongayikhetha ukuze ushaje i-laptop nge-hub. Ixazulula "inkinga ye-dongle" edalwe ama-laptop asuse i-USB-A. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-USB-C echwebeni eliphezulu kunezela ukuphathwa kwephini le-CC, isilawuli se-PD, kanye ne-HDI fanout ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB.

3. Ama-Travel Hubs, Ama-adaptha E-USB-C Ama-Multi-Port kanye Neziteshi Zokudokha

Ingxenye yokuhamba ibeka phambili ubuncane, isisindo esincane, kanye nokusebenza okusebenzisa ibhasi (akukho adaptha yokuthwala).

Ihabhu ye-USB-A encane enamachweba amane. Umkhiqizo wokungena. Isebenza ngebhasi, ikhebula le-USB elingu-50 × 30 mm, elixhunywe unomphela. 100–125 mA ngechweba ngalinye ngemuva kwehebhu. Ifanele amagundane, amakhibhodi, ama-flash drive — hhayi ama-drive angaphandle noma ukushaja. Ukuthengisa $8–20. I-PCB: Izingqimba ezi-2, i-BOM $1.50–2.50.

I-adaptha yamachweba amaningi e-USB-C angu-5-in-1 / 7-in-1. Umkhiqizo wokuhamba okhula ngokushesha. Ikhebula elilodwa le-USB-C eliya kwi-laptop linikeza: amachweba e-USB-A, ukuphuma kwe-HDMI 4K, isifundi sekhadi le-SD, ngezinye izikhathi i-Ethernet kanye ne-USB-C PD pass-through. Isebenza ngebhasi kusuka ku-host ye-USB-C. I-PCB: Isendlalelo esingu-4–6 esine- HDI PCB ye-USB-C fanout, cishe u-70 × 30 mm. I-BOM: $8–25. Izitolo: $25–80.

Isiteshi sokudokha se-USB-C. Sikhulu kune-adaptha yokuhamba — isesekeli sedeski esihlala isikhathi eside. Ikhebula elilodwa le-USB-C lithatha indawo yazo zonke izixhumanisi ze-laptop: i-USB, ama-monitor amabili e-HDMI/DP, i-Gigabit Ethernet, umsindo, ukushaja okungu-60–100 W PD. I-Multi-chip PCB (ihabhu + CC + PD + ividiyo + Ethernet + umsindo). I-HDI engu-6–8, cishe engu-100 × 60 mm. I-BOM: $25–60. Ukuthengisa: $80–250. Lesi yisigaba se-premium esiqhuba utshalomali olukhulu kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komkhiqizo.

Ama-hub e-OTG ocingweni. Ama-hub e-USB OTG (On-The-Go) akhona efonini njenge-adaptha yokusingatha, evumela izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukuthi zixhumeke efonini noma kuthebhulethi. I-compact, inikwe amandla ngebhasi, ngokuvamile i-USB-C noma i-Micro-USB phezulu kanye ne-2–3 USB-A phansi. I-PCB: Isendlalelo esingu-2–4, esingu-30 × 15 mm. Izitolo: $10–30.

4. Izikhulisi Zezimbobo ze-USB Ezifakiwe Zemikhiqizo ye-OEM

Ama-expander e-USB port afakiwe awawona imikhiqizo yokuthengisa — angama-PCB ahlanganiswe kuma-laptop, ama-monitor, ama-PC aphelele, ama-kiosk, izimoto, kanye nemishini yezimboni. Yilapho inani elikhulu kakhulu likhona khona: cishe wonke ama-laptop athengiswayo afaka okungenani i-USB hub IC eyodwa efakiwe ukuze kwandiswe ama-port e-USB alinganiselwe e-chipset kukhibhodi, i-touchpad, i-webcam, i-fingerprint reader, i-Bluetooth radio, kanye nezixhumi zangaphandle.

Ama-hub angaphakathi e-laptop: I-hub IC itholakala ku-motherboard ye-laptop, hhayi ku-PCB ehlukile. I-OEM icacisa i-hub IC (ngokuvamile i-Microchip USB2422 yama-port amabili, noma i-VL817 yama-port amane e-USB 3.0) njengengxenye yomklamo we-motherboard. Umthamo: izigidi zamayunithi ngesizukulwane semodeli ye-laptop.

Ama-hub afakwe ku-monitor: Ama-port e-USB angu-2–4 ngemuva noma ohlangothini lwesibonisi. I-PCB ye-hub ihlanganiswe nezinto zikagesi zangaphakathi ze-monitor. I-Upstream ixhuma kwi-PC yomsebenzisi nge-port ye-USB ye-monitor. Umthamo: amashumi ezigidi ngonyaka emakethe ye-monitor yomhlaba wonke.

Ama-Kiosk kanye nama-POS terminal hubs: ama-port e-USB angu-2-4 ngaphakathi kwe-kiosk yesikena sebhakhodi, iphrinta yerisidi, isifundi sekhadi, kanye nesibonisi samakhasimende. Izinga lezimboni elinokushisa okunwetshiwe. I-PCB: Izingqimba ezine, cishe u-50 × 30 mm. Ukukhiqizwa kwebhodi lesekethe le-OEM lama-embedded hubs kungenye yezigaba ezinevolumu ephezulu kunoma yisiphi isikhungo sokuhlanganisa i-PCB esigxile ku-USB.

Ama-hub okuzijabulisa ngezimoto: Izingxenye ezifanelekile ze-AEC-Q100 (TI TUSB8044-Q1), izinga lokushisa elandisiwe (−40 kuya ku-+85 °C), ukuhlanganiswa okumelana nokudlidliza, kanye nokuhambisana ne-EMC yezimoto (CISPR 25). I-PCB idinga izinqubo zokukhiqiza i-PCB yezimoto ezinemibhalo ye-PPAP.

5. Ama-Replicator Ezindawo Zokukhiqiza kanye Nama-USB Hubs Afakwa Ku-Rack

Izikhulisi ze-USB zezimboni zikhonza ukuzenzekela kwefektri, izimpawu zedijithali, amapulazi okuphatha amadivayisi, izintambo zokuthengisa, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezempi/zikahulumeni. Izinto ezibalulekile ezihlukanisa imikhiqizo yabathengi:

Ukufakwa kwesitimela se-DIN. Isitimela se-DIN esijwayelekile esingu-35 mm sokufakwa kwekhabhinethi yokulawula. Isikhala senziwe ngensimbi (i-aluminium embozwe ngophuphu noma insimbi engagqwali), hhayi ipulasitiki. Ubukhulu be-PCB bufana nendawo yesikhala, ngokuvamile kusuka ku-120 × 70 mm kuma-port angu-4 kuya ku-200 × 120 mm kuma-port angu-16.

Amandla e-DC okufaka okubanzi. Imikhiqizo yezimboni yamukela okokufaka okungu-9–48 V DC (akuyona i-adaptha engu-5 V ehleliwe). Isiguquli se-buck esibanzi esisebhodini sehla siye ku-5 V se-USB VBUS. Ukuvikelwa kokufaka: i-reverse polarity, ukucindezelwa kokunyuka, kanye nokuhlunga kwe-EMI. I-PCB kumele ifake i-inductor yesiguquli se-buck, ama-MOSFET, kanye nama-capacitor okufaka/okukhiphayo ngesikhala esanele se-voltage yokufaka elinganisiwe.

Ukulawulwa nokuqapha nge-port ngayinye. Ama-hub ezimboni avame ukuhlinzeka ngamandla okuvula/ukuvala nge-port ngayinye alawulwa yisofthiwe (ngemibiko ye-USB HID noma i-SNMP yamamodeli axhunywe kunethiwekhi), ukuqapha kwamanje nge-port ngayinye, kanye nesimo se-LED nge-port ngayinye. Lokhu kudinga i-microcontroller (STM32, PIC, noma efanayo) ku-PCB ngaphezu kwe-hub IC — ukufunda iziteshi ze-ADC zamanje kanye nokuxhumana nomsingathi nge-endpoint yokulawula.

Izinga lokushisa elandisiwe kanye ne-EMC. −40 kuya ku-+85 °C nge -laminate ye-PCB ene-Tg ephezulu . EN 61000-6-2 (ukungavikeleki kwezimboni), EN 61000-6-4 (ukukhishwa kwezimboni). Ukuvikelwa kokunyuka kwegesi kuzo zonke izimbobo zangaphandle ngokwe-IEC 61000-4-5.

Amapulazi amadivayisi anezimbobo ezingu-16 kanye namadivayisi anezimbobo ezingu-32. Asetshenziselwa amapulazi amadivayisi e-smartphone/tablet (ukuhlolwa kohlelo lokusebenza, ukukhanya kwe-firmware, ukuphathwa kwe-MDM), ama-wallet e-cryptocurrency, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezifakiwe. I-topology ye-hub ecascaded ene-per-port power switching kanye nokuqapha. I-PCB: I-VBUS yethusi enezingqimba ezingu-8, ubude obungu-200+ mm, esindayo. I-BOM: $35–100+ kuye ngenani lezimbobo nezici.

6. Ukuletha i-USB Port Expander Emakethe nge-Highleap

I-Highleap Electronics ikhiqiza ama-PCB okwandisa imbobo ye-USB yemikhiqizo yokuthengisa, ama-OEM, abahlanganisi bezinhlelo, kanye nabathengisi bamalebula azimele. Insizakalo yethu ihlanganisa indlela ephelele yokuthuthukiswa kuya ekukhiqizeni:

Imiklamo yereferensi. Kumakhasimende angenayo imiklamo ekhona, sinikeza imiklamo yereferensi eqinisekisiwe yokucushwa okuvamile: ihabhu yedeskithophu ye-USB 3.0 enamachweba angu-4, i-adaptha yokuhamba ye-USB-C engu-7-in-1, ihabhu yelaptop enamachweba amabili ehlanganisiwe, iyunithi yesitimela se-DIN enamachweba angu-8 yezimboni. Ukusebenzisa umklamo wereferensi kunciphisa isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kusukela ezinyangeni kuya emavikini.

Ukwenziwa kwe-PCB. Ukwakhiwa kwezingqimba eziningi ezinezingqimba ezimbili kuya kweziyi-12. I-impedance elawulwayo (90 Ω ± 5%) iqinisekiswe ngamakhuphoni e-TDR. Ukwenziwa okulawulwa yi-impedance kwama-USB differential pairs. Amandla e-HDI ekwakhiweni okujiyile kwe-USB-C. Ithusi elisindayo lezindiza zamandla esiteshini sokushaja.

Ukuhlanganiswa. I-SMT ephelele + i-solder yamagagasi ekhethiwe. Ukutholwa kwengxenye yomsabalalisi ogunyaziwe. I-AOI + i-X-ray yama-IC ehabhu le-BGA. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza okungu-100% kuwo wonke amabhodi ahlanganisiwe: Ukubalwa kwe-USB, ukudluliselwa kwe-port ngayinye, ukulethwa kwamanje kwe-port ngayinye, indawo yohambo lwe-OCP.

Ukwakhiwa kwebhokisi. Kwemikhiqizo elungele ukuthengiswa: ukuhlanganiswa kwebhokisi — i-PCB, indawo ebiyelwe, izintambo, izesekeli, ukupakisha, izinto eziphrintiwe. Kuthunyelwa njengomkhiqizo oqediwe olungele ukuthengiswa noma ukusatshalaliswa. Ukupakisha okunelebula yangasese, izincwadi zemiyalelo zezilimi eziningi, kanye nama-adapter kagesi athile ezweni kuyatholakala.

Thumela imininingwane yomkhiqizo wakho we-USB port expander ukuze uthole isilinganiso sokukhiqiza — faka isigaba somkhiqizo, inani le-port, inguqulo ye-USB, isidingo samandla, ivolumu eqondiwe, kanye nobubanzi besitifiketi.

Okuhlobene: Umklamo we-PCB yehabhu le-USB · Ukukhethwa komkhiqizi we-PCB yehabhu le-USB · Imikhiqizo yesiguquli se-USB · Izinhlelo ze-USB expander · Ukuhlanganiswa kwesixhumi se-USB-C

4. Ama-USB-C Multi-Port Docks: Umkhiqizo Wokuhlangana

Isigaba sokuguqula i-USB esikhula ngokushesha sihlanganisa amabhuloho amaningi abe umkhiqizo owodwa — isiteshi sokufaka i-USB-C. Ikhebula elilodwa elivela kwi-laptop linikeza: idatha ye-USB (ihabhu), ividiyo (i-HDMI/DP), inethiwekhi (i-Ethernet), umsindo, isifundi sekhadi, kanye namandla (ukudlula kwe-PD). I-IC stack evamile:

I-PCB: I-HDI engu-6–8, cishe engu-100 × 60 mm. I-BOM: $25–60. Izitolo: $80–250. Lona umkhiqizo we-USB wabathengi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu — ukwakheka kudinga ukuhlukaniswa ngokucophelela kwezingxenye zamandla zedijithali ezisheshayo, umsindo we-analog, kanye namandla anamandla aphezulu. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-PCB ye-HDI ngama-vias angaboni/afihliwe kuyindinganiso yalesi sigaba somkhiqizo.

5. Imithetho Yokuklama i-PCB Esebenza Kuzo Zonke Iziguquli ze-USB

Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo oluthile lwesiguquli, yonke i-PCB yesiguquli se-USB yabelana ngalezi zidingo ohlangothini lwe-USB:

I-impedance ye-USB differential pair: 90 Ω ±10% (USB 2.0) noma ±5% (USB 3.x). Sebenzisa ukwenziwa kwe-PCB okulawulwa yi-impedance ngamakhuphoni aqinisekiswe yi-TDR.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-ESD: Ama-TVS diode arrays kuzo zonke izixhumi ze-USB zangaphandle, ngaphakathi kwe-1.5 mm yama-pad. Akukho okuhlukile — umcimbi wokuqala we-ESD ongenasivikelo ubhubhisa i-IC yebhuloho.

Ukuhlukanisa: I-ceramic engu-100 nF X7R ngaphakathi kwama-2 mm kusuka ku-pin ngayinye yamandla e-IC yebhuloho. Isisindo esingu-10 µF ku-rail ngayinye enkulu. Kuma-IC ebhuloho asebenza ngaphezu kwe-1 GHz ngaphakathi, ama-capacitor engeziwe angu-1–10 nF ahlanganisa imvamisa ephakathi kuya phezulu.

Ukubekwa kwekristalu/i-oscillator: Ama-IC amaningi e-USB bridge adinga ikristalu engu-12 MHz (±50 ppm) enama-capacitor angu-18 pF load. Beka ikristalu ngaphakathi kwama-5 mm e-IC ngemikhondo emifushane, elinganayo. Hlukanisa ithusi eligayiwe ngaphansi kwekristalu ukuze unciphise ukuxhumanisa komsindo.

Ukuhambisana nesikhombimsebenzisi sokuphuma: I-Ethernet idinga ama-magnetics e-IEEE 802.3; i-HDMI idinga ukulawulwa kwe-TMDS impedance; i-CAN idinga ukuhambisana ne-ISO 11898 transceiver. Ukuhambisana ngakunye kokukhipha kunezela isethi yayo yemingcele ye-PCB — uhlangothi lwe-USB luyingxenye yomklamo kuphela.

Ukuphathwa kokushisa: Ama-IC ebhuloho achitha ngaphezu kwe-1 W (i-Ethernet, ividiyo, umsindo one-headphone amp) adinga ama-vias okushisa ngaphansi kwe-IC axhumanisa nezindiza zangaphakathi zomhlaba. Ngaphandle kwawo, i-IC igijima ngaphezu kokushisa kwayo okulinganiselwe kwe-junction futhi iyakwazi ukuphotha noma yehluleke ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

6. Ukukhiqiza ama-PCB e-USB Converter e-Highleap

I-Highleap ikhiqiza ama-PCB okuguqula i-USB kuzo zonke izigaba — kusukela kumakhebula e-BOM USB-to-UART angu-$0.50 kuya eziteshini zokufaka i-BOM USB-C ezingu-$50+.

Ukuguquguquka komthamo: Iphrothokholi yamayunithi angu-50 isebenza kuma-converter ezimboni ezikhethekile ibe yi-100K+ yemikhiqizo yabathengi. I-DFM efanayo kanye nezinqubo zekhwalithi kuzo zonke izigaba.

Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuxubile: I-SMT (ibhuloho i-IC, i-ESD, ukuhlukanisa) + imbobo edlulayo (izixhumi ze-USB, i-RJ-45, i-DB9, amabhlogo wetheminali, ama-barrel jacks). I-SMT iphinde igeleze kuqala, bese kuba yi-selective wave solder yezixhumi ze-TH. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Turnkey PCB kusingatha konke ukutholwa kwezingxenye ngeziteshi ezigunyaziwe.

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza: Isici sokuhlola esenziwe ngokwezifiso ngomkhiqizo ngamunye: Ukubalwa kwe-USB, ukuphuma kwe-interface eguquliwe (ukunemba kwe-UART baud, ukulahleka kwephakethe le-Ethernet, ukuqinisekiswa kokukhishwa kwevidiyo), ukuhlolwa kokuhlukaniswa kwabaguquli bezimboni.

Cela isilinganiso se-PCB sesiguquli se-USB — faka uhlobo lwesiguquli, ivolumu, kanye nanoma yiziphi izidingo zesitifiketi.

Okuhlobene: Umklamo we-PCB wehabhu le-USB · Ukuhlanganiswa kwesixhumi se-USB-C · Izinhlelo zesandisi se-USB · Imikhiqizo yesandisi sembobo ye-USB