Zvinhu gumi zvePCB zveFR-4, Low-Loss uye RF Boards

Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvePCB ine layer 10 hakusi tafura yekutsvaga inoshandura zita reinterface kuita brand ye laminate. Bhodhi rine DDR5, PCI Express kana SerDes inokurumidza kugadzirwa rinogona kugadzirwa pane akati wandei ma resin systems, zvichienderana nehurefu hwe channel, copper profile, trace geometry, connector loss, kuburikidza ne transitions, tembiricha exposure uye equalization ye receiver. Kusiyana neizvi, nzira pfupi inogona kutadza pa laminate inodhura kana nzira yekudzoka, kuburikidza ne field kana reference-plane transition isina kunaka.

Gwaro iri rinobata sarudzo yezvinhu sesarudzo yeinjiniya kwete hurongwa hwekushambadzira. Rinotsanangura zvinorehwa nezvivakwa zvakaburitswa, kuti nhamba dzepepa redata dzinogona kuenzaniswa sei, kuti mhangura negirazi zvinokanganisa sei chiteshi chapera, uye kuti chii chinofanira kudzorwa kana zvinhu zviviri zvabatanidzwa muchikamu chimwe chete. Sarudzo dzepurojekiti dzinofanirwa kuongororwa pamwe chete nechikamu chegumi chechikamu uye chirongwa chechiteshi chinomhanya kwazvo chisati chaomeswa.

Tanga Nezvinodiwa Nemagetsi Nekuvimbika

Sarudzo yechinhu chinobatsira inotanga nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo bhodhi rapera rinofanira kurarama uye mashandiro emagetsi ayo chiteshi chinofambiswa chinofanira kuita. Seti shoma yekupinda i signaling spectrum kana compliance mask, kureba kwakanyanya kwenzira, kurasikirwa kwekuisa kunobvumirwa, nhamba inotarisirwa uye rudzi rwekuchinja, kurongeka kwe reference-plane, assembly profile, huwandu hwekupisa kwechigadzirwa uye kirasi yekuvimbika inodiwa. Chinhu chinozosarudzwa sechikamu chimwe chebhajeti rese rekurasikirwa uye kuvimbika.

"High Tg," "low loss" uye "RF material" zvikamu, kwete zvirevo zvakakwana. Mhando yakasarudzwa, resin content, glass style, core thickness, prepreg construction uye copper foil zvese zvinofanirwa kuzivikanwa usati waona kuti geometry yekupedzisira ye impedance kana channel simulation yaburitswa.

Maitiro Ekuverenga Pepa reData reLaminate Pasina Kusanganisa Nzira dzeKuyedza

Makoshero akaburitswa anowanzo kuyerwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Kukosha kwemutsara wakasungirirwa, kukosha kwe resonator uye kukosha kwekugadzira kunobva ku impedance hazvichinjiki kunyangwe zvikataurwa panguva imwe chete. Data rinogonawo kutsanangura sisitimu ye resin pane kuvaka kwegirazi-ne-resin chaiko kunoshandiswa mu stackup. Nekuda kweizvi, nhamba imwe chete yeDk yakakopwa mu field solver inogona kugadzira upamhi hwetrace hunogoneka asi husina kururama.

Pakupindira, mugadziri anowanzo shandisa "dhizaini Dk" yakarongwa nenzira yakatarwa kana modhi yekuongorora ine chekuita nekuvakwa kwechinhu chakati. Pakuenzanisa kwekupinza-kurasikirwa, modhi inofanirawo kuona kuomarara kwemhangura uye, pamafrequencies akakwira, magadzirirwo chaiwo egirazi kana chimiro chakafanana cheanisotropic. Modhi inoshandiswa pakugadzira uye zvinhu zvinounzwa nekutenga zvinofanirwa kureva kuvakwa kumwe chete.

Mhuri dzezvinhu zvinoshandiswa muMabhodhi ane zvidimbu gumi

Masisitimu eFR-4 akajairika uye anodziya zvakanyanya

FR-4 inofukidza mhuri yakakura ye thermoset laminates dzakarukwa negirazi. Yakakodzera mabhodhi akawanda edhijitari, ekutonga, esimba uye ane mwero, asi giredhi chaiyo ichiri kukosha. Bhodhi rine zvidimbu gumi rine ma cycles akawanda e reflow, maburi ane aspect-ratio plated ane maburi akawanda kana sequential lamination ingada kuwedzera kweZ-axis yakaderera, nguva yakareba ye delamination uye kushanda kuri nani kweCAF pane chigadzirwa chiri nyore chine zvidimbu zviviri. "Kutevedzera RoHS" hazvirevi kuti giredhi rega rega reFR-4 rakakodzera kune yega yega isina lead assembly profile.

High-Tg FR-4 inowanzo sarudzwa kuti ionekwe kana paine thermal uye dimensional margin, kwete nekuti Tg inosarudza zvakananga kumhanya kwesignali. Nzira pfupi, inofambiswa zvakanaka inogona kushanda pane system yakanaka yeFR-4; nzira yakareba ingada dielectric shoma uye conductor loss. Sarudzo yacho inofanira kubva pakuongorora kurasikirwa uye kuvimbika pane protocol-to-material slogan.

Ma laminates edhijitari asina kurasikirwa zvakanyanya

Mhuri dzakadai sePanasonic MEGTRON, Isola I-Tera nedzimwe nzira dzinomhanya zvakanyanya dzinoderedza kurasikirwa kwe dielectric uye dzinowanzo kuwanikwa nesarudzo dzemhangura dzakapfava. Hadzichinjike otomatiki. Mhuri yega yega ine mamakisi akawanda, uye kukosha kweDk/Df kunoenderana nerudzi rwechigadzirwa, nzira yekuyedza, huwandu hwe resin uye kuvakwa kwegirazi. Semuenzaniso, mabhuku eI-Tera MT40 aripo anopa kukosha kwemusoro wenyaya kutenderedza Dr 3.45 neDf 0.0031, nepo matafura ekuvaka achiratidza kuti ma cores ega ega uye prepregs akasiyana. Kusiyana ikoko kwekuvaka ndicho chikonzero nei stackup inotenderwa ichifanira kuratidza zvinopfuura zita remhuri.

MEGTRON 6, MEGTRON 7 naMEGTRON 8 vanomiririra mhuri dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa uye mazinga ekushanda. Mugadziri anofanira kudoma hunhu hwemagetsi nemaitiro anodiwa kana giredhi chaiyo - kwete kunyora "M6 kana yakaenzana" uye kubvumira kutsiva kusingadzoreki. Pahuwandu hwepamusoro hwedata, sarudzo yemhangura uye kuburikidza nezvivakwa zvinogona kutonga musiyano uripo pakati pema dielectric maviri anowanzo rasikirwa zvishoma.

Masisitimu ekurasikirwa zvakanyanya uye anomhanya zvakanyanya

Isola Tachyon 100G muenzaniso wesystem ine kurasikirwa kwakaderera zvakanyanya. Pepa rayo rezvigadzirwa parizvino rine misoro yenyaya dziri pedyo neDk 3.02 neDf 0.0021, asi matafura ayo ekuvaka akadzama anoratidza zvakare kusiyana kwehuwandu hwegirazi neresin. Zvinhu izvi zvinosarudzwa kana ongororo yechiteshi ichizvitsigira; hazvifanirwe kutsanangurwa sechisungo chepamutemo chega chega chedhizaini ye112G kana PCIe.

Magirazi eRF akavakirwa paHydrocarbon/ceramic uye PTFE

laminate ine hunyanzvi hwakaderera uye laminate ine hunyanzvi hwakaderera ndeye thermoset laminates dzakarukwa negirazi dzakasimbiswa nehydrocarbon/ceramic, kwete PTFE laminates. laminate ine hunyanzvi hwakaderera inoburitswa paDk 3.38 neDf 0.0027 pa10 GHz; laminate ine hunyanzvi hwakaderera inopa sarudzo inoenderana nemaitiro ane hunhu hwakasiyana hwemagetsi uye hwekubvira. laminate ine hunyanzvi hwakaderera inopawo mhuri dzechokwadi dzePTFE dzakadai seyakasarudzwa PTFE-based low-loss laminate ine hunyanzvi hwakaderera. Mhuri chaiyo inoenderana nehuwandu, kurasikirwa, kushivirira kweDk, kuwedzera kwekupisa, zvinodiwa zvepurasitiki-kuburikidza-gomba, kupisa uye maitiro ekugadzira.

Kusanganisa RF core mu FR-4 multilayer kunogona kushanda, asi zvinhu zvinobatanidza, kugadzirisa mhangura, kuboora uye kupedzisa pamusoro zvinofanira kusarudzwa kuti zvivakwe zvizere. Zita rekambani chete haritsananguri hybrid inogadzirwa.

Masisitimu ePolyimide ekushandura flex uye rigid-flex

Maseketi anochinjika anoshandisa mafirimu epolyimide, masisitimu ekunamira kana ma laminates asina kunamatira emhangura, coverlay uye ma foil emhangura akasarudzwa. DuPont Pyralux AP imhuri ye laminate inochinjika isina kunamatira; Pyralux TK yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa kunochinjika kunoderedza kurasikirwa. Sarudzo yakakodzera inoenderana nebasa rekukotama, kuwanda kwezvikamu, impedance, tembiricha uye maitiro e rigid-flex lamination. Makumbo ekuisa anochinjika uye kuchinjika kunochinjika kunoramba kuripo matambudziko akasiyana ekugadzira uye haafanirwe kugoverana chirevo chimwe chete chekukotama-radius.

Foiri yeCopper, Girazi Rakarukwa uye Resin Yakazara

Kukosha kwemhangura kunofanirwa kuitwa mumuenzaniso wekurasikirwa

Kana magetsi akawandisa, anosvika pamusoro pemuchina wemagetsi. Nzvimbo yakamanikana inotambanudza nzira inoshanda yemagetsi uye inowedzera kurasikirwa kwemuchina wemagetsi. Zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvine electrodeposition, reverse-treated foil, very-low-profile uye hyper-low-profile zvinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwakasiyana kwekuisa pa dielectric imwe chete. Kuchinjana hakusi kungoti "kunyorova kuri nani": kunamira, oxide treatment, resin chemistry, kubata uye mutengo zvinofanirwa kuramba zvichienderana nemaitiro ekugadzira.

Dhirowa yekugadzira inofanira kuratidza kirasi yefoil inotenderwa kana modhi yepamusoro yekukombama inoshandiswa mukuenzanisa. Mazita ekushambadzira akadai seVLP neHVLP haana kuenzana zvakakwana pakati pevatengesi, saka purojekiti ingangoda chimiro chefoil chakanangana nemutengesi kana chinodiwa chekukombama chinoyerwa.

Kuruka kwegirazi kunochinja Dr yemuno uye skew

Girazi rakarukwa neresin zvine hunhu hwakasiyana hwe dielectric. Chidimbu chakamanikana kana chimwe chezvikamu zviviri zve differential pair chinogona kufamba zvakanyanya pamusoro pemagirazi, ukuwo chidimbu chiri pedyo chichifamba munzvimbo dzine resin yakawanda, zvichiita kuti pave nekunonoka kusawirirana. Magadzirirwo egirazi akapararira, nzira yekubatanidza mativi maviri egirazi, nzira yekubatanidza mativi maviri egirazi, nzira dzakafara, nzvimbo yakakura yekubatanidza mativi maviri pazvinenge zvakakodzera, uye nzira yekunyora mifananidzo isina kurongeka ndiyo nzira dzekuderedza kusvibiswa. Sarudzo chaiyo inoenderana nemaitiro chaiwo egirazi uye bhajeti re skew.

Kuwanda kweresin kunokanganisawo ukobvu hwakadzvanywa uye kushanda zvakanaka kweDk. Prepreg haisi pepa repurasitiki rakapfava: ukobvu hwayo hwekupedzisira hunoenderana nerudzi rwegirazi, huwandu hweresin, huwandu hwemhangura, kutenderera kwekudzvanywa uye kuyerera kweresin yemuno. Saka kuverenga kwestackup kunofanirwa kushandisa modhi yekudzvanywa kwemugadziri kwete ukobvu hwekatalogu chete.

Kuunganidza Zvinhu Zvakasanganiswa uye Kudzora Kutsiva

Musanganiswa we hybrid unoisa zvinhu zvinorasikirwa zvishoma kana kuti RF chete pazvinogadzira kukosha kunoyerwa, senge pamigero yakasarudzwa ye stripline kana RF surface layer. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu, asi zvinowedzera basa reinjiniya. Mugadziri anofanira kuzadzisa bondply kana prepreg, cure cycle, resin flow, inner-layer treatment, dimensional compensation, drilling, desmear uye plated-hole reliability yesystem yakabatana.

Kutsiva zvinhu kunofanira kuitwa nenzira imwe chete panzira nhatu: hapana kuchinja pasina mvumo yakanyorwa; kuchinja kubva pane runyorwa rwakatenderwa chete; kana kuchinja kunodzorwa mushure mekunge mutengesi apa stackup yakagadziriswazve, kuverenga impedance uye humbowo hunodiwa. "Kirasi yekushanda kwakaenzana" haisi mvumo yakakwana.

Kuvimbika kweThermal, HDI uye Kuonekwa kweGungano

Kuvimbika kwema layer gumi kunokonzerwa nehupenyu hwese hwekupisa. Kakawanda kanogona kuona kutenderera kwekutanga kwe lamination, nepo HDI construction inowedzera kutenderera kwakatevedzana uye inogona kusanganisira kuzadza mhangura, planarization uye mamwe mabasa ekugadzirisa. Kupera kwenzvimbo, kuungana kwezvikamu uye kugadzirisa patsva zvinozowedzera kuratidzwa. Sisitimu yezvinhu inofanira kushivirira nzira yese, kwete kungoita peak imwe chete ye reflow.

Humbowo hwakakodzera hunogona kusanganisira maitiro eT260/T288, Z-axis CTE, hunyoro, kutevedzera kudzokororwa kwemvura, kupatsanurwa kwemvura, kupatsanurwa kwemvura, uye kuyedzwa kwekubatanidza. Miedzo inoshanda uye frequency yemuenzaniso zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa netsanangudzo yechigadzirwa uye njodzi. Hazvina kururama kutaura kuti Td value chaiyo inogadzira otomatiki chinhu "chinodiwa" kune nhamba yakatarwa yezvikamu zvakaunganidzwa. Kuburikidza ne geometry, resin system, copper plating, hunyoro, press cycle uye coupon design zvese zvinobatsira.

Kune HDI, ukobvu hwe dielectric pasi pe microvia hunosarudzwa pamwe chete nedhayamita yelaser uye nzvimbo yekubata. Microvia dzakaunganidzwa zvakare dzinoda maitiro ane kuzadza kwakaratidzwa uye kuvimbika kweinterfacial. Peji rezvinhu rinofanira kutsigira sarudzo iyoyo, nepo hurongwa hwekuvaka nekugamuchira zviri mu 10 layer HDI engineering specification.

Zvekupfeka paOrder yeKugadzira neKutenga

Odha yekutenga inoti "high-Tg FR-4" kana kuti "MEGTRON yakaenzana" chete inosiya zvakawanda pachena. Chinyorwa chekugadzira zvinhu chinofanira kuratidza giredhi rakatenderwa kana zvirevo zvekushanda, mutemo wekutsiva, zvinodiwa nefoil yemhangura, zvinodiwa pakupisa kana kutonga, huwandu hwekutevera zvinhu uye chero data remagetsi rinoshandiswa nedhizaini.

Tumira zvinyorwa izvi pamwe chete netafura ye impedance uye stackup. Gwaro re controlled-impedance rinotsanangura zvinodiwa nemugadziri kuti averenge uye aone kuti geometry yekupedzisira ndeyei.

Mutengo Wezvinhu Pasina Zvinokanganisa Percentage Adders

Mutengo wezvinhu unoenderana nemutengo wepepa, huwandu hushoma hwekutenga, saizi yepaneru inoshandiswa, nguva yekushanda, sarudzo yemhangura inodiwa, kuwanikwa kwe prepreg uye goho remuunganidzwa wakazara. Kuvakwa kwehybrid kunogona kuderedza nzvimbo inodhura ye dielectric, asi kunogona kuwedzera kuoma kwekutenga, layup uye qualification. Kusiyana neizvi, kuvaka kwakazara kusingadhuri dzimwe nguva kunogona kurerutsa kutenga ne lamination kunyangwe zvinhu zvakabikwa zvichidhura zvakanyanya.

Pakuronga bhajeti, kumbira mutengesi kuti aparadzanise mashandiro ehurongwa hwezvinhu kubva kuHDI cycles, finish, testing uye magwaro. Usatore chikamu chakatarwa chinowanikwa pawebhusaiti sekotesheni. Gwaro re10 layer PCB cost guide rinopa modhi inotungamira mutengo inogona kushandiswa kuenzanisa dzimwe nzira pasina kugadzira zvinhu zvinowanza mitengo.

Kumbira Ongororo Yezvinhu uye Stackup

Kuwanikwa, Mamiriro Ekutonga uye Kuwanikwa Kwenguva Refu

Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinovaka muviri idambudziko guru kana bhodhi richizoramba richigadzirwa kwemakore. Chiyero chinogona kunge chakakodzera asi chinowanikwa chete muhukobvu hwakasarudzwa, mafoil emhangura kana saizi dzemapaneru. Huwandu hushoma hwekutenga, kudzora nguva yekushanda uye stocking yedunhu zvinogona kutora nguva yekutanga. Usati waisa chando pakuvaka, simbisa kuti musanganiswa wepakati neprepreg unodiwa chikamu chezvinopihwa nemugadziri uye kuti mugadziri ane maitiro akatenderwa.

Kubvira moto, zvichemo zvisina halogen, zviziviso zveRoHS/REACH uye kuzivikanwa kweUL mibvunzo yakasiyana. Laminate inogona kunge ichishanda neRoHS asi isingasvike pamurazvo unodiwa nechigadzirwa chekupedzisira; chivakwa chakati chinogona kunge chiri kunze kwehukuru hwekuzivikanwa. Tsanangudzo yekutenga inofanira kuratidza humbowo hunodiwa uye nzvimbo yekugadzira iyo inoshanda. Usatore chitupa kubva kuzita remhuri kana kubva kuhunyanzvi hweimwe fekitori.

Kune mapurogiramu anogara kwenguva refu, chengetedza runyorwa rwezvinhu zvakatenderwa zvine mvumo nerumwe runogona kuongororwa nehunyanzvi kana zvichibvira. Rumwe runofanira kuongororwa kusati kwaitika kukanganiswa kwezvigadzirwa, kwete kuunzwa panguva yekushaikwa kwezvigadzirwa pasina kuvharirwa, kuyedzwa kwelamination uye kuvimbika. Mabasa ekutenga kekupedzisira, kuzivisa shanduko uye kubvumidzwa zvakare anofanirwa kuve muchibvumirano chemutengesi.

Kubvumidzwa kweSarudzo yeZvinhu

Sarudzo yezvinhu inogadzirira kuburitswa kana uchitenga mutauro, kuvaka kwakabatana uye mamodheru emagetsi zvinoreva giredhi rimwe chete uye kuvakwa kwacho. Tsananguro dzakafanana dzakadai sekuti "high Tg," "kurasikirwa kwakaderera" kana "kuenzana" hadzina kukwana kana kupindira, kurasikirwa nekuisa kana kupisa kwakawanda kuchikosha.

• Taura runyorwa rwemagiredhi akatenderwa kana runyorwa rwezvinhu zvakatenderwa pamwe nemaitiro ekunyora ekutsiva.
• Tsvaga zvivakwa zvepakati uye zvepakutanga, huwandu hwe resin, magadzirirwo egirazi uye profile yemhangura inoshandiswa nemamodheru.
• Nyora nzira yekuyedza yeDk/Df, maitikiro ayo uye kana kukosha kwayo kuri kwepepa re data kana kuti dhizaini yacho.
• Tarisa nhoroondo yekupisa kubva pakutevedzana kwemafuta, kuburikidza nekuzadza, kupedzisa, kuyerera kwemafuta pamwe nekuvandudzwa kunotarisirwa.
• Simbisa kuwanikwa, huwandu hushoma hwekutenga, njodzi yenguva yakatarwa, mamiriro emutemo uye zvinodiwa zvenguva refu zvekugovera.
• Inoda kuti pave nekuverengwa kwakagadziriswa kwestackup neimpedance pese panotenderwa kuchinja chivakwa.

Chinhu chakanakisa isystem isingadhuri zvakanyanya inoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemagetsi, zvemakanika, zvekupisa uye zvekupa. Sisitimu ye resin yepamusoro haigone kutsiva nzira isina kunaka yekudzosa, ine resonant kuburikidza ne stub kana kutsiva kusingadzoreki.

Dossier yeZvinhu Zvinodiwa zveKudzokorora Kugadzirwa

Mapurogiramu anoenderana nekurasikirwa kwemagetsi, kupisa kunogara kuchiitika kana kushanda kwenguva refu anofanira kuchengetedza gwaro rezvinhu kwete zita rekutengeserana remutengesi chete. Gwaro iri rinoita kuti maodha akadzokororwa, ongororo dzemamwe manyuko uye kuongorora kukundikana zvive zvakavimbika.

• mugadziri, giredhi chaiyo, kugadzirisa uye mamiriro ekutonga;
• zvivakwa zvepakati/zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirira uye magadzirirwo egirazi aripo;
• mhando yefoiri yemhangura uye kurapwa kunoshandiswa pane imwe neimwe layer yechiratidzo inodzorwa;
• Dk/Df data source, nzira yekuyedza, ma frequency uye fungidziro dzekugadzira-modheru;
• data rekupisa rine chekuita nekutevedzana kwemaitiro chaiwo, kusanganisira lamination uye kusangana;
• humbowo hwekuti maburi akaputirwa, ma microvias uye ma hybrid bonds anofanirwa kuratidzwa here kana kuti kwete;
• mirairo yekuchengetedza, kugara kwenguva refu, kubheka uye kubata hunyoro kana zvichibvira;
• zvigadziro zvakatenderwa uye mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera kubvumidzwa kwemagetsi kana kuvimbika.

Kukwegura uye kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinokoshawo. Laminate inogona kuramba yakakodzera tekinoroji uku isingashande mukutengeserana nekuti ukobvu hwepakati, dhizaini yegirazi kana sarudzo yemhangura zvinomiswa. Saka, kuongororwa kwehupenyu nguva nenguva kunofanirwa kuitika usati wawana chivakwa chekupedzisira chakabvumidzwa. Kana pakaitwa gadziridzo itsva yemhuri yezvinhu, enzanisa data rekugadzirisa nekuvaka pane kufunga kuti zita rekutengeserana rinovimbisa kuchinjana.

Pakuvaka kwehybrid, chengetedza bond-ply, oxide kana imwe nzira yekurapa uye lamination pamwe chete nezvinhu zvesignal-layer. Dielectric inotakura chiratidzo inogona kutariswa zvakanyanya, asi kubatana pakati pemasystem ezvinhu kunowanzo dzora maitiro ehukuru uye kuvimbika kwenguva refu.