Li-Microcontrollers le Likarolo ho Liboto tsa Potoloho tsa PCB

Indastering ea kajeno ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse potlakileng, ho khetha likarolo tse nepahetseng ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho theha lisebelisoa tse tšepahalang le tse sebetsang hantle. Hore na u ntse u nts'etsapele sehlahisoa se tsoetseng pele sa IoT, sistimi e rarahaneng ea molumo, kapa sesebelisoa se bonolo sa bareki, ho utloisisa likhetho tsa hau hoa bohlokoa. Sengoloa sena se fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa li-microcontroller, li-FPGA , li-amplifier tse sebetsang, balaoli ba motlakase, li-chip tsa puisano, li-ADC/DAC, le li-IC tsa taolo ea motlakase. Bakeng sa litlhoko tsohle tsa hau tsa tlhahiso ea PCB le PCBA, hammoho le ho fumana likarolo, ikopanye le rona bakeng sa tšehetso ea litsebi le litharollo tse etselitsoeng uena.

Li-microcontrollers: Pelo ea Sistimi e Kenyellelitsoeng

Li-microcontrollers (MCUs) li bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse kentsoeng, li sebetsa joalo ka boko bo laolang ts'ebetso le ho tsamaisa likamano lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng. Ka tlase ho na le malapa a tsebahalang a li-microcontroller le mefuta e ikhethileng.

Letoto la Microchip PIC

Letoto la PIC la Microchip le tsebahala ka ho ikamahanya le maemo le ho ts'epahala. Mona ke mefuta e meraro ea bohlokoa:

• PIC16F877A: MCU ena ea 8-bit e na le sete ea litaelo tsa 14-bit, li-byte tse 368 tsa RAM, le li-byte tse 256 tsa EEPROM, e leng se etsang hore e tšoanelehe bakeng sa ho iketsetsa le ho laola lisebelisoa.
• PIC18F4550: Microcontroller ea 16-bit e fanang ka khokahanyo ea USB, 32KB ea memori ea Flash, le likhetho tse fapaneng tsa I/O, tse loketseng lits'ebetso tsa USB le ho rekoa ha data.
• Setšoantšo sa PIC32MX250F128B: MCU ea 32-bit e tšehetsang lebelo le phahameng la ho sebetsa, le 128KB ea Flash le li-interfaces tse ngata tsa puisano, tse loketseng mekhoa e rarahaneng e kentsoeng.

Atmel AVR Series

Letoto la AVR la Atmel le ratoa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso le ts'ebetso ea lona habonolo. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• EA-K328B-S: E tsebahala ka tšebeliso ea eona ho liboto tsa Arduino, 8-bit MCU ena e na le 32KB ea Flash memory le 10-bit ADC, e etsang hore e be ntle haholo bakeng sa prototyping.
• EA-K2560: E na le 256KB ea Flash le lisebelisoa tse 16 tsa analog, MCU ena ea 8-bit e loketse merero e meholo e hlokang bokhoni bo bongata ba I/O.
• EA-85: MCU e kopaneng ea 8-bit e nang le 8KB ea Flash memory, e loketseng merero e menyenyane le lits'ebetso tsa matla a tlase.

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs): Flexibility le Performance

Li-FPGA li thusa baqapi ho kenya tšebetsong ts'ebetso ea "hardware" e tloaelehileng, ho fana ka maemo a ikhethang. Ka tlase ke malapa a mabeli a hlahelletseng a FPGA le mehlala ea ona ea bohlokoa.

Letoto la Xilinx Spartan

Letoto la Xilinx Spartan le etselitsoe lits'ebetso tse sa tsotelleng litšenyehelo tse hlokang ts'ebetso e phahameng. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• Spartan-6 XC6SLX9: E tsebahala ka tšebeliso e tlase ea matla, FPGA ena e ts'ehetsa lisele tse logic tse fetang 6,000, e etsa hore e tšoanelehe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa bareki le lisebelisoa tsa likoloi.
• Spartan-7 XC7S15: E fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ka lisele tsa logic tsa 15,000 le li-blocks tse kopantsoeng tsa DSP, tse loketseng bakeng sa mesebetsi ea ts'ebetso ea matshwao a dijithale lits'ebetsong tsa puisano.
• Spartan-3A XC3S100: Mohlala ona oa khale o fana ka liheke tsa logic tsa 100,000, tse loketseng merero ea thuto le lisebelisoa tse bonolo, haholo-holo maemong a thuto.

Letoto la Leholiotsoana la Intel (Altera)

Letoto la Leholiotsoana le tsoang Intel (eo pele e neng e le Altera) e kopanya ts'ebetso e phahameng le ho ba le theko e tlase. Mefuta e tsebahalang e kenyelletsa:

• Leholiotsoana IV EP4CE22: E na le likarolo tse 22,000 tsa logic le tšebeliso e tlaase ea matla, e loketseng mekhoa ea puisano le ea indasteri, haholo-holo lits'ebetsong tsa ho fumana boitsebiso.
• Leholiotsoana V 5CEBA4: Mohlala ona o kopanya likarolo tsa 4,000 tsa logic mme o tšehetsa li-interfaces tsa lebelo le phahameng, tse loketseng bakeng sa prototyping e thehiloeng ho FPGA le lits'ebetso tse kentsoeng.
• Leholiotsoana 10 LP 10CL025: E fana ka tharollo ea matla a tlase e nang le lintlha tse 25,000 tsa logic, tse loketseng lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ke betri le tse nkehang sebakeng sa IoT.

Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tlhahiso, sebelisa sengoloa sena hammoho le likarolo tsa elektroniki bakeng sa kopano ea PCB le tlhahiso ea PCB ea mohlala ha u hlahloba litlhoko tsa stackup, kopano, kapa liteko.

Li-amplifiers tse sebetsang: Ts'ebetso ea Lipontšo le Boemo

Li-amplifiers tse sebetsang li bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tsa ts'ebetso ea matšoao, ho holisa le ho beha matšoao a analog. Mona, re totobatsa malapa a bohlokoa a op-amp le mehlala ea bona ea bohlokoa.

Texas Instruments OPA Series

Letoto la OPA le tsoang Texas Instruments le tsebahala ka ts'ebetso e phahameng lits'ebetsong tsa molumo le tse nepahetseng. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• OPA2134: Audio op-amp ea lebelo le holimo, e nang le lerata le tlase, e loketseng lisebelisoa tsa mamelwang tsa profeshenale tse nang le pherekano e felletseng e tlase haholo.
• OPA227: Op-amp ena e nepahetseng e na le motlakase o tlase oa offset le ho hoholeha ho tlase, e etsa hore e tšoanelehe bakeng sa lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa sensor tse hlokang ho nepahala ho phahameng.
• OPA354: Op-amp e hlahisoang ke rail-to-rail e nang le sehlahisoa se phahameng sa bandwidth, se e etsa hore e sebetse ka mefuta e mengata bakeng sa mesebetsi e fapaneng ea boemo ba molumo le matšoao.

Lisebelisoa tsa Analog AD Series

Letoto la AD la Lisebelisoa tsa Analog le amoheloa ka ho nepahala le ho nepahala ha lona. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• AD620: Amplifier ea matla a tlase, e loketseng ho holisa matšoao a boemo bo tlase lits'ebetsong tsa bongaka le tsa indasteri moo ho nepahala ho leng bohlokoa.
• AD8021: Op-amp ena ea lebelo le phahameng e fana ka lerata le tlase le ho sotha ho tlase, e loketseng lits'ebetso tsa maqhubu a phahameng le ts'ebetso ea video, e matlafatsang botšepehi ba matšoao.
• AD843: Op-amp ea lebelo le holimo, e nepahetseng haholo e nang le molumo o tlase, e etsang hore e be e loketseng bakeng sa RF le lits'ebetso tsa puisano moo ho batloang tšitiso e fokolang.

Li-Voltage Regulators: Ho netefatsa Phepelo ea Matla a Tsitsitseng

Li-voltage regulator li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fana ka maemo a tsitsitseng a motlakase ho li-circuits tsa elektroniki. Mona ke li-regulator tse peli tse tloaelehileng tse nang le mefuta e tsebahalang.

LM Series Voltage Regulators

Letoto la LM le tsoang Texas Instruments le kenyelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-linear voltage regulator. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• LM317: Taolo e ka feto-fetohang e ka ntšang voltages ho tloha ho 1.25V ho isa ho 37V, e loketseng lits'ebetso tse fapaneng ho li-setups tsa lab le liboto tsa nts'etsopele.
• LM7805: Taolo e tsitsitseng ea 5V, e sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa ho matlafatsa li-microcontrollers le li-circuits tsa digital tse nang le likarolo tse fokolang tsa ka ntle.
• LM1117: Taolo e feto-fetohang kapa e tsitsitseng ea LDO (Low Drop-Out), e fanang ka tlhahiso ea hona joale ea 800mA, e loketseng ho matlafatsa lisebelisoa tse hlokolosi lits'ebetsong tse nkehang.

Ho fetola Voltage Regulators

Li-switching regulators li fana ka ts'ebetso e phahameng haholo 'me li loketse lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ke betri. Mefuta e tsebahalang e kenyelletsa:

• LM2596: Sefetoleli se theohang (buck) se ka fanang ka tlhahiso ea hona joale ea 3A, e loketseng meralo e sebetsang ea phepelo ea motlakase ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki.
• LM2576: Taolo e feto-fetohang ea maemo a tlase e nang le tlhahiso e feto-fetohang, e khonang ho fana ka 3A, e loketseng lits'ebetso tse tsamaisoang ke betri le lits'ebetso tsa likoloi.
• TPS63070: Sesebelisoa sa ho fetolela buck-boost se tsoang Texas Instruments, se fihlelang katleho ea 95%, se loketseng lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tse nkehang habonolo le lisebelisoa tsa ho kotula matla.

Li-chips tsa puisano: Ho nolofalletsa Khokahano

Li-chips tsa puisano li bohlokoa bakeng sa khokahanyo ea lisebelisoa holim'a marang-rang. Mona ke malapa a mabeli a bohlokoa a nang le mehlala e ikhethang.

Letoto la Nordic Semiconductor nRF

Letoto la nRF le tsoang ho Nordic Semiconductor le sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa Bluetooth le IoT. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• EA-K52832: SoC e feto-fetohang e nang le bokhoni ba Bluetooth 5, e nang le processor ea ARM Cortex-M4 mme e loketse lintho tse ka roaloang le lisebelisoa tse bohlale tse hlokang tšebeliso e tlase ea matla.
• EA-K52840: E fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ka tšehetso ea Bluetooth 5, Thread, le Zigbee, e loketseng lits'ebetso tse tsoetseng pele tsa IoT joalo ka lisebelisoa tse bohlale tsa lapeng le automation ea indasteri.
• EA-K51422: Bluetooth ea mefuta e 'meli le ANT SoC, e loketseng lipapali le lipapali tsa ho ikoetlisa, e fana ka tšebeliso e tlaase ea matla le puisano e sebetsang ea waelese.

Letoto la Espressif ESP

Letoto la Espressif la ESP le fetotse khokahano ea IoT. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• ESP8266: Chip ea theko e tlaase ea Wi-Fi e nolofalletsang khokahanyo e bonolo ea Marang-rang, e sebelisoang haholo mesebetsing ea lapeng le ea IoT ka lebaka la boiketlo ba eona ba ho kopanya.
• ESP32: E na le Wi-Fi le Bluetooth ka bobeli, e nang le bokhoni ba ho sebetsa ka bobeli, e loketseng lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng tsa IoT le lisebelisoa tse bohlale tse hlokang khokahanyo e matla.
• ESP32-S2: Mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng o tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho ts'ireletso le ts'ebeliso ea matla a tlase, e loketseng lisebelisoa tsa IoT tse tsamaisoang ke betri le lits'ebetso tse sireletsehileng.

Li-ADC le li-DAC: Ho koala Lefatše la Analoge le la Dijithale

Li-analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) le Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hokahanya matshwao a analoge le litsamaiso tsa dijithale. Ka tlaase ke malapa a mabeli a hlahelletseng a nang le mehlala e khethehileng.

Texas Instruments ADS Series

Letoto la ADS ADCs ho tsoa Texas Instruments le tsebahala ka ho nepahala le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• ADS1115: ADC ea 16-bit e nang le likanale tse 'nè le I2C interface, e loketseng bakeng sa ho fumana lintlha le ho hokahanya ha sensor lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng.
• ADS124S08: ADC e nepahetseng ea 24-bit e nang le amplifier e kopantsoeng ea programmable (PGA), e loketseng lits'ebetso tse phahameng tse kang lisebelisoa tsa bongaka.
• ADS7866: ADC ea lebelo le holimo ea 16-bit e etselitsoeng lits'ebetso tse hlokang litekanyetso tse potlakileng tsa lisampole, e loketseng taolo ea indasteri le lits'ebetso tsa ho rekota data.

Lisebelisoa tsa Analog AD Series

Lisebelisoa tsa Analog li fana ka li-DAC tse sebetsang hantle tse nang le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng. Mefuta e tsebahalang e kenyelletsa:

• AD5541: DAC ea 16-bit e tsejoang ka ho nepahala ho phahameng le linako tsa ho rarolla ka potlako, e loketseng lisebelisoa tsa molumo le tsa indasteri moo ho nepahala ho hlokahalang.
• AD5320: DAC ea 8-bit, e nang le likanale tse peli tse sebelisang matla a tlase, e loketseng lisebelisoa tse nkehang habonolo le lisebelisoa tsa sensor tse hlokang meralo e kopaneng.
• AD5683: A 16-bit, mochine o le mong oa DAC o nang le I2C interface, o atisang ho sebelisoa ho liletsa le ho laola ts'ebetso, ho fana ka ts'ebetso e ka tšeptjoang maemong a sa tšoaneng.

Li-IC tsa Tsamaiso ea Matla: Ho Ntlafatsa Tšebetso

Li-circuits tse kopaneng tsa taolo ea matla (PMICs) li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea matla lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Ka tlase ke malapa a mabeli a bohlokoa a PMIC le mehlala ea bona ea bohlokoa.

Texas Instruments TPS Series

Letoto la TPS le tsoang Texas Instruments le fana ka likarolo tse tsoetseng pele tsa taolo ea matla. Mefuta e tsebahalang e kenyelletsa:

• TPS63070: Sefetoleli se sebetsang hantle haholo sa buck-boost se laolang matla a motlakase, se loketseng lisebelisoa tse tsamaisoang ke betri tse hlokang ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ho pholletsa le maqhubu a motlakase.
• TPS563201: Sefetoleli se theohang se etselitsoeng phetolo ea matla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa mekhoeng e kopanetsoeng, e sebelisoang hangata ho lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa bareki.
• TPS7A47: Taolo ea LDO ea lerata le tlase e loketseng ho matlafatsa likarolo tsa analoge tse hlokolosi lits'ebetsong tse sebetsang hantle haholo.

Maxim Integrated MAX Series

Letoto la MAX le tsoang ho Maxim Integrated le ananeloa ka bokhoni ba lona bo tsoetseng pele ba taolo ea matla. Mehlala ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:

• MAX77650: PMIC e etselitsoeng lits'ebetso tse nkehang habonolo, e kopanyang mefuta e mengata ea li-voltage le tjhaja ea betri ea Li-Ion e hahelletsoeng kahare, e loketseng li-smartphones le tse ka roaloang.
• MAX15007: Taolo e sebetsang hantle haholo e khonang ho hlahisa 4A hajoale, e loketseng lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki tse hlokang taolo e matla ea matla.
• MAX16910: Sesebelisoa sa lebelo le phahameng se etselitsoeng taolo ea matla lits'ebetsong tsa likoloi, se fanang ka ts'ebetso e phahameng le ts'epo.

fihlela qeto e

Ho khetha likarolo tse nepahetseng tsa elektroniki ho bohlokoa ho rala litsamaiso tse tšepahalang le tse sebetsang hantle. Kakaretso ena e akaretsang e akaretsa li-microcontroller tsa bohlokoa, li-FPGA, li-amplifiers tse sebetsang, li-voltage regulator, li-chips tsa puisano, li-ADC/DAC le li-IC tsa taolo ea matla. Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ho likopo tse fapaneng.

Jwalo ka moetsi ya ka sehloohong wa PCB le mofani wa ditshebeletso tsa kopano ya PCB , re inehetse ho fana ka mefuta e mengata ya dikarolo tsa boleng bo hodimo hammoho le boiphihlelo ba rona ba ho etsa le ho kopanya PCB. Boitlamo ba rona ba boleng le boqapi bo re fa matla a ho tshehetsa diporojeke tsa hao tsa moralo wa elektroniki ka katleho.

Bakeng sa lipotso mabapi le lits'ebeletso tsa rona kapa likarolo tse itseng tse boletsoeng sehloohong sena, ka kopo ikopanye le rona. Re mona ho u thusa ho fihlela sepheo sa hau sa moralo oa elektroniki le ho fana ka ts'ehetso e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso e atlehileng ea projeke.