Ho cheka PCB | Mekhoa e Molemo ka ho Fetisisa, Mefuta ea Likoti le Malebela a ho Pholosa Litšenyehelo

Ho utloisisa PCB Drilling

PCB Drilling ke eng?

Ho tjheka PCB ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea PCB , e kenyeletsang ho etsoa ha li-vias tse entsoeng ka nepo le masoba a likarolo tse netefatsang hore likarolo li behiloe hantle le ho hokahana ha motlakase ho pholletsa le mekhahlelo e mengata ea PCB. Ho latela moralo le mofuta oa boto, bahlahisi ba ka sebelisa ho tjheka ka mechini bakeng sa li-PCB tse tloaelehileng kapa ho tjheka ka laser bakeng sa likhokahano tse nang le density e phahameng (HDI) le li-microvia. Mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho tjheka PCB e thusa ho fihlela lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa boleng bo holimo, tse tšepahalang le tse theko e tlaase.

Bohlokoa ba Bohlokoa ba ho Cheka ha PCB

Bohlokoa ba ho cheka PCB bo ke ke ba feteletsoa sebakeng sa tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. E eme e le mohato o mahlonoko ebile o nka nako hangata tlhahisong ea li-PCB, o susumetsa boleng ba kakaretso le ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Lintlha tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa li totobatsa bohlokoa ba eona:

• Lumella ho tsamaisa mats'oao a mekhahlelo e mengata le kabo ea matla: E sebetsa e le motheo oa ho hokahanya likarolo tsa PCB.
• Tšehetso ea miniaturization ea sesebelisoa: E lumella meralo e kopaneng bakeng sa li-smartphones, tse aparoang, le lisebelisoa tsa IoT.
• Netefatsa boleng le ho tšepahala: Ho behoa ha lesoba ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ho thibela ho hlōleha ha khokahanyo le ho boloka botšepehi ba boto ea potoloho.
• Ntlafatsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso: E fokotsa liphoso le ho se sebetse hantle; ho khetha moetsi ea nang le boiphihlelo oa PCB ho bohlokoa.

Mekhoa ea ho Cheka ea PCB

Ts'ebetso ea ho cheka ha PCB e kenyelletsa mekhoa e mengata, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ipapisitse le thepa, letsoalo, le litlhoko tsa moralo tsa boto ea potoloho e hatisitsoeng. Ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho cheka ho netefatsa ho nepahala, ho boloka litšenyehelo, le ho ts'epahala ha tlhahiso ea PCB ea sejoale-joale. Ka tlase ke mekhoa ea mantlha e sebelisoang kajeno:

Ho cheka PCB ea Mechini

Ho cheka ka mechine ho sebelisa likotoana tsa ho cheka li-tungsten carbide ho etsa li-vias le likoti tsa likarolo ho li-PCB tse thata, tse tenyetsehang, le tse ngata. E boloka chelete e ngata, e sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng, 'me e khona ho hlahisa boholo bo nepahetseng ba mekoti le botebo. Mechini e itirisang ea CNC e atisa ho sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le ho fokotsa liphoso, e leng se etsang hore ona e be mokhoa o amohetsoeng ka ho fetesisa oa ho etsa PCB ea boleng bo holimo.

Lisebelisoa tsa laser PCB

Ho cheka ka laser ho sebelisa lebone la laser le tsepamisitsoeng ho tlosa lintho tse bonahalang ka ho nepahala ho feteletseng, ho etsa hore e be se loketseng bakeng sa liboto tsa HDI tse hlokang li-microvias, li-vias tse foufetseng, le li-vias tse patiloeng. Mokhoa ona o lumella li-diameter tse nyane tsa masoba le lipeakanyo tse phahameng haholo empa li tlameha ho ikarabella bakeng sa thepa e fapaneng e kang koporo, resin le fiber ea khalase. Hangata machining a laser a khethoa ha miniaturization le likhokahano tsa molumo o motle li hlokahala.

Ho cheka PCB ea Vibration

Ho cheka ho sisinyeha ho sebelisa ho itšeha ha nakoana, ho tsamaisoa ke li-oscillator tsa kristale ea piezoelectric. Ha e bapisoa le ho cheka ho tloaelehileng, e fokotsa ho phunya le torque ka 20-30%, e fokotsa sebopeho sa burr le ho ntlafatsa botsitso. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o hloka taolo e hlokolosi ho qoba mathata a macha nakong ea ho cheka, 'me o sebelisoa ka boikhethelo lits'ebetsong tse khethehileng.

Mechini e Ikemetseng ea ho Epa ea CNC

Mechini ea sejoale-joale ea ho cheka ea CNC e iketsetsa ts'ebetso eohle, e tšoara likete tsa li-vias le likoti tsa likarolo tse nang le li-diameter tse fapaneng. Mokhoa ona o netefatsa lebelo, ho nepahala, le ho tsitsa ha o ntse o fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa basebetsi. E sebetsa haholo bakeng sa ho cheka PCB ea multilayer, moo ho ngolisoang ka nepo ha lesoba ho leng bohlokoa.

Mekhoa e Khethehileng ea ho Cheka ea PCB

Ka ntle ho mekhoa e tloaelehileng, mekhoa e khethehileng e kang ho cheka X-ray e sebelisoa bakeng sa masoba a nepahetseng a ngoliso, haholo-holo ha ka masoba a tlameha ho ikamahanya le likarolo tse ka hare tsa koporo. Mekhoa ena e tsoetseng pele e bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ts'epahalang haholo joalo ka sefofane, likoloi le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bongaka.

Litsela tsa bohlokoa

Mokhoa o mong le o mong oa ho cheka oa PCB o fana ka melemo e ikhethang - ho tloha ho feto-fetoha ha ho cheka ka mochini ho isa ho ho nepahala ha ho cheka ka laser le ho sebetsa hantle ha CNC automation. Khetho e ipapisitse le ho rarahana ha moralo oa PCB, thepa ea thepa, litlhoko tsa ho nepahala ha lesoba, le menahano ea litšenyehelo ka kakaretso. Ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho cheka ho tiisa khokahanyo e tšepahalang ea motlakase le ts'ebetso ea nako e telele lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa elektronike.

Mefuta e fapaneng ea likoti ho PCB Drilling

Li-PCB li na le mefuta e 'maloa ea masoba, e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le karolo e itseng ho hokahaneng, ho kenya likarolo, kapa tšehetso ea mochini. Ho khetha mofuta o nepahetseng oa lesoba la PCB ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fihlela ts'ebetso e tšepahalang ea motlakase, meralo e matla haholo, le meralo e ka etsoang. Ka tlase ke mefuta e atileng haholo ea likoti e sebelisoang ho cheka PCB ea sejoale-joale.

Via Holes ho PCBs

Vias ke masoba a manyane a conductive a nolofalletsang likhokahano tsa motlakase lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa PCB. Mefuta e ka sehloohong e kenyelletsa:

• Ka Hole-Hole Vias: Eketsa ho tloha holimo ho ea tlase ho PCB, ho fana ka likhokahano tse matla ho pholletsa le likarolo tsohle.
• E patoang ka Vias: E fumaneha ka har'a likarolo tse ka hare, e boloka sebaka ho HDI PCBs empa e eketsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso.
• Lifofu ka Vias: Qala ka holim'a lera empa u eme hanyane ho feta, u lokolle sebaka sa litsela le ho ntlafatsa botšepehi ba matšoao meralong e potlakileng.
• Li-microvia: Li-vias tse nyane tse entsoeng ka ho cheka ka laser, hangata lekhalo le le leng kapa tse peli tse tebileng. E tloaeleha ho meralo ea HDI le likarolo tsa molumo o motle joalo ka BGAs (Ball Grid Arrays).

Likoti tsa likarolo ho li-PCB

Likoti tsa likarolo li etselitsoe ho kenya likarolo tsa elektroniki:

• Likoti tsa Karolo ea Ka-Hole: Fana ka tšehetso e matla ea mochini bakeng sa lihokelo, li-switches le likarolo tsa motlakase. Hangata tsena li sebelisoa ha ho tšoarella nako e telele le ho khomarela ho sireletsehileng ho le bohlokoa.

Likoti tsa Mechini le Lisebelisoa

Hase likoti tsohle tse sebetsang ka motlakase - tse ling ke tsa mechine:

• Ho hloa mekoti: E sebelisoa ho hokela li-PCB ho li-brackets, li-enclosures, kapa li-heatsink. Li ka boela tsa thusa ho qhala mocheso ho tloha likarolong tse ka hare.
• Likoti tsa Tooling: Likoti tse tsamaisanang tse sebelisoang kopanong ea boiketsetso ho netefatsa ho cheka ka nepo, ho soasoa le ho beha likarolo.

Ke Hobane'ng ha PCB Hole Selection e le Bohlokoa

Mofuta, boholo, le ho beoa ha likoti tsa PCB ka kotloloho li ama ts'ebetso ea boto, ts'epahalo, le ho etsoa. Baqapi ba tlameha ho leka-lekanya litlhoko tsa motlakase ka hloko, mathata a sebaka, le ho nahanela litšenyehelo ho netefatsa hore PCB ea ho qetela e kopana le litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso le tlhahiso.

Ho Ntlafatsa ho Epa ha PCB bakeng sa ho nepahala ha theko e tlase

Ho fihlela ho cheka ha PCB ho hlokang litšenyehelo ho hloka ho leka-lekanya ho nepahala, ho ts'epahala, le katleho ea tlhahiso. Baqapi le bahlahisi ba tlameha ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho li-parameter tsa bohlokoa tsa ho cheka le maano a sebetsang a fokotsang liphoso ha a ntse a fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso.

Aspect Ratio le Drill-to-Copper Clearance

• Karolelano ea Ponahalo (AR) : E hlalosoa e le karolelano ea botebo ba lesoba ho ea ho bophara, AR e ama ka kotloloho ka ho tšepahala le boleng ba ho phuthela koporo. AR e phahameng e etsa hore ho be thata ho beha koporo, e leng se amang botšepehi ba lets'oao le ho tšoarella nako e telele.

• Taolo ea ho Cheka ho ea ho Koporo : Ho boloka sebaka se nepahetseng pakeng tsa li-via le likarolo tsa koporo tse haufi ho thibela lipotoloho tse khutšoane le ho netefatsa likhokahano tse nepahetseng tsa motlakase. Sebaka se nepahetseng sa ho cheka ho ea ho koporo se ntlafatsa tlhahiso le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso e ncha.

Maano a ho Cheka Chelete e Ntle ho Precision PCB

• Lebelo le ntlafetseng la ho tjheka : Ho leka-lekanya sekhahla sa phepelo le lebelo la spindle ho ntlafatsa boleng ba masoba, ho eketsa bophelo ba sesebelisoa, le ho fokotsa nako ea potoloho.

• Ho Thibela ho Robeha ha Sesebelisoa : Ho sebelisa likarolo tsa ho phunya tsa carbide tse sebetsang hantle le ho beha leihlo liparamente tsa ho phunya ho fokotsa ho senyeha ha sesebelisoa, ho thibela nako e jang nako ea ho sebetsa.

• Ho hokahanya Ts'ebetso : Taolo e hlokolosi ea mekhahlelo ea ho kena, ho phunya le ho tsoa e fokotsa liphoso tse kang li-burrs, ho se lumellane hantle, kapa li-vias tse robehileng.

Ho leka-lekanya boleng le litšenyehelo ho PCB Drilling

Ka ho kopanya optimization ea likarolo, sebaka se nepahetseng sa ho cheka ho isa koporo, le mekhoa e metle ea ho cheka, bahlahisi ba ka khona ho cheka ka nepo PCB ntle le ho nyolla litšenyehelo. Tekanyo ena e netefatsa li-PCB tsa boleng bo holimo tse fihlelang litekanyetso tsa ts'ebetso ha li ntse li boloka ts'ebetso e ntle ea litšenyehelo tlhahisong e kholo.

Ho sebetsana le Mathata a Tloaelehileng a ho Epa a PCB

Ho cheka ha PCB, bahlahisi ba atisa ho tobana le mathata a hlahang khafetsa a ka senyang boleng ba lesoba, botšepehi ba motlakase, le botšepehi ba PCB ka kakaretso. Ka ho hloaea lintlha tsena le ho sebelisa litharollo tse sebetsang hantle, baqapi ba ka ntlafatsa haholo ho nepahala ha ho cheka le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso e theko e boima haholo.

Thibelo ea Delamination ho PCB Drilling

• Bothata : Mocheso o feteletseng le kgatello nakong ya ho tjheka di ka baka karohano, moo dikarolo tsa PCB di arohanang ho potoloha masoba a tjhekilweng.

• Tharollo : Laola lebelo la spindle le sekhahla sa ho fepa, fokotsa ho bokellana ha mocheso, 'me u ntlafatse ho khomarela substrate ho boloka ts'epo ea sebopeho.

Ho Qoba ho Tlōtsa ka Koporo le Likoti tse Tsitsoeng

• Bothata : Ho qabana ha ho chekoa ho ka lebisa ho tshaseng ha koporo maboteng a masoba, e leng se amang ho tsamaisa metsi.

• Tharollo : Sebelisa likotoana tsa ho phunya khabide tsa boleng bo holimo, sebelisa litlolo, 'me u fetole lebelo la ho phunya ho thibela masoba a tabohileng le ho netefatsa hore a hloekile ka ho bopeha.

Ho boloka Boleng ba Lebota la Hole

• Bothata : Likotoana tsa drill tse senyehileng kapa tse lerootho li ka baka mabota a masoba a maholo, tsa fokotsa ho khomarela ha plating le nako e telele ka ho tšepahala.

• Tharollo : Nkela di-drill bit sebaka kgafetsa, sebedisa disebediswa tse bohale tsa carbide, mme o tshase pholile hantle ho boloka mabota a boreleli le ho ntlafatsa bokgoni ba ho etswa.

Ho Tlosa Burr ka katleho ho PCB Drilling

• Bothata : Ha li-drill li tsoa ka har'a substrate, li-burrs li ka hlaha, e leng se bakang mathata a makhutšoane kapa a kopano.

• Tharollo : Kenya tshebetsong ditsamaiso tsa ho tlosa ditshila (ka letsoho kapa ka boiketsetso), ntlafatsa kgatello ya ho tjheka, mme o sebedise setlolo se nang le kgatello e phahameng ho fokotsa ho thehwa ha ditshila.

Ho Fokotsa ho Hula Koporo

• Bothata : Ho hula koporo ho etsahala ha di-drill flute di hohla dikarolo tsa koporo, di senya mesaletsa.

• Tharollo : Ntlafatsa lebelo la sehokelo sa spindle le sekhahla sa ho fepa, khetha likotoana tsa ho phunya tse etselitsoeng ho hula hanyane, 'me u sebelise mafura ho netefatsa hore seha se hloekile.

Ho Ntlafatsa ho Nepaha ha Sebaka sa Lesoba le Chesitsoeng

• Bothata : Ho nepahala ha sebaka se nang le masoba ho ama ho tsamaisana ha likarolo le tsela eo li tsamaisoang ka eona.

• Tharollo : Sireletsa li-PCB nakong ea ho cheka, sebelisa masoba a pele kapa sebaka se tataisoang ke CNC, 'me u hlahlobe likarolo tsa ho phunya hore na lia thekesela ho netefatsa hore masoba a behiloe ka nepo.

Ho Thibela Mapetso a Around Holes

• Bothata : Kgatelelo e feteletseng e theohelang tlase e ka lebisa mapetsong a ho potoloha masoba a tjhekilweng, e leng se fokodisang botshepehi ba PCB.

• Tharollo : Fokotsa khatello ea ho phunya, sebelisa lipoleiti tsa tšehetso, 'me u qobe ho tiisa likotoana tsa ho phunya ho thibela mapetso.

Ho netefatsa PCB Drilling bakeng sa Precision

Ho netefatsa ho nepahala ha ho cheka ha PCB ho hloka letoto la licheke tsa netefatso tse amang boleng ba lesoba ka kotloloho, ts'epahalo ea "copper plating", le ts'ebetso ea boto ka kakaretso. Ka ho latela mekhoa ena e metle, bahlahisi ba ka fokotsa liphoso, ba ntlafatsa chai, 'me ba tiisetsa liphetho tse tsitsitseng.

Control Aspect Ratio (AR) bakeng sa Reliable Plating

• Sheba: Boloka karolo e nepahetseng (karolelano ea botebo ba lesoba ho isa ho bophara) ho qoba mathata a ho pola le ho roala ha boro.
• Ke hobane'ng ha e le habohlokoa: AR e phahameng e etsa hore ho be thata hore koporo e behe ka tsela e lekanang ka hare ho vias, e lebisang ho lihokelo tse fokolang.

Ntlafatsa boholo ba ho cheka le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa

• Sheba: Fokotsa palo ea boholo ba li-drill tse sebelisoang nakong ea ho etsoa.
• Rua Molemo: E fokotsa ho rarahana ha ho cheka, e khutsufatsa nako ea potoloho, le ho theola litšenyehelo tsa ho nchafatsa lisebelisoa.

Netefatsa Likhokahano tse sa Ateloang ka Mokoti (NPTH).

• Sheba: Etsa bonnete ba hore likoti tse sa phuthetsoeng li hlalositsoe hantle le ho hlahlojoa.
• Ke hobane'ng ha e le habohlokoa: Likhokahano tse fosahetseng tsa NPTH li ka baka ho se tsamaisane hantle kapa mathata a ho itšehla thajana.

Netefatsa Faele ea Drill le Ho tsamaisana ha Sebopeho

• Sheba: Netefatsa lifaele tsa ho cheka tse nang le litšoantšo tse entsoeng.
• Rua Molemo: E thibela ho ngolisoa hampe ha lesoba le ho netefatsa ho beoa ha lesoba ka nepo.

Tseba le ho Fetola Bakeng sa Likoti tse Nyenyane haholo

• Sheba: Hlalosa masoba a manyane ho feta lisenthimithara tse 0.007.
• tharollo: Eketsa sebaka, rala bocha, kapa u felise likoti tse sa hlokahaleng ho netefatsa hore lia etsoa.

Ntlafatsa PCB Grip ka ho longoa ke Litoeba

• Sheba: Sebelisa ho longoa ke litoeba (li-tab tse arohaneng tse nang le perforated) ho fana ka ts'ebetso e eketsehileng le botsitso nakong ea ho cheka le ho tsamaisa tsela.
• Ke hobane'ng ha e le habohlokoa: E ntlafatsa ho sebetsana le boto le ho thibela mapetsong a khatello ea maikutlo.

Boloka Tšobotsi e Nepahetseng le Ho Beha Mokoti

• Sheba: Netefatsa hore vias, mekatelo, 'me likarolo koporo ka tsela e nepahetseng amahanngoa le PCB moralo.
• Molao oa thipa: Boloka bonyane tumello ea lisenthimithara tse 0.01 lipakeng tsa likoti tsa lesoba le profil ea PCB.

Hlalosa Mamello a Drill ka ho hlaka

• Sheba: Hlalosa litekanyetso tse tiileng tsa ho mamellana bakeng sa likoti tse pota-potiloeng ka bobeli (PTH) le likoti tse sa kenngoang (NPTH).
• Rua Molemo: E thibela ho fapana ha boholo ba lesoba le phethiloeng mme e netefatsa ho lumellana ha kopano.

Netefatsa Metako ea Tlhahiso le ka Litlhokahalo

• Sheba: Netefatsa metako ea maiketsetso e kenyelletsa lintlha tsa NPTH, li-cutout, le ka litlhaloso tsa boholo.
• Rua Molemo: E netefatsa ho tsitsisa lipakeng tsa sepheo sa moralo le tlhahiso ea tlhahiso.

fihlela qeto e

Sebakeng sa tlhahiso ea PCB, ho cheka ha PCB ho eme e le ts'ebetso ea bohlokoahali e amang boleng, miniaturization, le katleho ea litšenyehelo ka kakaretso. Kutloisiso e phethahetseng ea ts'ebetso ea ho cheka ea PCB-ho kenyeletsoa le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho cheka, mefuta ea likoti, le lintlha tsa moralo-ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahisa liboto tsa boleng bo holimo tse fihlelang litlhoko tse nepahetseng tsa boenjiniere. Ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea ho cheka ha PCB ha e netefatse ho ts'epahala feela empa hape e ts'ehetsa nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele tsa elektroniki ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse fapaneng.

Bakeng sa likhoebo tse batlang lits'ebeletso tsa ho cheka ka nepo tsa PCB le molekane ea tšepahalang oa tlhahiso ea PCB, ho khetha fektheri e nang le boiphihlelo e nang le theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea ho cheka ho bohlokoa. Ho Highleap Electronics, re fana ka litharollo tsa PCB ho tloha qalong ho isa qetellong ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho nepahala le ho boloka litšenyehelo, ho u thusa ho tlisa lihlahisoa tse ncha 'marakeng ka kholiseho.

LBH

1. Ho cheka ha PCB ke eng 'me ke hobane'ng ha ho le bohlokoa ho etsa PCB?

Ho phunya PCB ke mokhoa oa ho theha masoba ka har'a boto ea potoloho e hatisitsoeng bakeng sa likhokahano tsa motlakase, ho beha likarolo, le ts'ehetso ea mochini. Ke mohato o mahlonoko oa tlhahiso ea PCB hobane ho cheka ka nepo ho ama ka kotloloho botšepehi ba mats'oao, miniaturization, le boleng ba kakaretso ba PCB.

2. Ke mefuta efe e fapaneng ea masoba ho cheka PCB?

Ho cheka ha PCB ho kenyelletsa mefuta e 'maloa ea likoti, ho kenyelletsa le likoti, lifofu, li-vias tse patiloeng, le li-microvias. Mofuta o mong le o mong o sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng moralong oa PCB, ho tloha ho hokahanya likarolo tse ngata ho isa ho ho nolofalletsa likhokahano tse phahameng haholo ho liboto tsa HDI. Ho khetha mofuta o nepahetseng oa lesoba la ho cheka la PCB ho itšetlehile ka ho rarahana ha moralo le litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso.

3. Ke mekhoa efe ea ho cheka e sebelisoang ha ho etsoa PCB?

Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho phunya PCB e kenyelletsa ho phunya ka mochini, ho phunya ka laser, le ho phunya plasma. Ho cheka ka mechine ho sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa likoti tse kholoanyane, ha ho phunya ka laser ho bohlokoa bakeng sa li-microvia tsa PCB tse phahameng haholo. Ho cheka ka plasma ho ka sebetsana le lisebelisoa tse khethehileng le ho fokotsa tšenyo nakong ea ho etsa mekoti.

4. Ho cheka ha PCB ho ama litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso ea PCB joang?

Litsenyehelo tsa ho cheka PCB li susumetsoa ke boholo ba lesoba, boima ba lesoba, mokhoa oa ho phunya, le botenya ba boto. Mohlala, ho cheka ka laser ea microvia ho HDI PCB ho turu ho feta ho cheka ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng empa ho nolofalletsa miniaturization e tsoetseng pele. Ho ntlafatsa moralo oa ho cheka oa PCB ho thusa ho leka-lekanya boleng le ho boloka litšenyehelo.

5. Baqapi ba lokela ho nahana ka eng ha ba rera ho cheka PCB bakeng sa mapolanka a boleng bo phahameng?

Lintlha tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho cheka ha PCB li kenyelletsa mamello ea boholo ba lesoba, karo-karolelano ea likarolo, tumello ea ho phunya ho isa koporo, le ho ts'epaha ha plating. Thero e nepahetseng e netefatsa hore PCB e kopana le litlhaloso tsa moralo, e fokotsa liphoso, 'me e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse kang likoloi, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka le lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tsa bareki.