Potoloho e Kopanetsoeng ke Eng (IC) le Mefuta ea eona

Potoloho e kopaneng, e qapiloeng ka boikemelo ke Jack Kilby le Robert Noyce bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, e tšoaile keketseho e kholo theknolojing. Katleho ea ho theha IC ea pele e sebetsang ka 1958, Kilby e ile ea susumetsa theknoloji ea semiconductor ho ba lejoe la motheo la boqapi ba elektroniki. Tataiso ena e felletseng e ikemiselitse ho fana ka tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea lipotoloho tse kopaneng, mefuta ea tsona, lihlopha, melao-motheo ea moralo, lits'ebetso tsa kaho le lits'ebetso, e leng se thusang batho ba batlang kutloisiso e tebileng ea theknoloji ena ea bohlokoa.

Potoloho e Kopanetsoeng ke Eng?

Potoloho e kopaneng, eo hangata e bitsoang microchip kapa IC chip, ke potoloho e nyane ea elektroniki e nang le likarolo tse fapaneng tse kang li-resistor , diode , transistors le capacitors . Likarolo tsena li hlophisitsoe ka mokhoa o rarahaneng holim'a thepa ea semiconductor, hangata silicon. Moralo o monyane oa li-IC o lumella ho phethahala ha mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea elektroniki ka har'a sephutheloana se senyenyane, e leng se nolofalletsang ho thehoa ha lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse sebetsang hantle le tse matla.

Mefuta ea Lipotoloho tse Kopantsoeng

Li-circuits tse kopantsoeng li ka aroloa ho latela mekhoa e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa boholo ba chip, botenya ba chip, ts'ebetso le kaho.

Classification ka Chip Size

1. Khokahano e Nyenyane (SSI): Karolo ea pele ea ntlafatso ea IC, e nang le palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea likarolo (liheke tse 3 ho isa ho tse 30) ka har'a chip. SSI e sebelisetsoa meralo e bonolo ea potoloho joalo ka liheke tsa mantlha tsa logic, li-decoder, le li-multiplexer.
2. Khokahano ea Sekala se Bohareng (MSI): Ka bokhoni ba ka hare ba liheke tse 30 ho isa ho tse 300, MSI e matlafatsa lipotoloho tse nang le bokhoni bo kang mesebetsi ea lipalo, ts'ebetso ea data, le mekhoa ea ho laola. MSI e loketse lits'ebetso tse joalo ka li-adder, subtractors, le lirejistara tse ngata.
3. Khokahano e Kholo (LSI): E emetse mohato oa bohlokoa tsoelopeleng ea IC. Chip ea LSI e ka amohela subsystem e felletseng (liheke tse 300 ho isa ho tse 3000) ho chip e le 'ngoe, e thusang ho etsoa ha likarolo tsa memori ea microprocessor le mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea dijithale.
4. Khokahano e Kholo haholo (VLSI): Tlhōrō ea thekenoloji ea IC, VLSI e tlisa phetoho ho moralo le tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa elektronike. E lumella ho hlophisa liheke tse fetang likete tse tharo ho chip e le 'ngoe, ea bohlokoa bakeng sa li-processor tsa matšoao tse tsoetseng pele, li-microcontrollers, le Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).

Classification ka Chip Thickness

1. Thin Film IC: E entsoe ka ho beha lesela le tšesaane la lintho tse hanyetsanang le tse tsamaisang holim'a substrate ho sebelisoa mekhoa e kang sputtering kapa Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). E fana ka ho nepahala ho holimo, e loketseng merero e kenyelletsang li-resistors le li-capacitor tse nepahetseng.
2. Thick Film IC: Ka li-layers tse teteaneng tse kentsoeng, ho bonolo ho aha le ho boloka chelete e ngata tlas'a maemo a tšoanang. E khona ho sebetsana le maemo a matla a phahameng, ho etsa hore e tšoanelehe hantle bakeng sa merero e kang li-voltage regulator le amplifiers.
3. Monolithic IC: E kopanya likarolo tse fapaneng tse kang lihanyetsi, li-capacitor, li-transistors le diode holim'a substrate e le 'ngoe ea semiconductor e entsoeng ka silicon. Ka lebaka la likarolo tse hokahaneng ka thata, e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso, ts'epahalo, 'me e fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla.
4. Hybrid kapa Multi-Chip IC: E sebelisa mekhoa ea ho tlama ka terata kapa mekhoa ea ho flip-chip, e hokahanya li-chips tse ngata. Baqapi ba ka ntlafatsa bokhoni ba likarolo tsa motho ka mong ho ipapisitse le litlhoko, ba ntlafatsa haholo tlhophiso ea projeke le maemo a bonolo.

Classification ka Chip Function

1. Digital Integrated Circuit: E sebetsana le data ea binary le ho laola matšoao ka litekanyetso tse peli tse ka khonehang, 0 le 1. Mehlala e kenyelletsa microprocessors, digital signal processors, le microcontrollers. Tsena ke mokokotlo oa mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea likhomphutha le puisano.
2. Potoloho e Kopantsoeng ea Analog: E sebedisetswa ho sebetsa matshwao a tswellang a fetohang hantle ha nako e ntse e tsamaya. Mehlala ke li-amplifiers tse sebetsang, li-voltage regulator, le Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs).
3. Potoloho e Kopantsoeng ea Matshwao a Kopanetsweng: Motsoako oa likarolo tsa analoge le tsa dijithale botong e le 'ngoe, e nolofalletsang tšebelisano lipakeng tsa libaka tsa dijithale le tsa lefatše la nnete. E hloka taolo e nepahetseng le lits'ebetso tse kenyelletsang phetoho ea analog-to-digital le digital-to-analog.
4. Taolo ea Matla IC: E laola le ho aba matla ka har'a litsamaiso tsa elektroniki, e netefatsa ts'ebetso ea matla ha e ntse e lelefatsa bophelo ba betri. Mehlala e kenyelletsa li-voltage regulator, li-converter tsa motlakase, le li-IC tsa ho tjhaja betri.
5. RF IC: E theha motheo oa litsamaiso tsa puisano tse se nang mohala, tse nang le li-oscillator, li-amplifiers tsa RF, li-transceivers, le li-mixer ho sebetsana le mats'oao a maqhubu a phahameng, ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea Wi-Fi, li-smartphones le litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa sathelaete.
6. Microcontroller: E na le memori, yuniti ea ts'ebetso e bohareng, le li-interface tsa ho kenya / tse tsoang, e theha sistimi e felletseng ea komporo e loketseng lisebelisoa tsa Marang-rang a Lintho, litsamaiso tse kentsoeng, le merero ea boiketsetso.
7. Memori IC: E kenyelletsa memori ea flash, Random Access Memory (RAM), Memori e Balang Feela (ROM), le EEPROM, e fanang ka mesebetsi ea ho boloka le ho fumana boitsebiso ba digital.
8. Sensor IC: E fetolela liketsahalo tsa 'nete tsa lefatše joalo ka mocheso, khanya, khatello le ho sisinyeha hore e be mats'oao a motlakase.
9. Potoloho e Kopantsoeng ea Application-Specific Integrated (ASIC): Likarolo tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le katleho ka ho fokotsa likarolo tse sa hlokahaleng. E sebelisoa hangata ho cryptography, ts'ebetso ea litšoantšo, le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea matšoao.
10. Tšimo-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA): IC ea sepheo se akaretsang e sebelisetsoang ho etsa tšebetso e itseng ka mor'a tlhahiso. Mehlala e kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea mats'oao a dijithale, prototyping ea PCB, le ho potlakisa lisebelisoa.
11. Sistimi-on-Chip (SoC): E kopanya mesebetsi e fapaneng ho chip e le 'ngoe, joalo ka puisano, mohopolo, ts'ebetso, le lihokelo tsa I/O.
12. Voltage Regulator Module (VRM): E bohlokoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse hlokolosi, taolo ea VRM e fana ka motlakase ho likarolo tsa elektroniki ho netefatsa phepelo e sebetsang le e tsitsitseng ea motlakase.
13. Jenereithara ea oache: E hlahisa matšoao a nepahetseng a nako ho hokahanya likarolo tse fapaneng ka har'a litsamaiso tsa elektroniki, karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka khokahano le botšepehi ba data.
14. Hlahisa Driver IC: E lokisa lintlha tsa pixel le litefiso tsa ho khatholla, e laola ts'ebetso ea ponts'o ea lisebelisoa joalo ka limonita le mehala ea thekeng, e netefatsa hore pono e nepahetse ebile e boreleli.
15. Audio Amplifier: E sebelisoa ho holisa le ho sebetsana le matshwao a mamelwang, a sebediswang hangata ho PCBA ya moreki ya elektroniki joalo ka di-headphone, libapali tsa mamelwang le dibui.

Moqapi oa Potoloho e Kopantsoeng

Moralo oa lipotoloho tse kopaneng o kenyelletsa libaka tsa analog le tsa dijithale, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le melao-motheo, likarolo le mekhoa ea eona.

Moqapi oa Analog

Moralo oa analoge o kenyelletsa ho sebetsa le ho qhekella ha mats'oao a sa khaotseng, joalo ka video, audio, le li-sensor. Ka moralo oa IC oa analog, baenjiniere ba sebetsa ka matšoao a fetohang hantle ha nako e ntse e ea 'me a khona ho boloka boleng ka har'a mefuta e itseng. Sepheo sa mantlha ke ho holisa, ho sefa, le ho fetola matšoao ana ka nepo ho fihlela sephetho se lakatsehang.

Lejoe la sekhutlo la moralo oa analog ke li-amplifiers tse sebetsang, tse sebetsang e le lintlha tsa mantlha bakeng sa ho holisa le ho lokisa mats'oao. Likarolo tse sa sebetseng joalo ka li-capacitor, li-resistors, le li-inductors li boetse li sebelisoa ho meralo ea analog ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea potoloho ea analog.

Moralo o atlehileng oa analog o hloka kutloisiso e felletseng ea tlhahlobo ea lerata, boits'oaro ba semiconductor, le kutloelo-bohloko ea potoloho. Baenjineri ba tlameha ho nahana ka hloko ka liparamente tse fapaneng tse kang tšebeliso ea matla, boleng ba mats'oao, le ts'ireletso ea lerata ho etsa lipotoloho tse tšepahalang tsa analog.

Digital Design

Lefapheng la moralo oa dijithale, matšoao a binary a nang le boleng ba zero kapa a le mong a sebelisoa. Li-IC tsa Digital li sebetsana le matšoao ana li sebelisa liheke tsa logic ho etsa mesebetsi e fapaneng e kang polokelo ea data, ts'ebetso ea lipalo, le ho etsa liqeto. Mokhoa ona oa moralo o netefatsa phetisetso ea matšoao e nepahetseng, tšebeliso e tlase ea matla, le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea data.

Baqapi ba dijithale ba shebana le likarolo tse kang liheke tsa logic, li-flip-flops, li-register, le li-multiplexers. Mekhoa e kang Boolean algebra le mechini ea finite state e sebelisoa ho theha litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa dijithale. Litlhahlobo tsa nako li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le ho thibela litaba tse joalo ka matšoao a skew le maemo a morabe.

Moralo oa dijithale o fana ka melemo e kang ts'ireletso e phahameng ea lerata, taolo e nepahetseng, le ho ikatisetsa habonolo. E ipapisitse le likarolo tsa memori, li-microprocessors, le li-processor tsa matshwao a dijithale, tse tsamaisang mesebetsi ea lisebelisoa tsa dijithale le likhomphutha.

Kaho e Kopantsoeng ea Potoloho

Kaho ea lipotoloho tse kopaneng e kenyelletsa letoto la lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng tse reretsoeng ho etsa likaroloana tse nyane tsa elektroniki ho li-semiconductor substrates.

Tokiso ea Silicon Wafer

Ho etsoa ha li-circuits tse kopantsoeng ho qala ka ho etsoa ha li-wafers tsa silicon. Ena ke thepa ea semiconductor e khethiloeng bakeng sa thepa ea eona e ntle ea motlakase le bongata. Li-wafers tsa silicon li ntse li sebetsa ho fihlela boemo bo phahameng ba bohloeki le ho tšoana.

Photolithography

Lera la photoresist le sebelisoa ho semiconductor wafer, e lateloa ke ho sebelisoa ha mask a solder. Ts'ebetso ena e theha mokhoa o sebelisang leseli la ultraviolet ho photoresist. Mokhoa ona o hlalosa moralo o rarahaneng oa potoloho oa microchip. Libaka tse pepesitsoeng ka har'a photoresist ka lik'hemik'hale li sebetsa e le mask a etching.

Manala

Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea etching, likarolo tse itseng tsa lisebelisoa tsa silicon holim'a sephaphatha li tlosoa ka mokhoa o khethiloeng ho latela mokhoa o entsoeng nakong ea photolithography. Mekhoa e fapaneng, joalo ka etching e metsi kapa etching e omileng (plasma etching), e sebelisoa ho betla likarolo tse hlokahalang tsa potoloho.

Ho kenngoa ha Ion

E hlahisa litšila tse itseng kapa li-dopants ka har'a silicon wafer, e fetola thepa ea motlakase ea silicon, e bakang libaka tse nang le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa conductivity.

Oxidation

E sebelisoa ho etsa likarolo tse sireletsang holim'a silicon wafer. Ka ho beha sephaphatha mochesong o phahameng sebakeng se nang le oksijene e ngata, ho thehoa lesela le lesesaane la silicon dioxide. Likarolo tsena tse sireletsang li thibela likhokahano tsa motlakase tse sa lebelloang lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng.

Sebaka

Ts'ebetsong ea deposition, lifilimi tse tšesaane tsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng li sebelisoa holim'a sekoti. Kemiso ea mouoane oa lik'hemik'hale le Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) ke mekhoa e sebelisoang hangata.

Tšebeliso ea tšepe

E kenyelletsa ho beoa ha likarolo tsa tšepe ho theha likhokahano lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa potoloho. Likarolo tsena tsa tšepe li theha litsela tse lumellang hore mats'oao a phalle lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tse hokahaneng ho li-microchips, joalo ka diode, transistors le tse ling.

Lisebelisoa tsa Lipotoloho tse Kopantsoeng

Dipotoloho tse kopaneng di na le mefuta e mengata ya ditshebediso mafapheng a fapaneng, ho kenyeletswa dikhomphutha, puisano, di-elektroniki tsa bareki , dikoloi, tlhokomelo ya bophelo bo botle le boiketsetso ba diindasteri.

Khomphutha le Puisano

Li-IC ke mokokotlo oa mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea likhomphutha le puisano. Li-microprocessors, li-memory chips, le li-processor signal tsa dijithale ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa likhomphutha, li-smartphone le lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang. Li-IC tsena li thusa ho sebetsana, ho boloka le ho fetisa lintlha tse ngata haholo, ho tsamaisa ts'ebetso ea lefats'e la dijithale.

Consumer Electronics

Disebedisweng tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, di-IC di sebediswa disebedisweng tse ngata, ho kenyeletswa dithelevishene, ditsamaiso tsa modumo , dikhamera le disebediswa tsa lapeng . Di-IC tsena di ntlafatsa tshebetso, bokgoni le tshebetso ya dihlahiswa tsa bareki, di fa basebedisi dikarolo tse tswetseng pele le boiphihlelo bo ntlafetseng ba basebedisi.

Kfz-Händler

Indasteri ea likoloi e itšetlehile haholo ka li-IC bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng, joalo ka li-unit tsa taolo ea enjene, litsamaiso tsa infotainment, litsamaiso tse tsoetseng pele tsa thuso ea bakhanni (ADAS), le tsamaiso ea matla a likoloi tsa motlakase . Li-IC li kenya letsoho polokehong, bokgabaneng le khokahanong ea likoloi tsa sejoale-joale.

Tlhokomelo ea bophelo

Tlhokomelong ea bophelo bo botle, li-IC li sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa bongaka le lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo. Mehlala e kenyelletsa li-pacemaker, lipompo tsa insulin, litsamaiso tsa litšoantšo le li-monitor tsa bophelo bo botle tse aparoang. Li-IC tsena li nolofalletsa taolo e nepahetseng, tlhokomelo le ts'ebetso ea data, ho ntlafatsa tlhokomelo ea bakuli le liphetho tsa bongaka.

Industrial itirise ka

Li-IC li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho itsamaiseng ha indasteri, moo li sebelisoang ho balaoli ba logic ba ka hlophisoang (PLCs), li-sensor le litsamaiso tsa taolo ea likoloi . Li-IC tsena li thusa ho itsamaisa, ho beha leihlo le ho laola lits'ebetso tsa indasteri, ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso le bokhoni.

Mekhoa ea Bokamoso ho Lipotoloho tse Kopantsoeng

Ha thekenoloji e ntse e tsoela pele, lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng li lebelletsoe ho tsoela pele ho ea pele, li tsamaisoa ke mekhoa le lits'ebetso tse ntseng li hlaha.

Miniaturization le Scaling

Mokhoa oa miniaturization le scaling o tla tsoela pele, ha li-IC li ntse li fokola le ho ba matla haholoanyane. Mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea tlhahiso, joalo ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, e tla nolofalletsa tlhahiso ea li-IC tse nang le li-transistor tse phahameng le ho feta.

Bohlale ba maiketsetso le ho ithuta ka mochini

Li-IC tse etselitsoeng bohlale ba maiketsetso (AI) le lisebelisoa tsa ho ithuta ka mochini (ML) li tla ba bohlokoa haholo. Li-IC tsena tse khethehileng, tse tsejoang e le li-accelerator tsa AI kapa li-neural processing units (NPUs), li tla ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le katleho ea li-algorithms tsa AI le ML, ho khanna tsoelo-pele mafapheng a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa liroboto, likoloi tse ikemetseng le lisebelisoa tse bohlale.

Quantum Computing

Khomphutha ea quantum e emetse ho tlola ho hoholo ha matla a khomphutha. Ha e ntse e le methating ea eona ea pele, nts'etsopele ea li-IC tsa quantum le li-processor tsa quantum li na le monyetla oa ho fetola masimo a kang cryptography, mahlale a lintho tse bonahalang le lipapiso tse rarahaneng.

Internet Lintho Tse (IoT)

Ho ata ha lisebelisoa tsa IoT ho tla tsamaisa tlhokahalo ea matla a tlase, li-IC tse sebetsang hantle haholo. Li-IC tsena li tla nolofalletsa khokahanyo e se nang moeli, ts'ebetso ea data, le puisano ho marang-rang a IoT, ho khothaletsa kholo ea malapa a bohlale, litoropo tse bohlale le lits'ebetso tsa IoT tsa indasteri.

5G le ho feta

Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha marangrang a 5G le ntshetsopele ya mahlale a se nang mohala a nakong e tlang ho tla hloka di-IC tsa RF tse tswetseng pele le di-IC tsa matshwao a fapaneng. Di-IC tsena di tla tshehetsa sekgahla se hodimo sa data, latency e tlase, le kgokelo e eketsehileng, ho nolofalletsa ditshebediso tse ntjha ho augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), le ho feta moo.

fihlela qeto e

Lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng li fetotse lefatše la lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, e leng se nolofalletsang nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa le litsamaiso tse tsoetseng pele tse amang karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea bophelo ba sejoale-joale. Ka kutloisiso e felletseng ea mefuta e kopaneng ea lipotoloho, melao-motheo ea meralo, le lits'ebetso tsa kaho, batho ka bomong ba ka tebela ka botebo sebakeng sa theknoloji ea semiconductor, ba bula menyetla e mecha ea boqapi le tsoelopele. Hore na o moenjineri ea nang le boiphihlelo kapa motho ea chesehelang takatso, leeto la ho pholletsa le mathata a lipotoloho tse kopaneng le ts'episa ho fana ka leseli le monate.

Lipotso Tse Kopanetsoeng tsa Lipotoloho

1. Li-circuits tse kopaneng li ama matla a matla a lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki joang?

Li-circuits tse kopantsoeng li ntlafatsa haholo ts'ebetso ea matla a lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ka ho kopanya likarolo tse ngata tsa elektroniki hore e be chip e le 'ngoe. Khokahano ena e fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla ka kakaretso ha e bapisoa le meralo e ikhethang ea likarolo. Li-IC tse tsoetseng pele li kenyelletsa likarolo tsa taolo ea matla tse fetolang ts'ebeliso ea matla ho latela litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso, tse ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea matla le ho lelefatsa bophelo ba betri lisebelisoa tse nkehang habonolo.

2. Ke mathata afe a ka sehloohong a ho rala li-circuits tse kopanetsoeng tsa RF tsa maqhubu a phahameng?

Ho theha li-circuits tse kopaneng tsa RF (maqhubu a seea-le-moea) ho hlahisa liphephetso tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa ho laola botšepehi ba matšoao, ho fokotsa lerata, le ho netefatsa botsitso ba mocheso. RF ICs e tlameha ho raloa ka hloko ho sebetsana le mats'oao a maqhubu a holimo ntle le tahlehelo e kholo kapa tšitiso. Ho fihlella ho ts'oana hantle, ho boloka matla a mats'oao a sa fetoheng, le mocheso o fetisoang hantle ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tšepahalang ea RF ICs lits'ebetsong tse kang lits'ebetso tsa puisano tse se nang mohala le theknoloji ea sathelaete.

3. Lintho tsa tikoloho li ama ts'ebetso ea lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng joang?

Lintlha tsa tikoloho joalo ka mocheso, mongobo, le tšitiso ea motlakase (EMI) li ka ama ts'ebetso ea lipotoloho tse kopaneng. Lithempereichara tse phahameng li ka baka ho baleha ha mocheso le ho senya thepa ea semiconductor, e leng se lebisang ho hlōleha ha potoloho. Mongobo o ka fella ka ho kenella ha mongobo, ho ka bakang lipotoloho tse khutšoane le ho bola ha likarolo tsa tšepe. EMI e ka senya ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea li-IC ka ho kenya maqhubu le maqhubu a sa batleheng, a amang botšepehi ba matšoao le ho nepahala ha data.

4. Ke tsoelo-pele efe e ntseng e etsoa ho matlafatsa tšireletso ea lipotoloho tse kopanetsoeng?

Ho matlafatsa ts'ireletso ea lipotoloho tse kopaneng, bafuputsi le baenjiniere ba nts'etsapele mahlale a fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa encryption e thehiloeng ho Hardware, lits'ebetso tse sireletsehileng tsa boot, le mesebetsi e sa khoneheng ea 'mele (PUFs). Kholiso e thehiloeng ho Hardware e netefatsa hore data e sebetsitsoeng le ho bolokoa ka har'a IC e sirelelitsoe ho fihlella ntle le tumello. Ts'ebetso e sireletsehileng ea boot e netefatsa bonnete ba firmware le software pele e etsoa, ​​​​ho thibela khoutu e mpe ho sebetsa. Li-PUF li sebelisa mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhahiso ea tlhaho ho theha li-identifiers tse ikhethang le tse hanyetsanang ho IC ka 'ngoe, ho fana ka tšireletso e matla khahlanong le ho qhekella le ho etsa cloning.

5. Li-circuits tse kopantsoeng li lokiselitsoe joang bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng Inthaneteng ea Lintho (IoT)?

Li-circuits tse kopantsoeng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa IoT li entsoe ka likarolo tse etselitsoeng ho fihlela litlhoko tse ikhethang tsa lisebelisoa tsa IoT, joalo ka tšebeliso e tlase ea matla, khokahanyo e phahameng ea khokahano, le khokahanyo e matla. Hangata li-IC tsena li kenyelletsa li-module tse khethehileng tse kang li-interfaces tsa puisano tse se nang mohala (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee), kopanyo ea sensor, le likarolo tsa taolo ea matla. Li boetse li etselitsoe ho ts'ehetsa liprothokholo le litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa IoT, ho netefatsa tšebelisano e se nang moeli le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa IoT le marang-rang. Tsepamiso ea ho sebetsa hantle ha matla le miniaturization e etsa hore li-IC tsena e be tse loketseng lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ke betri, tse sebetsang hantle tsa IoT tse kenngoeng malapeng a bohlale, li-automation tsa indasteri le theknoloji e aparoang.