TG PCB Comprehensive Guide

PCB Tg e Bolela'ng?

Tg e emetse "Mocheso oa Phetoho ea Khalase," e leng thepa ea bohlokoa ea thepa ea laminate e sebelisoang kahong ea PCB. Laminate e sebetsa e le substrate e thibelang mocheso eo ho eona mesaletsa ea koporo e entsoeng ka paterone ho etsa potoloho. Ke motheo oa motheo oa PCB , e fanang ka botšepehi ba sebopeho le ho thibela motlakase.

The Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) ke thempereichara eo ho eona thepa ea laminate e fetohang ho tloha boemong bo thata, bo kang ba khalase ho ea boemong bo bonolo, bo otlolohileng kapa bo rabara. Ka tlase ho Tg, laminate e boloka ho tiea le matla a mochini, e fana ka botsitso bo botle ba sebopeho. Hang ha mocheso o phahama ka holim'a Tg, thepa e fetoha e fetohang haholoanyane, e lahleheloa ke matla a eona a mochine 'me e fetoha habonolo habonolo.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, Tg e sebetsa e le sesupo sa ts'ebetso ea mocheso bakeng sa PCB, e laela hore na boto e tla tšoarella hantle hakae tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a mocheso. Sena se bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng kapa botsitso tlas'a khatello ea mocheso.

Maemo a Tg a Tloaelehileng bakeng sa Maemo a FR-4

Maemo a tlwaelehileng a Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) bakeng sa thepa e tlwaelehileng ya FR-4 laminate e sebediswang ho PCB hangata e tloha ho hoo e ka bang 130°C ho ya ho 170°C. Ka har'a spectrum ena:

• Boemo bo tlase kapa ba motheo Lisebelisoa tsa FR-4 hangata e na le Tg ho pota 130-150 ° C.
• Meetso e ntlafalitsoeng kapa e khethehileng ea FR-4 e ka fana ka boleng bo phahameng ba Tg, bo fihlang ho 170°C.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore Tg e ka fapana ho latela k'hemik'hale e khethehileng ea resin le mofuta oa fiberglass e sebelisoang ka laminate. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho sheba lethathamo la thepa kapa mofani oa thepa bakeng sa boleng bo nepahetseng ba Tg ba laminate ea FR-4 eo u e nahanang bakeng sa kopo ea hau.

Melemo ea High Tg bakeng sa PCBs

Ho sebelisa li-laminate tse phahameng tsa Tg ho li-PCB ho fana ka melemo e mengata, haholo-holo maemong a phahameng a ts'ebetso le a boima. Lisebelisoa tsena li fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ea mocheso, e lumellang mapolanka hore a mamelle mocheso o phahameng ntle le ho senyeha le ho boloka botsitso ho pholletsa le mocheso o pharaletseng. Sena se etsa hore e be tse loketseng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse nang le ho feto-fetoha ha mocheso khafetsa. Ntle le moo, lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa Tg li matlafatsa matla a mochini, ho netefatsa hore liboto li lula li tiile maemong a mocheso a phahameng, e leng ho fokotsang likotsi tsa ho ferekana kapa ho fetoha ha maemo.

Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li boetse li fana ka khanyetso e phahameng ea katoloso ea mocheso, e thusang ho boloka botsitso ba sebopeho le ho thibela ho putlama kapa ho ts'oara ho phatloha nakong ea libaesekele tse futhumetseng. Sena se lebisa ho likhokahano tse tšepahalang haholoanyane, kaha vias le manonyeletso a PCB a lula a tiile le tlas'a khatello ea maikutlo. Ho mamella ha thepa ho oxidation le ho bola ho tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa ho tšoaneleha ha boto bakeng sa tikoloho e phahameng ea mocheso, joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa likoloi le tsa sefofane.

Ho feta moo, lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa Tg li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea motlakase ka ho boloka boemo bo tsitsitseng ba dielectric le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea matšoao, ho netefatsa botšepehi bo betere ho feta mefuta e mengata ea maqhubu. Thepa ea bona e ntlafalitsoeng ea mocheso le mochini e eketsa ts'epo le nako e telele ea PCB, e ba etsa khetho e fapaneng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa. Ho sa tsotellehe litšenyehelo tsa tsona tse phahameng le ho senyeha ho ka bang teng, li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li nkoa e le tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa melemo ea tsona ea tšireletso, ho kenyelletsa le ho lieha ha lelakabe, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa.

Lintho tse phahameng tsa Tg PCB Laminate

Tg e phahameng (mocheso oa mocheso oa khalase) lisebelisoa tsa laminate tsa PCB li bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng. Lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa Tg ha li na tloaelo ea ho nolofatsa kapa ho holofala ha mocheso o le holimo, e leng se etsang hore e be tse loketseng lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa elektroniki le tsa tlhahiso. Mona ke tse ling tse tloaelehileng tse phahameng tsa Tg PCB laminate:

1. FR-4 Phahameng Tg: FR-4 ke thepa e sebelisoang haholo e tloaelehileng ea PCB. Phahameng Tg EA-4 e na le mocheso oa phetoho ea khalase hangata o ka bang 170 ° C kapa ho feta. E loketse lits'ebetso tsa solder ntle le lead le lits'ebetso tse nang le litlhoko tse itekanetseng tsa ho hanyetsa mocheso.
2. Polyimide (PI): Li-laminate tse thehiloeng ho polyimide li na le Tg e phahameng haholo, hangata e fetang 260°C. Li fana ka khanyetso e ntle ea mocheso le lik'hemik'hale, e leng se etsang hore e be tse loketseng bakeng sa maemo a phahameng a mocheso le a thata. Li boetse li fumaneha ka mokhoa oa flexible substrate.
3. BT (Bismaleimide Triazine) Epoxy: Li-laminate tsa BT epoxy li na le Tg e phahameng e ka bang 180°C. Li fana ka ho monya mongobo o tlase le botsitso bo botle ba sebopeho, ho etsa hore li tšoanelehe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang ts'ebetso e phahameng ea maqhubu.
4. PPO (Polyphenylene oxide): Li-laminate tsa PPO li na le Tg e phahameng ea hoo e ka bang 210°C. Li tsejoa ka tahlehelo e tlaase le li-dielectric tse tsitsitseng, hammoho le mosi o tlaase le litšobotsi tse tukang. Leha ho le joalo, ka linako tse ling ho khomarela koporo e ka ba phephetso ka thepa ea PPO.
5. LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymer): Li-laminate tsa LCP li na le Tg e phahameng ka ho ikhethang ho tloha ho 280°C ho isa ho 320°C. Li fana ka tahlehelo e tlase haholo, li-dielectric tse tsitsitseng, 'me ka tlhaho li thibela lelakabe. LCP hangata e sebelisoa ho RF (maqhubu a seea-le-moea) le lits'ebetso tse bonolo tsa potoloho.
6. PTFE (Teflon): Li-laminate tse thehiloeng ho PTFE li na le Tg e phahameng ka ho ikhethang ea ho pota 330°C. Li na le dielectric tse tlase ka ho fetesisa tsa thepa efe kapa efe ea laminate 'me ha li na lik'hemik'hale ebile li sa chese. Leha ho le joalo, li hloka ts'ebetso e khethehileng 'me hangata li sebelisoa feela ha li le bohlokoa ka lebaka la theko ea tsona e phahameng.
7. Ceramic e Tlatsitse PTFE: Li-laminate tsena li na le li-ceramic filler ho ntlafatsa conductivity ea mocheso le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea matšoao a phahameng-frequency ha e bapisoa le li-laminate tse hloekileng tsa PTFE. Li theko e boima haholo 'me li hloka ho tšoaroa ka mokhoa o khethehileng.
8. Ceramic ea Hydrocarbon: Li-laminate tsa hydrocarbon ceramic li kopanya thepa e phahameng ea Tg le li-filler tsa ceramic bakeng sa conductivity e ntlafetseng ea mocheso. Ba na le teka-tekano pakeng tsa lintlha tsa motlakase, mocheso le litšenyehelo.

Ha u khetha thepa e phahameng ea Tg PCB ea laminate, nahana ka lintlha tse kang mocheso oa ts'ebetso, litlhoko tsa libaesekele tse futhumetseng, botšepehi ba matšoao le lithibelo tsa lichelete. Ho eletsoa hore u buisane le moetsi oa hau oa PCB kapa mofani oa thepa ho fumana lisebelisoa tse molemohali bakeng sa litlhoko tsa hau tse ikhethileng tsa kopo.

Lisebelisoa tsa High Tg PCBs

Tg e phahameng (mocheso oa mocheso oa khalase) li-PCB li bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse kenyelletsang mocheso o phahameng kapa maemo a thata a ts'ebetso. Lisebelisoa tsena li netefatsa botšepehi ba sebopeho le ho tšepahala ha mapolanka a potoloho a hatisitsoeng tlas'a maemo ana. Mona ke tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tse tloaelehileng tsa li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg:

1. Consumer Electronics: Lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, joalo ka li-smartphone, matlapa le lilaptop, li sebelisa li-Tg PCB tse phahameng. Mapolanka ana a ka mamella mocheso o hlahisoang ke lisebelisoa tsa elektronike le mekhoa ea ho kopanya nakong ea tlhahiso.
2. Likoloi tsa Elektroniki: Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li sebelisoa haholo ho lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa likoloi. Li khona ho mamella mocheso o phahameng ka har'a koloi, haholo-holo libakeng tse haufi le enjene, 'me li fana ka ts'ebetso e tšepahalang bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa bohlokoa tse kang li-engine control units (ECUs), infotainment system, le advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS).
3. Lisebelisoa tsa indasteri: Mechini ea indasteri hangata e sebetsa libakeng tse nang le mocheso o phahameng. Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li sebelisoa ho liphanele tsa taolo, li-drive tsa makoloi, le lits'ebetso tsa automation ho netefatsa hore lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki li khona ho mamella mocheso le maemo a thata.
4. Aerospace le Defense: Lisebelisoa tsa sefofane le ts'ireletso li hloka li-PCB tse tšepahalang haholo tse ka sebetsang maemong a mocheso o feteletseng le ho hanela khatello ea maikutlo. Lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa Tg li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa avionics, lisathelaete, lisebelisoa tsa radar le lisebelisoa tsa sesole.
5. puisano: Thepa ea mehala ea likhokahano, joalo ka liteishene tsa mantlha le li-routers, hangata li sebetsa libakeng tse kantle tse nang le mocheso o fapaneng. Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li sebelisoa ho netefatsa ts'epo ea nako e telele ea likarolo tsena tsa bohlokoa.
6. Mechine ea Bongaka: Lisebelisoa tsa bongaka li ka hloka ho sebetsa ts'ebetsong ea ho thibela likokoana-hloko kapa ka har'a 'mele oa motho. Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa bongaka ho netefatsa hore li sebetsa tlas'a maemo ana.
7. Indasteri ea oli le khase: Ka indasteri ea oli le khase, lisebelisoa tse kang lisebelisoa tsa ho cheka le li-sensor li tlameha ho sebetsa libakeng tse nang le mocheso o phahameng le oa khatello e phahameng. Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li sebelisoa ho laola le ho beha leihlo litsamaiso ho netefatsa hore lia tšepahala.
8. mpshafatswago Energy: Li-inverters tsa letsatsi le lisebelisoa tsa ho laola li-turbine tsa moea hangata li pepesehetse mocheso o feteletseng ka lebaka la ho kenngoa ha tsona ka ntle. Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li sebelisoa ho netefatsa bophelo bo bolelele le ho ts'epahala ha litsamaiso tsena tsa matla a ka nchafatsoang.
9. Likopo tsa High-Frequency le RF: Lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa Tg PCB li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa maqhubu a phahameng le a RF (radio frequency), joalo ka litora tsa lisele, litsamaiso tsa radar le likhokahano tsa sathelaete, ho boloka litšobotsi tsa motlakase tse tsitsitseng ho pholletsa le mefuta e fapaneng ea mocheso.
10. Libaka tse Hloahloa: Kopo efe kapa efe e sebetsang tikolohong e thata, joalo ka limela tsa lik'hemik'hale, libaka tsa motheo, kapa tikoloho ea leoatle, e ka rua molemo ho tsoa ho li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg ho netefatsa ts'ebetso ea nako e telele le ts'epo.

Li-PCB tse phahameng tsa Tg li fumana lits'ebetso indastering e fapaneng moo ho ts'epahalang, ho hanyetsa mocheso, le ho tšoarella ho leng bohlokoa. Li thusa ho netefatsa hore lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le lits'ebetso li ka sebetsa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang maemong a boima, 'me qetellong li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong le polokehong ea mahlale a fapaneng.

Mokhoa oa ho Hlalosa Lisebelisoa tse Phahameng tsa Tg

Ho hlalosa ka katleho thepa e phahameng ea Tg bakeng sa moralo oa PCB , qala ka ho etsa lipatlisiso ka botlalo ka li-laminate tse fapaneng tse phahameng tsa Tg tse kang polyimide, BT epoxy, le PTFE. Nahana ka lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse kang boleng ba Tg, kamehla ea dielectric, tangent ea tahlehelo, le conductivity ea mocheso ho netefatsa hore thepa e lumellana le litlhoko tsa hau tsa kopo. Ho bohlokoa ho ngola ka ho hlaka thepa e hlokahalang litšoantšong tsa PCB, ho kenyeletsoa lintlha tse itseng tse kang boleng ba Tg, botenya le boima ba koporo, ha ka nako e ts'oanang ho thathamisa mekhoa e meng e amohelehang haeba ho na le lithibelo tsa litšenyehelo kapa ho fumaneha.

Ntle le khetho ea thepa, hlalosa litlhoko life kapa life tse hlokahalang tsa lamination, ho kenyeletsoa mocheso o itseng kapa likhatello, 'me u qaqise mekhoa efe kapa efe ea tlhahlobo e kang TMA kapa DSC e ka hlokahalang ho tšoaneleha ts'ebetso ea PCB. Kaha lisebelisoa tse ling tse phahameng tsa Tg li na le nako e telele ea ho etella pele, kenya sena ho moralo oa projeke ea hau 'me u kope liboto tsa sampole hore li hlahlojoe pele ho tlhahiso e felletseng.

Qetellong, boloka puisano le moetsi oa hau oa PCB ka ho kopa litifikeiti le litlaleho tsa liteko bakeng sa li-laminate tse boletsoeng. Sena se tiisa ho latela litlhoko tsa moralo oa hau mme se kenya letsoho ho ts'epahalleng ea nako e telele ea li-PCB maemong a mocheso o phahameng.

Mehopolo Ha U Sebelisa Liboto tse Phahameng tsa Tg

Ha u sebelisa Tg e phahameng (mocheso oa mocheso oa khalase) PCB mapolanka, ho na le lintlha tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tseo u lokelang ho li hopola ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng le ho tšepahala ha mapolanka lits'ebetsong tse sa tšoaneng. Mona ke lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa:

1. Khetho ea Lihlahisoa: Khetha thepa e nepahetseng ea Tg e phahameng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea hau e khethehileng. Nahana ka lintlha tse kang boleng bo hlokahalang ba Tg, thepa ea dielectric, matla a mochini, le lithibelo tsa litšenyehelo. Buisana le moetsi oa hau oa PCB kapa mofani oa thepa bakeng sa tataiso.
2. Ho Nahana ka Mekhoa:
   • Taolo ea Thermal: Liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg li betere ho mamella mocheso o phahameng, empa taolo e sebetsang ea mocheso e ntse e le bohlokoa. Netefatsa hore moralo oa hau o kenyelletsa ho teba ka mocheso o nepahetseng, ho pholisa, le tsela ea ho futhumatsa mocheso ho tsoa ho likarolo tsa bohlokoa.
   • Ho Bea Karolo: Beha likarolo tse fehlang mocheso o phahameng hole le tse ling ho fokotsa ho futhumatsa sebakeng. Nahana ka tlhophiso ea likarolo ho ntlafatsa phallo ea moea le ho qhala mocheso.
   • Moralo oa Stackup: Rala ka hloko Setšoantšo sa PCB ho laola ho thibela le ho fokotsa litaba tsa botšepehi ba matšoao, haholo-holo bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse phahameng.
3. Process difeme:
   • Soldering: Liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg hangata li hloka mocheso o phahameng oa solder. Netefatsa hore lits'ebetso tsa hau tsa tlhahiso le lisebelisoa li loketse mocheso ona ho thibela tšenyo ea boto le likarolo.
   • Thibelo ea Delamination: Lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa Tg li hanyetsana le delamination, empa mekhoa e nepahetseng ea lamination e ntse e le ea bohlokoa. Etsa bonnete ba hore PCB e phekoloa hantle nakong ea tlhahiso ho boloka botšepehi ba boto.
4. Khetho ea Karolo:
   • Likarolo tsa Likarolo: Sebelisa likarolo tse lekantsoeng bakeng sa mocheso o reriloeng oa ho sebetsa oa boto e phahameng ea Tg. Sena se kenyelletsa ho khetha likarolo tse nang le mamello e loketseng ea mocheso le ho etsa bonnete ba hore li-alloys tsa solder lia lumellana.
   • Lead-Free Solder: Liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg li atisa ho sebelisoa ka mekhoa ea ho kopanya ntle le loto. Netefatsa hore likarolo tsa hau le lialloys tsa solder li tsamaisana le solder e se nang loto.
5. Teko le Taolo ea Boleng:
   • Teko ea ho Tšepahala: Etsa liteko tsa ho ts'epahala, joalo ka ho palama libaesekele tse futhumatsang le liteko tse potlakileng tsa botsofali, ho netefatsa hore liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg li ka mamella ho fapana ha mocheso le ho pepesehela nako e telele mocheso o phahameng.
   • Taolo ea Boleng: Ho kenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa e matla ea taolo ea boleng nakong ea tlhahiso ho bona le ho rarolla mathata leha e le afe kapa mathata a ka hlahang nakong ea tlhahiso ea liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg.
6. Tlhokomelo ea Tikoloho: Liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg li ka sebelisoa libakeng tse thata. Nahana ka lintlha tse kang ho pepesehela mongobo, lik'hemik'hale, le khatello ea mochine ha u rala le ho hlakisa lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa tsena.
7. Litokomane le Litlhaloso: Ngola ka ho hlaka lintlha tsa thepa, lintlha tsa moralo, le mekhoa ea tlhahiso e amanang le liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg. Boitsebiso bona bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho netefatsa boleng bo tsitsitseng le ho rarolla mathata afe kapa afe a ka hlahang nakong ea tlhahiso kapa tšimong.
8. Tšebelisano ea Bafani le Moetsi: Sebelisana haufi-ufi le mofani oa thepa ea PCB ea hau le moetsi ho etsa bonnete ba hore likarolo tsohle tsa khetho ea thepa, moralo, le mekhoa ea tlhahiso li tsamaisana le litlhoko tsa liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg.

Ka ho nahana ka lintlha tsena ka hloko le ho sebelisana 'moho le balekane ba nang le boiphihlelo, o ka eketsa ts'ebetso le ts'epahalo ea liboto tse phahameng tsa Tg PCB ts'ebelisong ea hau e ikhethileng.

Mokhoa oa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea Tg

Ho lekola mocheso oa phetoho ea khalase (Tg) ea PCB kapa thepa ea eona ea laminate ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore e fihlela litlhoko tse boletsoeng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e itseng. Mona ke kakaretso ea mokhoa oa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea Tg:

1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC):
   • DSC ke mokhoa o sebelisoang haholo ho fumana hore na Tg. Tekong ea DSC, sampole e nyane ea thepa ea PCB e futhumatsoa kapa ea pholile ha mocheso oa eona o lekanngoa. Tg e tsamaisana le ntlha ea inflection kapa bohareng ba sekhahla sa phetoho ea matla a mocheso.
2. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA):
   • DMA e lekanya litšobotsi tsa mochini oa thepa ha e ntse e fetoha mocheso. E lekola liphetoho tsa ho satalla, modulus ea polokelo, kapa modulus ea tahlehelo e le ts'ebetso ea mocheso. Tg e tsejoa e le mocheso oo ho ona ho nang le ho theoha ho hoholo ha ho satalla.
3. Tlhahlobo ea Thermomechanical (TMA):
   • TMA e lekanya liphetoho tsa dimensional ho thepa ha e ntse e le tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a mocheso. Tg e ka khethoa ka ho hlahloba ntlha eo thepa e bonts'ang phetoho e hlokomelehang ka ho atolosoa kapa ho fokotseha ha mocheso.
4. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA):
   • DMTA e kopanya likarolo tsa DMA le TMA ho fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea thepa ea mochini le mocheso, ho kenyeletsoa Tg. E lekanya thepa ea mochini hammoho le liphetoho tsa dimensional.
5. Teko ea Dielectric:
   • Liphetoho tsa thepa ea dielectric, joalo ka dielectric constant le dissipation factor, e ka ba sesupo sa Tg. Teko ea dielectric e ka khetholla Tg ho ipapisitsoe le liphetoho tsa thepa ea motlakase ha mocheso oa thepa o ntse o eketseha.
6. Tlhahlobo ea Thermogravimetric (TGA) E Kopantsoeng le DSC:
   • TGA e lekanya tahlehelo ea boima ba thepa ha e ntse e futhumatsoa. Ha e kopantsoe le DSC, e ka fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e eketsehileng mabapi le Tg, haholo maemong ao lisebelisoa li ka senyehang kapa ho fetoha ha lik'hemik'hale ka mocheso o phahameng.
7. Ho Kopana le Bafani ba Lintho le Baetsi:
   • Barekisi le bahlahisi ba thepa ea PCB hangata ba etsa liteko tsa Tg nakong ea sebopeho sa thepa le tlhahiso. Ba ka fana ka lintlha le litifikeiti tse netefatsang Tg ea lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ho li-PCB tsa hau.
8. Li-Labs tsa Teko tse Ikemetseng:
   • Haeba o hloka netefatso ea motho oa boraro kapa moetsi oa PCB oa hau a sa fane ka data ea Tg, o ka romela lisampole ho lilaboratori tse ikemetseng tsa tlhahlobo tse sebetsanang ka ho khetheha le litlhaku tsa thepa.

Ha u etsa tlhahlobo ea Tg, ho bohlokoa ho latela mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea tlhahlobo, ho boloka litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa lisebelisoa, le ho latela melaoana ea polokeho. Ho feta moo, nahana ka ho etsa liteko tsa ho ts'epahala, joalo ka liteko tsa ho palama libaesekele, ho lekola hore na thepa e sebetsa joang tlas'a maemo a ts'ebetso ea lefats'e la nnete.

Maemong a mangata, ho eletsoa hore ho sebelisane 'moho le bo-rasaense ba nang le boiphihlelo ba thepa, bahlahisi ba PCB , kapa lilaboratori tsa liteko ho netefatsa qeto e nepahetseng ea Tg le ho netefatsa hore thepa ea hau ea PCB e fihlela litlhoko tsa kopo ea hau.