Boto ea Potoloho ea RoHS ke Eng: Tlhaloso, Nalane le Lintlha

RoHS Circuit Board ke eng?

Boto ea potoloho ea RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) e lumellana le taelo ea RoHS, e leng maemo a behiloeng ke European Union ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea thepa e itseng e kotsi thepa ea elektroniki le ea motlakase. Liboto tsa potoloho tse lumellanang le RoHS li etsoa ntle le tšebeliso ea lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), le phthalates tse 'nè tse fapaneng. Tumellano ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea tikoloho le ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea basebelisi.

Histori ea RoHS

Tšimoloho le Phethahatso ea Pele

Taelo ea RoHS e simolohile European Union, e hlahisitsoeng e le karolo ea matšoenyeho a ntseng a eketseha a lefats'e mabapi le ho boloka tikoloho le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. E tsejoang ka molao e le Directive 2002/95/EC, e ile ea amoheloa ka February 2003 'me ea qala ho sebetsa ka la 1 July, 2006. Sepheo se seholo e ne e le ho thibela tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse kotsi tse tšeletseng tse fumanoang thepa ea elektronike le ea motlakase. Mohato ona e ne e le karabelo ho bongata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba litšila tsa elektronike, tse neng li tlatsetsa tšilafalong ea mobu le metsi ka lebaka la ho tsoa ha lintho tse chefo.

Katoloso le Liphetoho

Ho theosa le lilemo, taelo ea RoHS e bile le lintlafatso tse 'maloa ho holisa bophara ba eona le ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea eona. Phetolelo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e tlile le RoHS 2 (Directive 2011/65/EU), e amohetsoeng ka 2011, e ileng ea atolosa tšireletso ho lisebelisoa tsohle tsa elektroniki, lithapo le likarolo tse ling. RoHS 2 e boetse e tlisitse letšoao la CE, e leng se etsang hore ho latela melao e be karolo e tlamang ea ts'ebetso ea ho tšoaea CE. Ho feta moo, e ile ea fana ka litataiso tse hlakileng haholoanyane tsa ho latela melao le litokomane.

Kenyelletso ea Lintho Tse Ngata

Phetolelo e 'ngoe e kholo e bile ho hlahisoa ha RoHS 3 (Directive 2015/863), e ileng ea eketsa li-phthalates tse 'ne lethathamong la lintho tse thibetsoeng. Phetoho ena, e qalileng ho sebetsa ho tloha ka Phupu 2019, e bonts'itse tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea taelo ea ho kenyelletsa letoto le pharaletseng la lisebelisoa tse kotsi. Keketso tsena li ne li ipapisitse le bopaki ba mahlale le lipuisano, tse bonts'ang boitlamo ba EU ba ho tsoela pele ho nchafatsa molao o ipapisitse le tsoelopele ea theknoloji le lipatlisiso tsa tikoloho.

Tšusumetso ea Lefatše le Kamohelo

Taelo ea RoHS e bile le tšusumetso e kholo lefats'eng ka bophara, e behile maemo ao linaha tse ngata tse kantle ho EU li khethileng ho li etsisa. Lichaba lefatšeng ka bophara li sebelisitse melaoana e ts'oanang, li fetola melaoana ea mantlha ea RoHS hore e lumellane le maano a tsona a polokeho ea tikoloho le bophelo bo botle. Kamohelo ena e atileng e totobatsa phello e kholo ea taelo litloaelong tsa lefats'e tsa tlhahiso ea elektroniki le motlakase.

Phetoho ea ho khanna indastering ea elektroniki

Kenyelletso le phetoho ea taelo ea RoHS e bile tsa bohlokoa ho tsamaiseng phetoho indastering ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. E qobelletse bahlahisi ho qapa le ho fumana lisebelisoa le lits'ebetso tse bolokehileng, tse tšoarellang. Tšusumetso ea taelo e fetela ka nqane ho boikamahanyo, kaha e khothalelitse tlhokomeliso e kholoanyane ea boikarabello ba tikoloho le polokeho ea bareki lekaleng la lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki.

Lintho li Behiloe Tlas'a Tataiso ea RoHS

Sehlopha sa Pele sa Lintho tse Thibeloang

• Moeta-pele (Pb): Hang ha e sebelisoa haholo likarolong tsa solder le tsa elektroniki, lead e ka baka mathata a mangata a bophelo bo botle, ho kenyelletsa le ts'enyo ea methapo.
• Motsoako (Hg): E sebelisoa mefuteng e itseng ea libeteri le mabone, mercury e chefo ho tsamaiso ea methapo le liphio.
• Cadmium (Cd): E fumaneha ho li-semiconductors le li-resistance tse ling, cadmium ke carcinogen ebile e kotsi tikolohong.
• Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)): E sebelisoa bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea kutu le mebala, chromium e hexavalent e tsebahala ka thepa ea eona ea kankere.
• Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB): Pele e ne e sebelisoa e le li-flame retardants ka li-plastiki, li-PBB li ka senya mesebetsi ea endocrine 'me li phehella tikolohong.
• Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE): E boetse e sebelisetsoa ho thibela lelakabe ka har'a polasetiki, li-PBDE li ka bokella bathong le liphoofolong, e leng se lebisang litabeng tsa methapo le qoqotho.

Lintho Tse Eketsehileng Tse Lekanyelitsoeng Liphetolelong Tsa Hamorao

• Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): Plastiki e tloaelehileng ea PVC, DEHP e ka ama tsoalo ea motho 'me e kotsi ho bophelo ba metsing.
• Butyl Benzyl phthalate (BBP): E sebelisoa ka li-plastiki le li-adhesives, BBP ke chefo ea ho ikatisa 'me e ka baka mathata a khōlo baneng.
• Dibutyl phthalate (DBP): E fumaneha ho tse ling tsa elektronike e le polasetiki, DBP ke chefo ea ho ikatisa hape e ka ama liphio le sebete.
• Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP): Ho tšoana le DBP, DIBP e sebelisoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea polasetiki le lihlahisoa tsa rabara 'me e baka likotsi tse tšoanang tsa bophelo bo botle.

Tsoelo-pele ea Tlhokomelo le Tekolo

Lethathamo la lintho tse thibetsoeng tlas'a tataiso ea RoHS le ka hlahlojoa le tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele. Ha kutloisiso ea mahlale le tlhokomeliso ea tikoloho e ntse e tsoela pele, lintho tse ling li ka nahanoa bakeng sa thibelo ho netefatsa ts'ireletso e tsoelang pele ea bophelo bo botle ba batho le tikoloho ho tsoa litšila tsa elektroniki tse kotsi.

Litlhoko tsa RoHS ho PCB Manufacturing

Ho Amohela Solder e sa Lebelloang

E 'ngoe ea liphetoho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tlhahisong ea PCB ka lebaka la RoHS ke phetoho ho ea ho solder e se nang loto. Solder ea setso ea tin-lead e nkeloa sebaka ke mekhoa e meng e kang li-alloy tsa tin-silver-copper (SAC). Phetoho ena e hloka liphetoho ts'ebetsong ea ho solder, ho kenyeletsoa le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho qhibiliha, tse ka amang liprofaele tsa mocheso nakong ea kopano ea PCB.

Sephetho se Seng sa Loto se Felletseng

Ho latela melao ea RoHS ho boetse ho bolela ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse se nang lead ho li-PCB. Mekhoa e meng e tloaelehileng e kenyelletsa Immersion Silver (Ag), Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG), le Organic Solderability Preservatives (OSP). E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liphetho tsena e fana ka melemo le liphephetso tse fapaneng, 'me khetho e ipapisitse le lintlha tse kang litšenyehelo, bophelo ba sethala, le ts'ebeliso e reriloeng ea PCB.

Ho Felisa Lintho Tse Ling Tse Kotsi

Ka ntle ho lead, RoHS e thibela lintho tse ling tse kang mercury, cadmium, le hexavalent chromium. Bahlahisi ba tlameha ho etsa bonnete ba hore ha ho le e 'ngoe ea lintho tsena e teng ho efe kapa efe ea likarolo tse sebelisoang ho li-PCB, ho kenyeletsoa li-laminate, likhokahano le lithapo. Hangata sena se hloka tlhahlobo e phethahetseng le setifikeiti ho tsoa ho barekisi ba likarolo.

Ho fumana likarolo le netefatso

Ho netefatsa hore RoHS e latela melao e hloka hore ho behoe lisebelisoa ka hloko. Baetsi ba tlameha ho sebelisana haufi-ufi le barekisi ho fumana likarolo le thepa e lumellanang le RoHS. Hangata sena se kenyelletsa liteko tse matla le litokomane ho netefatsa hore li lumellana. Ho feta moo, bahlahisi ba hloka ho theha lits'ebetso tsa traceability ho latela boemo ba ho latela melao ea karolo ka 'ngoe e sebelisoang ho li-PCB tsa bona.

Setifikeiti sa Boikamahanyo le ho Ngola

Bahlahisi ha baa tlameha ho ipapisa le litekanyetso tsa RoHS feela empa hape ba bontše ho e latela ka litokomane tse nepahetseng le ho ngola mangolo. Li-PCB tse fihlelang litlhokahalo tsa RoHS hangata li ngotsoe ka letšoao la RoHS. Ho feta moo, bahlahisi ba hloka ho boloka lirekoto le ho fana ka litokomane, joalo ka Declaration of Conformity, ho paka hore baa li latela nakong ea lihlahlobo kapa tlhahlobo.

Tlhokomelo e Tsoelang Pele le ho Ikamahanya le maemo

Taelo ea RoHS e itšetlehile ka lintlafatso le lintlafatso, 'me bahlahisi ba tlameha ho lula ba tseba ka liphetoho tsena ho boloka melao ea tsamaiso. Sena se kenyelletsa ho ipapisa le lintho tse ncha tse thibetsoeng, liphetoho tsa litekanyetso, le likheo life kapa life tse ncha. Tlhokomelo e tsoelang pele le ho ikamahanya le melaoana ena ho bohlokoa hore baetsi ba PCB ba lule ba lumellana le tlholisano 'marakeng oa lefatše.

Boitsebiso ba Liboto tsa RoHS

Lits'oants'o tsa Ts'ebetso ea RoHS

E 'ngoe ea litsela tse ka sehloohong tsa ho tsebahatsa liboto tsa potoloho tse lumellanang le RoHS ke ka matšoao a ikhethileng. Hangata tsena li kenyelletsa letšoao la "RoHS Compliant" kapa letšoao la RoHS, le nang le selikalikoe se setala se nang le letšoao. Matshwao ana hangata a fumaneha ho PCB ka boyona kapa ka linako tse ling sephuthelong. Li sebetsa e le netefatso e potlakileng ea pono ea hore boto e latela litekanyetso tsa RoHS.

Litokomane le Lisetifikeiti tsa Tumellano

Hangata bahlahisi ba fana ka litokomane tse netefatsang hore RoHS e latela melao. Sena se ka kenyelletsa Declaration of Conformity, litifikeiti tse tsoang ho mekhatlo ea boraro ea tlhahlobo, kapa litlaleho tse qaqileng tsa lintlha. Litokomane tse joalo li bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lichelete le bakeng sa likhoebo tse hlokang ho netefatsa hore phepelo eohle ea tsona e lumellana le RoHS.

Liphatlalatso tsa Bafani

Bakeng sa likarolo tse nkiloeng ho tsoa ho barekisi ba kantle, liphatlalatso kapa litifikeiti tsa ho latela melao ea RoHS li bohlokoa. Liphatlalatso tsena ke karolo ea litokomane tsa ketane ea phepelo, tse netefatsang hore likarolo tsohle tse sebelisoang ho PCB li lumellana le litekanyetso tsa RoHS.

Lintho tse bonahalang Testing le Analysis

Maemong ao matšoao a ho lumellana le litokomane kapa litokomane li le sieo, tlhahlobo ea thepa e ka etsoa. Mekhoa e joalo ka tlhahlobo ea X-ray fluorescence (XRF) e ka bona boteng ba lintho tse thibetsoeng joalo ka lead kapa mercury thepa ea PCB. Liteko tse joalo li sebelisoa hangata ke bahlahisi bakeng sa taolo ea boleng ba kahare le batho ba boraro molemong oa ho netefatsa.

Ts'ebeliso ea likarolo tse lumellanang tsa RoHS

Ho tsebahatsa ho boetse ho kenyelletsa ho netefatsa hore likarolo tsohle tse rekiselitsoeng botong li lumellana le RoHS. Sena se kenyelletsa li-circuits tse kopaneng, li-resistors, li-capacitor, le lisebelisoa life kapa life tse ling tsa elektroniki. Baetsi ba lokela ho fumana likarolo tsena ho tsoa ho barekisi ba tšepahalang ba netefatsang hore RoHS e ea latela.

Traceability Systems

Litsamaiso tse sebetsang hantle tsa ho latelloa ke senotlolo sa ho tsebahatsa le ho netefatsa hore RoHS e latela melao. Hangata bahlahisi ba kenya tšebetsong litsamaiso tsa ho latedisa tse kenyang boemo ba ho latelwa ha karolo ka nngwe le thepa e sebediswang ho di-PCB tsa bona. Ts'ebetso ena ha e thuse feela taolong ea boikamahanyo empa hape le ho arabela lipotso tsa bareki le litlhoko tsa taolo.